• 한국실내디자인학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국실내디자인학회 2007년도 추계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.99-102
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• 2007

Underground passage shopping center which is one of the underground space is a public facility. Therefore, underground passage shopping center needs physical environment that everyone (such as ordinary adults, seniors, disabled and ETC) could use it without any difficulties. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the application of universal design into main entrance space of underground passage shopping center. The scope of this research was adjusted as 8 underground passage shopping centers that are located in Seoul. Spacial scope of the research was set as public space such as main entrance space, slope way, stairway of underground passage shopping center and the content of scope of this research was the application of universal design. The conclusion of this research is as following. First, public space of underground passage shopping center needs physical environmental improvement for the convenient usage for seniors and disabled. Second, the application of universal design is needed for public space for shelter and rescue of underground passage shopping center. Third, Underground passage shopping center needs a plan to minimize the safety infringement of user by commercial activity of stores in it.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.505-516
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• 1994

For the purpose of preparing the fundamental data on air pollution in underground shopping center and also contributing to the health improvement of residents, the authors measured the level of $SO_2,\;NO_2,\;TSP,\;CO,\;CO_2$ and also some related factors as air temperature, air movement, relative humidity and mean radiation temperature at inside and outside of underground shopping center in Pusan from January to February and from July to August 1994. The results were as follows : 1. The mean concentration of CO within the underground shopping center was $3.1{\pm}1.3ppm$ in winter and $2.1{\pm}0.9ppm$ in summer. There was a negative correlation (p<0.01) between inner CO concentration and temperature in summer and no correlation between inner CO concentration and outer CO concentration in underground shopping center 2. The mean concentration of COE within the underground shopping center was $876{\pm}353ppm$ in winter and $757{\pm}125ppm$ in summer. There was a negative correlation (p<0.01) between inner $CO_2$ concentration and air movement in summer and positive correlation (p<0.05) between inner $CO_2$ concentration and outer $CO_2$ concentration in underground shopping center. 3. The mean concentration of $SO_2$ within a underground shopping center was $0.036{\pm}0.019ppm$ in winter and $0.040{\pm}0.013ppm$ in summer. There was a positive correlation(p<0.01) between inner $SO_2$ concentration and temperature in summer and positive correlation between inner $SO_2$ concentration and outer $SO_2$ concentration in summer and winter in underground shopping center. 4. The mean concentration of $NO_2$ within a underground shopping center was $0.052{\pm}0.038ppm$ in winter and $0.042{\pm}0.016ppm$ in summer. There was a no correlation between inner $SO_2$ concentration and thermal factors in summer and winter and low correlation between inner $SO_2$ concentration and outer $SO_2$ concentration in underground shopping center 5. The mean concentration of TSP within a underground shopping center was $430{\pm}214{\mu}g/m^3$ in winter, $366{\pm}73{\mu}g/m^3$ in summer, and very in excess of the atmospheric environmental quality standards of Korea ($150{\mu}g/m3{\downarrow}$). There was low correlation between inner TSP concentration and temperature in summer and high correlation between inner TSP concentration and outer TSP concentration in underground shopping center.

• 한국가구학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.182-187
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• 2014

Underground shopping center has become a important commercial facility due to their good accessibility to the public transport. However, underground shopping center has high risk of air contaminants emission like formaldehyde and lowered indoor air quality. In this study, formaldehyde concentration of the underground shopping center was estimated according to the renovation and characteristics of space. It was found that newly renovated underground shopping center has low formaldehyde concentration. In case of closed entrance type, the formaldehyde concentration was 320 % higher than open type. Formaldehyde concentration was varied by product type and especially, high formaldehyde concentration was measured near the stores selling nail polish and cosmetics. It is important to apply appropriate ventilation system according to characteristics of space.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.67-75
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• 1994

Formaldehyde has been in widespread industrial use since World War II . Numerous sources of formaldehyde are present in the indoor environment. Additionally, the current trend toward tighter, more energy efficient buildings with lower ventilation rates has led to increase concentrations of this and other pollutants generated indoors. In this paper, the field survey was carried out once a month from January to MarctL 1994 to measure indoor and outdoor formaldehyde concentration in several underground locations in Seoul. The results could be summarized as follows : 1. At Yang- jae underground shopping center, the mean formaldehyde concentration was 77.8ppb for indoor and 68.4ppb for outdoor. At Ban- po underground shopping center, it was 175.8ppb for indoor and 127.3ppb for outdoor. At Jam- shil underground shop ping center, it was 135.2ppd for indoor and 34.6ppb for outdoor. Indoor the No.2 sub way line, it was 105.6ppb. The formaldehyde concentration using Berge equation was as follows : At Yang- jae underground shopping center, the mean formaldehyde concentration was 85.99ppb for indoor and 72.75ppb for outdoor At Ban- po underground shopping center, it was 254. 17ppb for indoor and 138.14ppb for outdoor. At Jam- shil underground shopping center, it was 249.13ppb for indoor and 36.87ppb for outdoor. Indoor the No.2 subway line, it was 131.73ppb. 3, The result of correlation analysis indicated that the relationship between temperature and formaldehyde concentration is very high( $\gamma $= 0.831 ∼ 0.974). 4. Also, the relationship between humidity and formaldehyde concentration is variant ($\gamma $ = 0.246 ∼0.999). 5. The mean formaldehyde concentration indoor and outdoor Ban- po underground shop ping center and indoor Jam- shil underground shopping center and indoor the No.2 sub way line exceed the American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, Air- conditioning Engineers( ASHRAE) stflndard of 100ppb(120 $\mu $g/m$^{3}$).

• 대한설비공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한설비공학회 2005년도 동계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.82-87
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• 2005

The characteristics of train-wind in the underground shopping center(UGSC) connected to subway station is investigated by field measurement for the case of train movement such as arrival and departure, etc. Also air curtain installed at the pass way between underground shopping center and subway station were considered as the parameter in order to analysis the effect on indoor air quality and thermal condition. The measurement data such as velocity, relative humidity, wind-pressure were plotted as quantity variation with time scale. The train-wind affected wind velocity, air pressure and relative humidity at the connecting area of underground shopping center and subway station, and the variation was about 4.5 m/s, 8%, 40 Pa. Also the result showed that the air curtain is not proper to reduce influence of train-wind

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2008년도 추계학술대회B
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• pp.2989-2994
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• 2008

The shopping center in underground passage for efficient space utilization is increased in urban area. This study describes operation characteristics of HVAC systems with ventilation and individual heating and cooling unit for shopping center in underground passage. In order to compare energy saving, thermal environment and installation space, etc., an integrated simulator with heat production and distribution system was designed and constructed. Energy delivery efficiency is improved over 20%, and energy saving of the hybrid system is calculated as over 30% compared to conventional all air type in the case of heating. And also the results showed that humidity decreased about $5{\sim}6%$, also characteristics of thermal control is improved over 34%.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.1-9
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• 1989

A pilot study was conducted in order to measure indoor and outdoor formaldehyde levels during August 3 - 22, 1988 in several underground spaces in Seoul. Formaldehyde concentrations were monitored during 1 week in selected sampling areas (subway station, underground shopping center, underpass, tunnel, underground parking lot) using passive formaldehyde monitors. In order to investigate a relationship between respiratory prevalence and levels of formaldehyde, each subject was asked to answer respiratory questions. The mean formaldehyde concentrations were 60.1 ppb in subway station, 122.2 ppb in underground shopping stores, 72.1 ppb in underpasses, 39.7 ppb in tunnel, and 75.9 ppb in underground parking lots, respectively. The mean indoor formaldehyde concentrations in underground environments varied from 28.6 ppb to 118.7 ppb. Generally, the mean formaldehyde concentrations in ticketing office in subway stations appeared higher than those level measured in platform. The mean formaldehyde concentrations of underground shopping center in Gangnam Terminal were higher than any other areas and it exceeded 100 ppb of the American Ambient Air Quality Standards of formaldehyde. Prevalence rates of respiratory symptoms of dwellers seemed to be related to higher indoor formaldehyde levels.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제18권11호
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• pp.297-307
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• 2017

본 지하 공간은 대도시에 남아있는 가용성 높은 공간으로서 효율적, 집약적 토지 이용을 위한 중요한 요소이다. 특히, 지하도 상가는 물리적 기능과 상업적 기능을 동시에 충족시키며, 도심의 활성화를 이룩할 수 있는 수단으로 그 활용도가 매우 높다. 하지만 기존에 개발된 지하도 상가는 노후화 등 복합적인 원인으로 인해 지하 상권의 침체를 가져왔다. 이에 지하도 상가 활성화를 위한 대안을 제안하여 지하 상권의 활성화에 기여하고자 본 연구를진행하였다. 부산지역 지하도 상가 7개소를 공간적 범위로 대인 면접 설문 조사를 진행하여 이용자가 느끼는 지하도 상가 만족도 결정요인 및 개선사항을 파악하였다. 순서형 로짓모형을 통해 위 설문내용을 실증분석하였다. 실증분석 결과, 서비스 만족도, 지하 환경 만족도, 공공시설 만족도, 3개 요인이 지하도 상가 만족도에 영향을 미치는 유의한 변수로 추정되었다. 이에 따라, 신규 지하도 상가 개발 혹은 기존 지하도 상가 리뉴얼 시 해당 요소들에 대한 적절한 고려가 필요할 것으로 생각한다. 이를 통해 지하도 상가 이용자의 만족감을 증대시키고, 동시에 지하상권의 재활성화가 이루어지길 기대한다.

• 산경연구논집
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.39-49
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• 2022

Purpose: As part of these efforts, in-depth research is needed on efficient and practical utilization of underground spaces and underground shopping malls. In addition, efforts are being made to find effective alternatives to various problems currently occurring in underground shopping malls, but it is not easy. In addition, the development entity and the maintenance entity are different from each other, and the management is not unified, making it difficult to maintain underground shopping malls. From this point of view, it can be said that it is time to actively and specifically discuss ways to revitalize underground shopping malls. Data and methodology: In the domestic distribution environment, traditional markets and shops are stagnating due to rapid changes in consumption patterns, such as the spread of large companies with advanced distribution techniques such as hypermarkets, shopping malls, and SCM, the rapid increase in Internet and home shopping, and the importance of convenience for young consumers. In order to revitalize underground shopping malls, it is necessary to strengthen the organization and self-rescue efforts of merchants' associations, change consciousness through merchant education, change to specialized markets, find nuclear stores and representative restaurants, and support the hardware sector. Results: The connection of underground shopping malls in each region of the country, where commercial districts are separated from each other, will also play an important role in reviving the function of the city in the future. To do this, it is first necessary to connect underground shopping malls that have been cut off. In other words, connection between connectable underground shopping malls should be promoted. Of course, long-term projects should be promoted step by step, and many consultations should be made on how to connect with the ground for each local government. Conclusion: This is because in the future, the underground space cannot just be a walking place, but another space of the Korean Wave where you can experience satisfying the five senses. K-shopping Hallyu content can be created by creating a characteristic story for each underground shopping mall in the city, permanently this story-oriented event, and creating a safe and elegant environment. If there is a story, so-called "Senomi Shopping" will be possible. A new Korean Wave will be created that can satisfy "the fun of writing, the fun of seeing, and the fun of feeling" at the same time.

• 대한설비공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한설비공학회 2007년도 동계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.76-81
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• 2007

The shopping center in underground passage increased for efficient space utilization in urban area. This study describes operation characteristics of all air type and hybrid type with local ventilation and fan coil unit fixed to ceiling. In order to compare energy saving, thermal environment and installation space, etc., integrated simulator with heat production and indoor distribution system is designed and constructed. Energy saving of the hybrid system is calculated as over 30% compared to conventional all air type. And also the results showed that humidity decreased about 6%, also indoor thermal distribution is improved as temperature variation of around $1^{\circ}C$.