• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.75.2-75.2
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• 2010

We investigate the dependence of occurrence of bar in galaxies on galaxy properties and environment. The environmental conditions considered include the large-scale background density and distance to the nearest neighbor galaxy. We use a volume-limited sample of 33,296 galaxies brighter than $M_r$=-19.5+5logh at $0.02{\leqq}z{\leqq}0.05489$, drawn from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 7. We classify the galaxies into early and late types, and identify bars by visual inspection. We find that the fraction of barred galaxies ($f_{bar}$) is 18.2% on average in the case of late-type galaxies, and depends on both u-r color and central velocity dispersion $(\sigma);f_{bar}$ is a monotonically increasing function of u-r color, and has a maximum value at intermediate velocity dispersion (${\sigma}{\simeq}170km\;s^{-1}$). This trend suggests that bars are dominantly hosted by systems having intermediate-mass with no recent interaction or merger history. We also find that $f_{bar}$ does not directly depend on the large-scale background density as its dependence disappears when other physical parameters are fixed. We discover the bar fraction decreases as the separation to the nearest neighbor galaxy becomes smaller than 0.1 times the virial radius of the neighbor regardless of neighbor's morphology. These results imply that it is difficult for bars to be maintained during strong tidal interactions, and that the source for this phenomenon is gravitational and not hydrodynamical.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.139-146
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• 2017

This study endeavors to propose factors that should be intensively managed by using an IPA model to analyze the strengths of military logistics. Based on the improvement measures, we constructed a questionnaire with 5 points of Likert scale and analyzed the importance and satisfaction through SPSS 23. Examination of several evaluation factors revealed 'expansion of and modernization storage facilities' as the most important factor, 'merger and abolition of regional logistics work' (3.56) had the highest satisfaction level. Factors involving the expansion and modernization of the storage facilities showed the largest difference between importance level and satisfaction level, at 2.01. This indicates the necessity for an overall review of the expansion and modernization of storage facilities related to military logistics. This study aims to identify the areas that should be improved firstly in military logistics and concentrate on management to create more effective results. Thus it suggests that this study has a concentration on management for the streamlining of military logistics.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.23 no.7
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• pp.128-146
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• 2019

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between internal control, economic policy uncertainty, and performance of cross-border merger and acquisition (M&A) based on the panel data of Chinese listed firms. The authors expected that internal control has a positive moderating effect on the performance of cross-border M&A and that it mainly occurs during periods when economic policies are relatively stable. In addition, the authors tried to find out the mechanism of internal control affecting cross-border M&A and the corporate performance. Design/methodology - The authors tested the hypotheses by a multivariate regression model based on the panel data of Chinese listed firms from 2009 to 2017. The dependent variable is the change value of business performance (DROA_1,2,3) and the explanatory variables are cross-border M&A (MA), China's uncertainty of economic policy (EPU), and internal control level (IC) respectively. Findings - The authors find that internal control has a positive moderating effect on the relationship between cross-border M&A and corporate performance. Further, the authors find that the moderating effect is more significant in state-owned enterprises and that it mainly occurs during periods when economic policies are relatively stable. Originality/value - This paper is the leading study that tries to analyze empirically the relationship between internal control, economic policy uncertainty, and performance of cross-border M&A. It provides a new avenue through which internal control might reasonably mitigate the risks of cross-border M&A and correspondingly improve the performance of cross-border M&A. It also confirms the moderating effect of internal control on the performance of cross-border M&A under the uncertainty of economic policy.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.19-24
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• 2023

This study investigated acoustic (VOT) and articulatory characteristics of Korean velar stops in monosyllabic CV structures to examine how the three-way distinction is realized in the laryngeal and supralaryngeal domains and how the distinction is manifested in male versus female speakers' speech production. EMA data were collected from 22 speakers. In line with previous studies, male speakers preserved the three-way differentiation of velar stops (/k^*/</k/</k^h/) in terms of VOT while female speakers showed only a two-way distinction (/k^*/</k/=/k^h/). As for the kinematic characteristics, a clear three-way distinction was found only in male speakers' peak velocity measure in the C-to-V opening movement (/k^h/</k/</k^*/). For the other kinematic measures (i.e., articulatory closure duration, deceleration duration of the opening movement and the entire opening movement duration), male speakers showed only a two-way distinction between fortis and the other two stops. Female speakers did not show a three-way contrast in any kinematic measure. They showed a two-way distinction between lenis and the other two stops in C-to-V deceleration duration (/k^*/=/k^h/</k/), and a two-way distinction between fortis and lenis stops in the opening movement duration. An overall comparison of VOT and articulatory analyses revealed that the lenis-aspirated kinematic distinction is diminishing, driven by female speakers, in line with the loss of the lenis-aspirated distinction in VOT that could influence supralaryngeal articulation.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.48.2-48.2
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• 2015

Galaxy Clusters with complex inner structures are excellent laboratories with which to study the properties of galaxies and the groups of galaxies in them. To execute a systematic search for flux-limited galaxy groups and clusters based on the spectroscopic galaxies with r < 17.77 of SDSS data release 12, we adopt a modified version of the friends-of-friends algorithm, whereupon a total of 3272 galaxy groups and clusters with at least 10 members are found. In this study, we aim to assign galaxy subgroups within groups and clusters that enable us to investigate the detained star-formation history of galaxies by applying a modified hierarchical grouping method to our galaxy group and cluster catalog. We note that roughly 70% of our galaxy groups and clusters have subgroups. The most remarkable additional results are as follows. The brightest cluster galaxies (BCGs) have brighter luminosities with larger velocity dispersions of groups and clusters. The BCGs are concentrated toward the most massive subgroups than the second and third one. This result implies that the galaxy properties can be affected by different merger and star-formation histories for differing environments.

• Macromolecular Research
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.1015-1020
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• 2009

The role of the water structure present in hydrogels from nutlets of three species of salvias, S. miltiorrhiza (SM), S. sclarea (SS) and S. viridis (SV), was analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The sharp endothermic peaks that appeared at $5.9^{\circ}C$ (SM), $2.8^{\circ}C$ DC (SS) and $1.8^{\circ}C$ (SV) in each 1.0% hydrogel of 10.4-15.8% were not affected by addition of 0.1 M urea and alkali-metal salts. The order-disorder portions in the network were slightly affected by the distribution of freezable and non-freezable water in the hydrogel networks. The SV hydrogel was further used to investigate the effects of additives (0.1-8.0 M urea and 0.1-5.0 M NaCl) on its melting behavior. At 0.5-4.0 M urea and 1.0-3.0 M NaCl, two endothermic peaks appeared, corresponding to unbound (high temperature) and bound (low temperature) water in the gel networks, and eventually merged into one endothermic peak at 5.0-8.0 M urea and 4.0-4.5 M NaCl. After this merger, the endothermic peak shifted to 3.7, 4.0 and $5.6^{\circ}C$ at 5.0, 6.0 and 8.0 M urea, respectively. In the case of NaCl, a combination of peaks that occurred at 4.0-4.5 M were accompanied by a shift to lower temperature (-14.4 and $15.3^{\circ}C$) and the endothermic peak finally disappeared at 5.0 M NaCl due to the strong binding of water in the gel networks.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.119-126
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• 2022

With the rise and rapid development of the "Internet+" economic model, the internet is deeply integrated with the social economy and penetrates every corner of life. Compared with expanding the scale of business operations through internal investment and capital accumulation, e-commerce companies are more inclined to directly gain control of other companies through efficient merger and acquisition (M&A). The purpose of this study is to analyze changes in financial performance before and after M&A of Alibaba, China's largest e-commerce company in the Internet era. To present the impact of M&A events on Alibaba's stock price and shareholder wealth more intuitively, this study selected the market model in the event study method to measure abnormal returns. The results show that an M&A event led to a reduction in Alibaba's shareholder wealth in the short term. This study presents the theoretical basis for the M&A performance of e-commerce companies.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.1-18
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• 2020

Purpose - This study investigates whether a listing effect exists in cross-border M&As and whether the effect can be attributed to the uncertainty of the GDP growth rate in the target firm's home country. We apply a joint variable analysis using M&A announcement data from the Korea Exchange (KRX), Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE), and the Taiwan Stock Exchange (TWSE) from 2004 to 2013. We also conduct an event study using the measure of the uncertainty of the GDP growth rate (based on IMF statistics) in 55 target countries. Design/methodology - We measure the abnormal return (AR) using the market-adjusted model. We test the significance of the AR and the cumulative abnormal return (CAR) using a one-sample t-test. We examine the characteristics of the CARs depending on whether the target company is listed by applying a difference analysis using CAR as a test variable. In addition, we set CAR (-5, +5) as a dependent variable to identify the cause of the listing effect, and test both the financial characteristic variables of the acquirer and the collective characteristic variables of the merger as independent variables in the multiple regression analysis. Findings - First, we find the listing effect of cross-border M&As in the KRX, SSE, and TWSE, which represent the capital markets in Korea, China, and Taiwan, respectively. This listing effect persists during the global financial crisis and has a negative effect on the wealth of acquiring shareholders, especially when the target countries are emerging markets. Second, greater uncertainty regarding the target countries' economic growth in cross-border M&As has a negative effect on the wealth of acquiring firms' shareholders. Third, our empirical analysis demonstrates that the listing effect is attributable to the fact that firms listed in a target country with greater uncertainty of economic growth are more directly and greatly exposed to uncertain capital markets through stock markets, than are unlisted firms. Originality/value - This study is significant in that it presents a new strategic perspective in the study of cross-border M&As by demonstrating empirically that the listing effect is attributable to the uncertainty regarding the economic development of the target firms' home countries.

• Journal of The Korean Association of Information Education
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.467-480
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• 2022

This paper aimed to explore research trends for the conceptualization of IT humanities. Reflecting domestic and international references which focused on the possibility of the integration of digital technology and humanities, the authors examined the beginning, background, and relevant concepts of IT humanities to figure out the meaning and the research trends. In addition, using the search word "IT humanities," the authors analyzed network topics of the keywords retrieved from 1,566 KCI and 64 SCI journal articles published since 2001. The concept of IT humanities in the previous studies has tended to associate with competencies that allow considering various fields of IT based on the lens of humanities perspectives. The result of the topic modeling revealed four groups as fields to be integrated with IT humanities, methods of implementation, connections of literature or culture, and creations of IT humanities. Instead of instrumentalization or merger by one stance of IT or humanities, it is imperative to collaboratively work for the generation of a new viewpoint through mutual respect of disciplines.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.31-41
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• 2012

Recent studies have shown that the stop system of Korean is undergoing a sound change in terms of the two acoustic parameters, voice onset time (VOT) and fundamental frequency (f0). Because of a VOT merger of a consonantal opposition and onset-f0 interaction, the relative importance of the two parameters has been changing in Korean where f0 is a primary cue and VOT is a secondary cue in distinguishing lax from aspirated stops in speech production as well as perception. In English, however, VOT is a primary cue and f0 is a secondary cue in contrasting voiced and voiceless stops. This study examines how Korean English learners use the two acoustic parameters of L1 in producing L2 English stops and whether the sound change of acoustic parameters in L1 affects L2 speech production. The data were collected from six adult Korean English learners. Results show that Korean English learners use not only VOT but also f0 to contrast L2 voiced and voiceless stops. However, unlike VOT variations among speakers, the magnitude effect of onset consonants on f0 in L2 English was steady and robust, indicating that f0 also plays an important role in contrasting the [voice] contrast in L2 English. The results suggest that the important role of f0 in contrasting lax and aspirated stops in L1 Korean is transferred to the contrast of voiced and voiceless stops in L2 English. The results imply that, for Korean English learners, f0 rather than VOT will play an important perceptual cue in contrasting voiced and voiceless stops in L2 English.