• MISULJARYO - National Museum of Korea Art Journal
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• v.100
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• pp.140-170
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• 2021

This paper investigates the Wooden Seated Tri-kaya Buddha Images(三身佛像) of Vairocana, Rushana, and Sakyamuni enshrined in Daeungjeon Hall of Hwaeomsa temple(華嚴寺) in Gurae, South Cheolla Province. They were produced in 1634 CE and placed in 1635 CE, about forty years after original images made in the Goryeo period were destroyed by the Japanese army during the war. The reconstruction of Hwaeomsa was conducted by Gakseong, one of the leading monks of Joseon Dynasty in the 17th century, who also conducted the reconstructions of many Buddhist temples after the war. In 2015, a prayer text (dated 1635) concerning the production of Hwaeomsa Tri-kaya Buddha images was found in the repository within Sakyamuni Buddha. It lists the names of participants, including royal family members (i.e., prince Yi Guang, the eighth son of King Seon-jo), and their relatives (i.e., Sin Ik-seong, son-in-law of King Seonjo), court ladies, monk-sculptors, and large numbers of monks and laymen Buddhists. A prayer text (dated 1634) listing the names of monk-sculptors written on the wooden panel inside the pedestal of Rushana Buddha was also found. A recent investigation into the repository within Rushana Buddha in 2020 CE has revealed a prayer text listing participants producing these images, similar to the former one from Sakyamuni Buddha, together with sacred relics of hoo-ryeong-tong copper bottle and a large quantity of Sutra books. These new materials opened a way to understand Hwaeomsa Trikaya images, including who made them and when they were made. The two above-mentioned prayer texts from the repository of Sakyamuni and Rushana Buddha statues, and the wooden panel inside the pedestal of Rushan Buddha tell us that eighteen monk-sculptors, including Eungwon, Cheongheon and Ingyun, who were well-known monk artisans of the 17th century, took part in the construction of these images. As a matter of fact, Cheongheon belonged to a different workshop from Eungwon and Ingyun, who were most likely teacher and disciple or senior and junior colleagues, which means that the production of Hwaeomsa Tri-kaya Buddha images was a collaboration between sculptors from two workshops. Eungwon and Ingyun seem to have belonged to the same community studying under the great Buddhist priest Seonsu, the teacher of Monk Gakseong who was in charge of the reconstruction of Haweonsa temple. Hwaeomsa Tri-kaya Buddha images show a big head, a squarish face with plump cheeks, narrow and drooping shoulders, and a short waist, which depict significant differences in body proportion to those of other Buddha statues of the first half of 17th century, which typically have wide shoulders and long waists. The body proportion shown in the Hwaeomsa images could be linked with images of late Goryeo and early Joseon period. Rushana Buddha, raising his two arms in a preaching hand gesture and wearing a crown and bracelets, shows unique iconography of the Bodhisattva form. This iconography of Rushana Buddha had appeared in a few Sutra paintings of Northern Song and Late Goryeo period of 13th and 14th century. BodhaSri-mudra of Vairocana Buddha, unlike the general type of BodhaSri-mudra that shows the right hand holding the left index finger, places his right hand upon the left hand in a fist. It is similar to that of Vairocana images of Northern and Southern Song, whose left hand is placed on the top of right hand in a fist. This type of mudra was most likely introduced during the Goryeo period. The dried lacquer Seated Vairocana image of Bulheosa Temple in Naju is datable to late Goryeo period, and exhibits similar forms of the mudra. Hwaeomsa Tri-kaya Buddha images also show new iconographic aspects, as well as traditional stylistic and iconographic features. The earth-touching (bhumisparsa) mudra of Sakymuni Buddha, putting his left thumb close to the middle finger, as if to make a preaching mudra, can be regarded as a new aspect that was influenced by the Sutra illustrations of the Ming dynasty, which were imported by the royal court of Joseon dynasty and most likely had an impact on Joseon Buddhist art from the 15th and 16th centuries. Stylistic and iconographical features of Hwaeomsa Tri-kaya Buddha images indicate that the traditional aspects of Goryeo period and new iconography of Joseon period are rendered together, side by side, in these sculptures. The coexistence of old and new aspects in one set of images could indicate that monk sculptors tried to find a new way to produce Hwaeomsa images based on the old traditional style of Goryeo period when the original Tri-kaya Buddha images were made, although some new iconography popular in Joseon period was also employed in the images. It is also probable that monk sculptors of Hwaeomsa Tri-kaya Buddha images intended to reconstruct these images following the original images of Goryeo period, which was recollected by surviving monks at Hwaeomsa, who had witnessed the original Tri-kaya Buddha images.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.23-45
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• 2020

Big data is creating in a wide variety of fields such as medical care, manufacturing, logistics, sales site, SNS, and the dataset characteristics are also diverse. In order to secure the competitiveness of companies, it is necessary to improve decision-making capacity using a classification algorithm. However, most of them do not have sufficient knowledge on what kind of classification algorithm is appropriate for a specific problem area. In other words, determining which classification algorithm is appropriate depending on the characteristics of the dataset was has been a task that required expertise and effort. This is because the relationship between the characteristics of datasets (called meta-features) and the performance of classification algorithms has not been fully understood. Moreover, there has been little research on meta-features reflecting the characteristics of multi-class. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to empirically analyze whether meta-features of multi-class datasets have a significant effect on the performance of classification algorithms. In this study, meta-features of multi-class datasets were identified into two factors, (the data structure and the data complexity,) and seven representative meta-features were selected. Among those, we included the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI), originally a market concentration measurement index, in the meta-features to replace IR(Imbalanced Ratio). Also, we developed a new index called Reverse ReLU Silhouette Score into the meta-feature set. Among the UCI Machine Learning Repository data, six representative datasets (Balance Scale, PageBlocks, Car Evaluation, User Knowledge-Modeling, Wine Quality(red), Contraceptive Method Choice) were selected. The class of each dataset was classified by using the classification algorithms (KNN, Logistic Regression, Nave Bayes, Random Forest, and SVM) selected in the study. For each dataset, we applied 10-fold cross validation method. 10% to 100% oversampling method is applied for each fold and meta-features of the dataset is measured. The meta-features selected are HHI, Number of Classes, Number of Features, Entropy, Reverse ReLU Silhouette Score, Nonlinearity of Linear Classifier, Hub Score. F1-score was selected as the dependent variable. As a result, the results of this study showed that the six meta-features including Reverse ReLU Silhouette Score and HHI proposed in this study have a significant effect on the classification performance. (1) The meta-features HHI proposed in this study was significant in the classification performance. (2) The number of variables has a significant effect on the classification performance, unlike the number of classes, but it has a positive effect. (3) The number of classes has a negative effect on the performance of classification. (4) Entropy has a significant effect on the performance of classification. (5) The Reverse ReLU Silhouette Score also significantly affects the classification performance at a significant level of 0.01. (6) The nonlinearity of linear classifiers has a significant negative effect on classification performance. In addition, the results of the analysis by the classification algorithms were also consistent. In the regression analysis by classification algorithm, Naïve Bayes algorithm does not have a significant effect on the number of variables unlike other classification algorithms. This study has two theoretical contributions: (1) two new meta-features (HHI, Reverse ReLU Silhouette score) was proved to be significant. (2) The effects of data characteristics on the performance of classification were investigated using meta-features. The practical contribution points (1) can be utilized in the development of classification algorithm recommendation system according to the characteristics of datasets. (2) Many data scientists are often testing by adjusting the parameters of the algorithm to find the optimal algorithm for the situation because the characteristics of the data are different. In this process, excessive waste of resources occurs due to hardware, cost, time, and manpower. This study is expected to be useful for machine learning, data mining researchers, practitioners, and machine learning-based system developers. The composition of this study consists of introduction, related research, research model, experiment, conclusion and discussion.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.295-307
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• 1998

This article is an overview of the digital library project, indicating what roles Koreas diverse digital collections may play. Our digital library prototype has simple architecture, consisting of digital repositories, filters, indexing and searching, and clients. Digital repositories include various types of materials and databases. The role of filters is to recognize a format of a document collection and mark the structural components of each of its documents. We are using a database management system (ORACLE and ConText) supporting user-defined functions and access methods that allows us to easily incorporate new object analysis, structuring, and indexing technology into a repository. Clients can be considered browsers or viewers designed for different document data types, such as image, audio, video, SGML, PDF, and KORMARC. The combination of navigational tools supports a variety of approaches to identifying collections and browsing or searching for individual items. The search interface was implemented using HTML forms and the World Wide Web's CGI mechanism.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.177-183
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• 2015

The purpose of ICT Healing platform is the prevention of chronic disease. It is intended to early warning of the disease through the information such as the bio-signals and lifestyle. In this paper, we provide a 2-Step open system(TOS) for personalized health data access. TOS is connected between the personal health related data providers and service providers of individuals ICT Healing platform, a software engine for relaying personalized health data. The proposed system, to operate in isolation to 2 step in personal health document repository Inbound module and Outbound module to provide an inquiry service to external organizations. Therefore, we propose a personalized editable Manifest concept for defining data exchange between Step. This can be used as a reference model to collect the personal health information is scattered in many health related service institutions (Hospitals, Fitness Centers, Health Examination Centers, Personal Health Device, etc.) and under private-led liberalization.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.363-373
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• 2018

The evaluation of Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical (THM) coupling behavior is important for the development of underground space for various purposes. For a high-level radioactive waste repository excavated in a deep underground rock mass, the accurate prediction of the complex THM behavior is essential for the long-term safety and stability assessment. In order to develop reliable THM analysis techniques effectively, an international cooperation project, Development of Coupled models and their Validation against Experiments (DECOVALEX), was carried out. In DECOVALEX-2015 Task B2, the in situ THM experiment that was conducted at Horonobe Underground Research Laboratory(URL) by Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), was modeled by the research teams from the participating countries. In this study, a THM coupling technique that combined TOUGH2 and FLAC3D was developed and applied to the THM analysis for the in situ experiment, in which rock, buffer, backfill, sand, and heater were installed. With the assistance of an artificial neural network, the boundary conditions for the experiment could be adequately implemented in the modeling. The thermal, hydraulic, and mechanical results from the modeling were compared with the measurements from the in situ THM experiment. The predicted buffer temperature from the THM modelling was about $10^{\circ}C$ higher than measurement near by the overpack. At the other locations far from the overpack, modelling predicted slightly lower temperature than measurement. Even though the magnitude of pressure from the modeling was different from the measurements, the general trends of the variation with time were found to be similar.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.225-236
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• 2014

Multivariate statistical analyses have been extensively applied to hydrochemical measurements to analyze and interpret the data. This study examines anthropogenic factors obtained from applications of correspondence analysis (CA) and principal component analysis (PCA) to a hydrogeochemical data set. The goal was to synthesize the hydrogeochemical information using these multivariate statistical techniques by incorporating hydrogeochemical speciation results calculated by the program, commonly used, WATEQ4F included in the NETPATH. The selected case study was LPG underground storage caverns, which is located in the southeastern Korea. The highly alkaline groundwaters at this study area are an analogue for the repository system. High pH, speciation of Al and possible precipitation of calcite characterize these groundwaters. Available groundwater quality monitoring data were used to confirm these statistical models. The present study focused on understanding the hydrogeochemical attributes and establishing the changes of phase when two anthropogenic effects (i.e., disinfection activity and cement pore water) in the study area have been introduced. Comparisons made between two statistical results presented and the findings of previous investigations highlight the descriptive capabilities of PCA using calculated saturation index and CA as exploratory tools in hydrogeochemical research.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.6 no.11
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• pp.2784-2799
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• 2012

Biological data have been increased exponentially in recent years, and analyzing these data using data mining tools has become one of the major issues in the bioinformatics research community. This paper focuses on the protein construction process in higher organisms where the deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, sequence is filtered. In the process, "unmeaningful" DNA sub-sequences (called introns) are removed, and their meaningful counterparts (called exons) are retained. Accurate recognition of the boundaries between these two classes of sub-sequences, however, is known to be a difficult problem. Conventional approaches for recognizing these boundaries have sought for solely enhancing machine learning techniques, while inherent nature of the data themselves has been overlooked. In this paper we present an approach which makes use of the data attributes inherent to species in order to increase the accuracy of the boundary recognition. For experimentation, we have taken the data sets for four different species from the University of California Santa Cruz (UCSC) data repository, divided the data sets based on the species types, then trained a preprocessed version of the data sets on neural network(NN)-based and support vector machine(SVM)-based classifiers. As a result, we have observed that each species has its own specific features related to the splice sites, and that it implies there are related distances among species. To conclude, dividing the training data set based on species would increase the accuracy of predicting splicing junction and propose new insight to the biological research.

• Journal of the Korean Society for information Management
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.141-160
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• 2011

This study examined perceptions of 109 professors at doctorate-granting universities in the U.S. who have self-archived in Institutional Repositories(IRs), predicated on the Diffusion of Innovations Theory. The majority of the faculty learned about IRs through the contact from IR staff or their presentations. Relating to five characteristics of an innovation, digital preservation and usage statistics of an IR were considered to be its relative advantage. The principle of Open Access(OA) was found to have compatibility with the values that professors ultimately pursued. The trialability of an IR was determined by the fact that IRs were adopted by faculty through the participation of pilot projects. Professors who gained positive and visible results from IR adoption seemed more strongly support the repository. In addition, it is necessary for IRs to provide stable and effective services that support the continued adoption of IRs.

• Journal of KIISE:Computing Practices and Letters
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.219-230
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• 2002

One of the most important functions digital libraries need to offer is to help users find necessary information in a distributed environment in the most efficient and effective manner. In order to meet the goal, it is desirable to link scattered pieces of information and present them as a logically coherent whole when the user wants it, so that he or she doesn't need to know their physical location. The virtual document is an integrated document that the total or part of the physical documents stored in a specific repository are linked dynamically. Our MIRAGE-III digital library system provides a content-based retrieval of physical documents and the virtual documents in XML. This system provides a retrieval of partial documents, attributes and hierarchical structures and linked-documents based in structured documents like XML or SGML. In this paper we describe a methodology of design and implementation of the query processor and retrieval server in the MIRAGE-III digital library system.

• The Transactions of the Korea Information Processing Society
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.941-951
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• 1999

Class components in a repository require exact information representation by reason of insufficiency of various visual information through search and extraction. In this paper, we have described syntax-analysis method and viewer facilities about class components. In the components analysis, we extracted class information which consists of class_names, methods, attributes, class inheritance relationship, and graphic information. viewer represents extracted class information and creates a new class. Also, it provides facilities of reuse, insertion, and deletion. Not only Viewer represents class hierarchy diagram, and shows detail information about each class, but also it creates new classes. In this paper, we implemented a Viewer using the components, inheritance, diagram information and process. And we enhanced understanding of programs through viewer, and supported prototype for class creation.