• The KIPS Transactions:PartC
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• v.9C no.4
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• pp.531-542
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• 2002

An input and output buffering ATM switch conventionally operates in either Queueloss mode or Backpressure mode. Recently, a new mode, which is called Hybrid mode, was proposed to overcome the drawbacks of Queueloss mode and Backpressure mode. In Hybrid mode, when both the destined output buffer and the originfted input buffer are full, a cell is dropped. This thesis analyzes the cell loss rate and the cell delay of Queueloss, Backpressure and Hybrid modes in a switch adopting output-port expansion scheme under uniform traffic. Output-port expansion scheme allows only one cell from an input buffer to be switched during one time slot. If several cells switch to a same destined output port, the number of maximum transfer cells is restricted to K (Output-port expansion ratio). The simulation results show that if an offered load is less than 0.9, Hybrid mode has lower cell loss rate than the other modes; otherwise, Queueloss mode illustrates the lowest cell loss rate, which is a different result from previous researches. However, the difference between Hybrid and Queueloss modes is comparably small. As expected, the average cell delay in Backpressure mode is lower than those of Queueloss mode and Hybrid mode, since the cell delay due to the retransmission of higher number of dropped cells in Backpressure mode is not considered.

• Ocean Systems Engineering
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.23-60
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• 2016

The major objective of this study was to develop further understanding of 3D nearshore hydrodynamics under a variety of wave and tidal forcing conditions. The main tool used was a comprehensive 3D numerical model - combining the flow module of Delft3D with the WAVE solver of XBeach - of nearshore hydro- and morphodynamics that can simulate flow, sediment transport, and morphological evolution. Surf-swash zone hydrodynamics were modeled using the 3D Navier-Stokes equations, combined with various turbulence models (${\kappa}-{\varepsilon}$, ${\kappa}-L$, ATM and H-LES). Sediment transport and resulting foreshore profile changes were approximated using different sediment transport relations that consider both bed- and suspended-load transport of non-cohesive sediments. The numerical set-up was tested against field data, with good agreement found. Different numerical experiments under a range of bed characteristics and incident wave and tidal conditions were run to test the model's capability to reproduce 3D flow, wave propagation, sediment transport and morphodynamics in the nearshore at the field scale. The results were interpreted according to existing understanding of surf and swash zone processes. Our numerical experiments confirm that the angle between the crest line of the approaching wave and the shoreline defines the direction and strength of the longshore current, while the longshore current velocity varies across the nearshore zone. The model simulates the undertow, hydraulic cell and rip-current patterns generated by radiation stresses and longshore variability in wave heights. Numerical results show that a non-uniform seabed is crucial for generation of rip currents in the nearshore (when bed slope is uniform, rips are not generated). Increasing the wave height increases the peaks of eddy viscosity and TKE (turbulent kinetic energy), while increasing the tidal amplitude reduces these peaks. Wave and tide interaction has most striking effects on the foreshore profile with the formation of the intertidal bar. High values of eddy viscosity, TKE and wave set-up are spread offshore for coarser grain sizes. Beach profile steepness modifies the nearshore circulation pattern, significantly enhancing the vertical component of the flow. The local recirculation within the longshore current in the inshore region causes a transient offshore shift and strengthening of the longshore current. Overall, the analysis shows that, with reasonable hypotheses, it is possible to simulate the nearshore hydrodynamics subjected to oceanic forcing, consistent with existing understanding of this area. Part II of this work presents 3D nearshore morphodynamics induced by the tides and waves.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.315-323
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• 2023

Marine accidents due to loss of stability of small ships have continued to increase over the past decade. In particular, since sudden winds have been pointed out as main causes of most small ship accidents, safety measures have been established to prevent them. In this regard, to prevent accidents caused by sudden winds, a systematic analysis technique is required. The aim of the present study was to develop a probabilistic approach to estimate extreme value and evaluate effects of wind on motion characteristics of ships. The present study included studies of motion analysis, extraction of extreme values, and motion characteristics. A series analysis was conducted for three conditions: wave only, wave with uniform wind speed, and wave with the NPD wind model. Hysteresis filtering and Peak-Valley filtering techniques were applied to time-domain motion analysis results for extreme value extraction. Using extracted extreme values, the goodness of fit test was performed on four distribution functions to select the optimal distribution-function that best expressed extreme values. Motion characteristics of a fishing boat were evaluated for three periodic motion conditions (Heave, Roll, and Pitch) and results were compared. Numerical analysis was performed using a commercial solver, ANSYS-AQWA.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.1-11
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• 2003

In order to measure aperture variation dependent on normal stress and to characterize on relationship between aperture variation and hydraulic conductivity this study measured apertures of rock fractures under a high resolution confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) with application of five stages of uniaxial normal stresses. From this method the response of aperture can be continuously characterized on one specimen by different loads of normal stress. The results of measurements showed a rough geometry of fracture bearing non-uniform aperture. They also revealed different values of aperture variations according to the load stages on each position along a fracture due to the fracture roughness. Laboratory permeability tests were also conducted to evaluate the changes of permeability coefficients related to the aperture variations by different loads. The results of permeability tests revealed that the hydraulic conductivity was not reduced at a fixed rate with increase of normal load. Moreover, the rates of aperture variations did not match to those of hydraulic conductivity. The hydraulic conductivity calculated in this study did not follow the cubic law, representing that the parallel plate model is not suitable to express the fracture geometry corresponding to the results of aperture measurements under the CLSM.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.671-682
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• 2012

The use of sinusoidal corrugated web girder for the box-type girders and gable steel main frames has recently been increasing very much. The reasons are that the thin web of the girder affords a significant weight reduction compared with rolled beam and welded built-up girder, and that corrugation prevents the buckling failure of the web. Improvements of the automatic fabrication process makes mass production of the corrugated web and unit possible, and applications of this girder have been extended considerably. Thus, the research for the optimum design processer considering the production data is needed practically. For doing this research, we develope the discrete optimum structural design program in consideration of production list data for the research, and the program apply to the single girder under the uniform load and the concentrated load as numerical example. We consider objective function as minimum weight of the girder, and use slenderness ratio, stress of flanges and corrugated web, and the girder deflection as the constraint functions. And also the Genetic Algorithms is adopted to search the global minimum point by using the production list as a discrete design variable. Finally, to verify the optimality of the design, we conduct a comparison of the results of the discrete optimum design with those of the continuous one, and also analyze the characteristics of the optimum cross-section.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.581-592
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• 2000

Turbulence structure and suspended sediment transport capacity in vegetated open-channel flows are investigated numerically in the present paper. The $\textsc{k}-\;\varepsilon$ model is employed for the turbulence closure. Mean velocity and turbulence characteristics including turbulence intensity, Reynolds stress, and production and dissipation of turbulence kinetic energy are evaluated and compared with measurement data available in the literature. The numerical results show that mean velocity is diminished due to the drag provided by vegetation, which results in the reduction of turbulence intensity and Reynolds stress. For submerged vegetation, the shear at the top of vegetation dominates turbulence production, and the turbulence production within vegetation is characterized by wakes. For emergent condition, it is observed that the turbulence generation is dominated by wakes within vegetation. In general, simulated profiles compares favorably to measured data. Computed values of eddy viscosity are used to solve the conservation equation for suspended sediment, yielding sediment concentration more uniform over the depth compared with the one in the plain channel. The simulation reveals that the suspended load decreases as the vegetation density increases and the suspended load increases as the particle diameter decreases for the same vegetation density.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.56-62
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• 2018

In this study, an artificially formed Gap graded soil, designed to increase its shear strength, was analyzed to determine the strength parameters through direct shear tests. Uniform and fine grain size samples were compared to the Gap graded soil to investigate the increase in the shear strength. Plate loading tests were conducted using 13mm and 19mm aggregates to confirm the reproducibility of the strength enhanced samples for site application. This test confirmed that the particle size ratio and the internal friction angle are correlated to the shear strength, and the shear resistance angle significantly increased in the specific particle size ratio range. The calculation of the ultimate bearing capacity by the plate load test demonstrated that the grain size adjustment method greatly influences the strength increase rate. Therefore, the findings were verified and it was confirmed that a high shear strength is achievable despite the existence of a poor particle size distribution.

• Proceedings of the Korea Contents Association Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.135-139
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• 2007

Recently Data Centric Storage (DCS) schemes are variously studied for several applications (e.g. natural environment investigation, military application systems and environmental changes monitoring). In DCS scheme, data is stored at nodes within the network by name. There are several drawbacks in the existing schemes. The first is the inefficiency of the range query processing on not considered the locality of store point. the second is the non-homogeneity of store load of each sensors in case of the sensor distribution density is non-uniformed. In this paper, we propose a novel data centric storage scheme with the sensor distribution density which satisfied with the locality of data store location. This scheme divides whole sensor network area using grid and distributes the density bit map witch consist of the sensor density information of each cell. sensors use the density bit map for storing and searching the data. We evaluate our scheme with existing schemes. As a result, we show improved load balancing and more efficient range query processing than existing schemes in environment which sensors are distributed non-uniform.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.611-633
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• 1995

The pupose of this study was to compare the fracture strength of five kinds of all-ceramic crowns(Vintage, Dicor Empress-staining, Empress-layering, In-Ceram) luted with glass ionomer cerment and composite resin cement and to evaluate the effect of cements on the fracture stregth of all ceramic crowns. Five groups of twelve uniform sized all-ceramic crown specimens were fabricated. Six specimens of each group were cemented with glass ionomer cement(Fuji G.I. Cement) and the remaining six specimens of each group were etched, silane-treated, and cemented with composite resin cement(Bistite resin cement). The crowns were stored in water$(37^{\circ}C)$ for 1 day prior to loading in an Instron, using a steel ball(diameter 4mm) at a crosshead speed of 0.5mm/min. The crowns were angled $30^{\circ}$, so the steel ball contacted with the crowns 2mm lingual from the mid-incisal edge. The results obtained were summarized as follows ; 1. With G.I. cement, mean fracture load(Kg) Were : Intage : $18.33{\pm}1.47$ ; Empress-staining : $23.92{\pm}6.67$ ; Dicor : $24.0{\pm}5.81$ ; Empress-layering : $26.92{\pm}2.80$ ; In-Ceram : $51.58{\pm}6.87$ ; ANOVA revealed a significant difference existed(p<0.05) between the group A(Vintage, Dicor, Empress-staining, Empress-layering) and group B(In-Ceram). 2. With Resin cement, mean fracture load(Kg) were : Intage : $22.75{\pm}4.97$ ; Dicor : $42.75{\pm}7.07$ ; Empress-staining : $44.08{\pm}7.99$ ; Empresslayering : $50.42{\pm}5.43$ ; In-Ceram : $52.58{\pm}6.51$ ; ANOVA revealed a significatnt difference existed(p<0.05) between the group A(Vintage) and B(Dicor, Empress-staining Empress-alyering, In-Ceram). 3. Resin cement significantly increased the fracture strength of the all-ceramic crowns for Dicor(156%), Empress-staining(185%), Empress-alyering(187%)(p<0.05); but did not increase the fracture strength of Vintage(128%) and In-Ceram(101%)(p>0.05). 4. Majority of the all-ceramic crowns show a wedge fracture extending through proximal surfaces to an apex, usually apical third(with G.I. cement) or middle third(with Resin cement) of the facial surface.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.51-61
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• 2018

Foundation of tower structures such as wind turbine, pylon, and chimney have to resist considerably large overturning moment due to long distance from foundations to load point and large horizontal load. Pile foundations subjected to uplift force are needed to economically support such structure even in the case of rock layer. Therefore, this research performed the laboratory model tests with the variables, W/C ratio and sand proportion, to evaluate the effect of the mix proportion of grouting material on shaft resistance. In the case of cement paste, maximum and residual shaft resistance were distributed in uniform range irrespective of the changes of W/C ratio. However in the case of mortar, they were decreased with increasing W/C ratio, while they were increased and then decreased with increasing sand proportion. In the case of no sand, the maximum shaft resistance was about 540~560kPa regardless of the W/C ratio. When the sand proportion was 40%, it was about 770~870kPa depending on W/C ratio, which was about 40~50% higher than that without sand. The optimum proportion found in this research was around 40% of sand proportion and 80~100% of W/C ratio.