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Report on Extended Leak-Off Test Conducted During Drilling Large Diameter Borehole (국내 대구경 시추공 굴진 중 Extended Leak-Off Test 수행 사례 보고)

  • Jo, Yeonguk;Song, Yoonho;Park, Sehyeok;Kim, Myung Sun;Park, In-Hwa;Lee, Changhyun
    • Tunnel and Underground Space
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    • v.32 no.5
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    • pp.285-297
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    • 2022
  • We report results of Extended Leak-Off Test (XLOT) conducted in a large diameter borehole, which is drilled for installation of deep borehole geophysical monitoring system to monitor micro-earthquakes and fault behavior of major fault zones in the southeastern Korean Peninsula. The borehole was planned to secure a final diameter of 200 mm (or more) at a depth of ~1 km, with 12" diameter wellbore to intermediate depths, and 7-7/8" (~200 mm) to the bottom hole depth. We drilled first the 12" borehole to approximately 504 m deep and installed American Petroleum Institute standard 8-5/8" casing, then annulus between the casing and bedrock was fully cemented. XLOT was carried out for several purposes such as confirming casing and cementing integrity, measuring rock stress states. To that end, we drilled additional 4 m long open hole interval to directly inject water and pressurize into the rock mass using the upper API casings. During the XLOT, flow rates and interval pressures were recorded in real time. Based on the logs we tried to analyze hydraulic conductivity of the test interval.

Lithologic and Structural Controls and Geochemistry of Uranium Deposition in the Ogcheon Black-Slate Formation (옥천대(沃川帶) 우라늄광층(鑛層)의 구조규제(構造規制) 및 지구화학적(地球化學的) 특성연구(特性硏究))

  • Lee, Dai Sung;Yun, Suckew;Lee, Jong Hyeog;Kim, Jeong Taeg
    • Economic and Environmental Geology
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    • v.19 no.spc
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    • pp.19-41
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    • 1986
  • Structural, radioactive, petrological, petrochemical, mineralogical and stable isotopic study as well as the review of previous studies of the uranium-bearing slates in the Ogcheon sequence were carried out to examine the lithological and structural controls, and geochemical environment in the uranium deposition in the sequence. And the study was extended to the coal-bearing formation (Jangseong Series-Permian) to compare the geochemical and sedimentologic aspects of uranium chemistry between Ogcheon and Hambaegsan areas. The results obtained are as follows: 1. The uranium mineralization occurs in the carbonaceous black slates of the middle to lower Guryongsan formation and its equivalents in the Ogcheon sequence. In general, two or three uranium-bearing carbonaceous beds are found with about 1 to 1.5km stratigraphic interval and they extend from Chungju to Jinsan for 90km in distance, with intermittent igneous intrusions and structural Jisturbances. Average thickness of the beds ranges from 20 to 1,500m. 2. These carbonaceous slate beds were folded by a strong $F_1$-fold and were refolded by subsequent $F_1$-fold, nearly co-axial with the $F_1$, resulting in a repeated occurrence of similar slate. The carbonaceous beds were swelled in hing zones and were shrinked or thined out in limb by the these foldings. Minor faulting and brecciation of the carbonaceous beds were followed causing metamorphism of these beds and secondary migration and alteration of uranium minerals and their close associations. 3. Uranium-rich zones with high radioactive anomalies are found in Chungju, Deogpyong-Yongyuri, MiwonBoun, Daejeon-Geumsan areas in the range of 500~3,700 cps (corresponds to 0.017~0.087%U). These zones continue along strike of the beds for several tens to a few hundred meters but also discontinue with swelling and pinches at places that should be analogously developed toward underground in their vertical extentions. The drilling surveyings in those area, more than 120 holes, indicate that the depth-frequency to uranium rich bed ranging 40~160 meter is greater. 4. The features that higher radioactive anomalies occur particularly from the carbonaceous beds among the argillaceous lithologic units, are well demonstrated on the cross sections of the lithology and radioactive values of the major uranium deposits in the Ogcheon zone. However, one anomalous radioactive zone is found in a l:ornfels bed in Samgoe, near Daejeon city. This is interpreted as a thermal metamorphic effect by which original uranium contents in the underlying black slate were migrated into the hornfels bed. 5. Principal minerals of the uranium-bearing black slates are quartz, sericite, biotite and chlorite, and as to chemical composition of the black slates, $Al_2O_3$ contents appear to be much lower than the average values by its clarke suggesting that the Changri basin has rather proximal to its source area. 6. The uranium-bearing carbonaceous beds contain minor amounts of phosphorite minerals, pyrite, pyrrhotite and other sulfides but not contain iron oxides. Vanadium. Molybdenum, Barium, Nickel, Zirconium, Lead, Cromium and fixed Carbon, and some other heavy metals appear to be positive by correlative with uranium in their concentrations, suggesting a possibility of their genetic relationships. The estimated pH and Eh of the slate suggests an euxenic marine to organic-rich saline water environment during uranium was deposited in the middle part of Ogcheon zone. 7. The Carboniferous shale of Jangseong Series(Sadong Series) of Permian in Hambaegsan area having low radioactivity and in fluvial to beach deposits is entirely different in geochemical property and depositional environment from the middle part of Ogcheon zone, so-called "Pibanryong-Type Ogcheon Zone". 8. Synthesizing various data obtained by several aspects of research on uranium mineralization in the studied sequence, it is concluded that the processes of uranium deposition were incorporated with rich organic precipitation by which soluble uranyl ions, $U{_2}^{+{+}}$ were organochemically complexed and carried down to the pre-Ogcheon sea bottoms formed in transitional environment, from Red Sea type basin to Black Sea type basin. Decomposition of the organic matter under reducing conditions to hydrogen sulfide, which reduced the $UO{_2}^{+2}$ ions to the insoluble uranium dioxide($UO_2$), on the other side the heavy metals are precipitated as sulfides. 9. The EPMA study on the identification of uraninite and others and the genetic interpretation of uranium bearing slates by isotopic values of this work are given separately by Yun, S. in 1984.

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Evaluation on Functional Assessment for Fish Habitat of Underground type Eco-Artificial Fish Reef using the Index of Biological Integrity (IBI) and Qualitative Habitat Evaluation Index (QHEI) (생물보전지수(IBI) 및 서식지 평가지수(QHEI)를 활용한 지하 매립형 방틀둠벙의 어류 서식처 기능 평가)

  • Ahn, Chang Hyuk;Joo, Jin Chul;Kwon, Jae Hyeong;Song, Ho Myeon
    • KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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    • v.31 no.6B
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    • pp.565-575
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    • 2011
  • The purpose of this study was to quantitatively evaluate the expression of both multi-metric qualitative habitat evaluation index (QHEI) and biological integrity index (IBI) for artificial structures eco-artificial fish reef (EAFR) for fishes asylum and habitat. Especially, both experimental evaluation and biological verification were performed in Water and Environmental Center's outdoor test-bed of Korea Institute of Construction Technology located in Andong-city, Gyeongsangbuk-do. The experimental conditions reflecting the situation of domestic river include the flow rate (e.g., $0.0{\sim}1.5m\;s^{-1}$), the width (e.g., 1.0~3.0 m), the depth (e.g., 0.05~0.70 m), and variable bed materials. Both QHEI and IBI were monitored for 8 months from May to December 2010. Whereas QHEI values were highest at experimental points of the E~F with an average of 83.1, those were lowest at B~C with an average of 78.1. However, QHEI values inside EAFR were more than 98.9, regardelss of space and time, and indicated more than the highest good of the state (Good) in the habitat. Overally, IBI values showed similar trend with QHEI, but were 44.2 in the winter dry season, compared to 32.8 of QHEI values. IBI values Also, IBI values inside EAFR were greater than those at the experimental channel by 5.7 to 11.4% and 18.7 to 34.8% in flow and stagnant conditions, respectively, indicating that EAFR can secure asylum and habitat for fish during the dry season. For comprehensive aquatic ecosystem assessment, the experimental channel showed generally fair conditions (Fair~Good), whereas EAFR showed good conditions (Good), suggesting that EAFR can be applied to aquatic ecosystem restoration and improvement.

Phenology and Population Dynamics of Scirpus fluviatilis (Torr.) A. Gray in the Littoral Zone of the Upo Wetland (우포늪 연안대에서 매자기의 화력학과 개체군 변화)

  • Seo, Hye-Ran;Park, Sang-Yong;Oh, Kyung-Hwan
    • Journal of Wetlands Research
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    • v.11 no.3
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    • pp.49-59
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    • 2009
  • Seasonal changes of the growth characteristics and biomass of Scirpus fluviatilis, a aquatic emergent vascular plant, were investigated to reveal the phenology and the population dynamics and to provide the fundamental resources for the restoration counterplan of the wetland vegetation in the littoral zone of the Upo wetland, Changnyeong-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea from March 2006 to November 2006. Scirpus fluviatilis was distributed commonly in Upo, Mokpo, Sajipo, Jokjibyeol, and Topyeongcheon upstream and downstream of Upo wetland, and the density was highest in Mokpo. Distribution range for the water depth was 9~49cm, and the highest shoot density in 26~49cm, and the mean shoot density was $119/m^2$, and the mean shoot length was 122.3cm on May 28. The number of the tuber was $104.5/0.25m^2$, and the living tubers were 84.2%. The mean fresh biomass of the living tubers was 3.0g, and those of 1~4g was most as 57.9%. Germination rates of the living tubers was 43.8%, and the maximum rate was in 7~9g and more than 10g. In the pot cultivation, the shoot density of the germinated tubers and the dormant tubers were highest as 13.5 and 9.7, respectively in early August. In the field study, the shoot density had few change before typhoon damage, while the density increased abruptly in November after flooding accompanied with the typhoon 'Ewiniar'. The shoot length in the pot cultivation and in the field study were 100~116cm and 60~170cm, respectively in the growth-end. Biomass allocation rates into the stem, leaf, flower, and underground parts were 8.9%, 6.6%, 0%, and 84.5%, respectively in the pot cultivation of the germinated tubers, and those of the dormant tubers were 7.1%, 7.1%, 0%, and 85.8%, respectively. The tuber number increased to 1.4~4.1 times by the growth-end, so it is concluded that Scirpus fluviatilis is mostly propagated by the vegetative reproduction.

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A Case Study of Geometrical Fracture Model for Groundwater Well Placement, Eastern Munsan, Gyeonggido, Korea (지하수개발을 위한 단열모델 연구사례(경기도 문산 동쪽지역))

  • Choi Sung-Ja;Chwae Uee-Chan;Kim Se-Kon;Park Jun-Beom;Sung Ki-Sung;Sung Ik-Whan
    • Economic and Environmental Geology
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    • v.39 no.2 s.177
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    • pp.163-171
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    • 2006
  • This study is the case of groundwater development based on the geometrical fracture model of target area established only through geological fracture mapping technique. A fracture mapping of $9km^2$, eastern Munsan, has been conducted to determine geological and hydrological factors for new water well placement in the Gyeonggi gneiss complex. Geophysical exploration was not applicable because of small restricted area and dense underground utilities at the site. Form line mapping on the basis of foliation orientation and rock type revealed a synform of NS fold axis bearing to the south. An EW geological cross-section passed through the site area shows a F2 synform as a double-wall ice cream spoon shape. Three regional faults of $N20^{\circ}E,\;N30^{\circ}W$, and NS have been dragged into the site to help understand extensional fault paths. The $N20^{\circ}E$ fault with dextral sense is geometrically interpreted as a western fault of two flexural conjugate type-P shear faults in the F2 synformal fold. The NE cross-section reveals that a possible groundwater belt in the western limb of super-posed fold area is formed as a trigonal prism within 100 m depth of the intersectional space between the $N20^{\circ}E$ fault plane and the weakly sheared plane of transposed foliation. Another possible fault for water resource strikes $N40^{\circ}E$. Recommended sites for new water well placement are along the $N20^{\circ}E\;and\;N40^{\circ}E$ faults. As a result of fracture mapping, 145 ton/day of water can be produced at one well along the $N20^{\circ}E$ fault line. Exploration of groundwater in the area is succeeded only using with geological fracture mapping and interpretation of geological cross-section, without any geophysical survey. Intersection of fault generated with the F2 synformal fold and foliation supply space of groundwater reserver.

Conservation State of Mural Paintings of Royal Tombs in Neungsan-ri, Korea (능산리고분군 동하총 벽화 보존상태 진단)

  • Lee, Sang Ok;Bae, Go Woon;Namgung, Hun;Nam, Do Hyeon;Choi, Yoon Gwan;Chung, Kwang Yong
    • Journal of Conservation Science
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    • v.34 no.5
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    • pp.333-343
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    • 2018
  • This study was conducted to evaluate the conservation environment by monitoring temperature and humidity for two years and mapping the remaining pigments of mural paintings to diagnose the conservation state of mural paintings of Royal Tombs in Neungsan-ri. We evaluated the characteristics of condensation in the tomb. Compared with the results of a 2008 survey, we conducted state change of mural paintings in the tomb. The temperature in the main room, which has an annual average soil temperature distribution at 5 m depth in Korea, is maintained at $13{\sim}18^{\circ}C$. The temperature range of the main room was between less than $0.1^{\circ}C$ to $0.5^{\circ}C$, and the diurnal variation of temperature between summer (June to September) and winter (December to January) is the greatest. Condensation is more concentrated in the summer because the outdoor air was typically at higher temperatures than the main room inflows in the tomb. Mapping the remaining pigment composition and particle distribution of mural paintings showed that it was in the range of 36.72~39.53% of the wall area. The pigment range was confirmed to be the same as it was in 2008, through ultraviolet fluorescence reaction and infrared ray investigation. Therefore, the underground environment that receives dew condensation in the summer has been stable since 2008. However, continuous monitoring is needed because the deterioration of mural painting proceeds considerably after excavation and only a small percentage of the pigments survive.

International Case Studies on the Eco-friendly Energy Towns with Hybrid Thermal Energy Supply System and Borehole Thermal Energy Storage (BTES) (친환경에너지타운에서 보어홀지중열 저장(BTES) 활용 융복합 열에너지 공급 시스템 사례 연구)

  • Shim, Byoung Ohan
    • Economic and Environmental Geology
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    • v.51 no.1
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    • pp.67-76
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    • 2018
  • This study reviews three eco-friendly energy towns with hybrid thermal energy supply systems and borehole thermal energy storage (BTES) in Canada and Denmark. The district heating and cooling systems were designed by using multi-source energy for the higher efficiency and reliability as well as environment. ADEU (Alexandra District Energy Utility) located at the developing area in the city of Richmond, Canada was designed to supply district energy with the installation of 726 borehole heat exchangers (BHEs) and a backup boiler using natural gas. DLSC (Drake Landing Solar Community) located in the town of Okotoks, Canada is a district system to store solar thermal energy underground during the summer season by seasonal BTES with 144 BHEs. Brædstrup Solpark district heating system located in Denmark has been conducted energy supply from multiple energy sources of solar thermal, heat pump, boiler plants and seasonal BTES with 48 BHEs. These systems are designed based on social and economic benefits as well as nature-friendly living space according to the city based energy perspective. Each system has the energy center which distribute the stored thermal energy to each house for heating during the winter season. The BHE depth and ground thermal storage volume are designed by the heating and cooling load as well as the condition of ground water flow and thermophysical properties of the ground. These systems have been proved the reliance and economic benefits by providing consistent energy supply with competitive energy price for many years. In addition, the several expansions of the service area in ADEU and Brædstrup Solpark have been processed based on energy supply master plan. In order to implement this kind of project in our country, the regulation and policy support of government or related federal organization are required. As well as the government have to make a energy management agency associated with long-term supply energy plan.

Possibility of establishment of a tree nursery at Saemangeum Reclaimed Land and Classification of 36 Landscape Trees Based on Salt Tolerance (새만금 간척지에서 36종 조경수의 양묘 가능성 검증과 내염성 분류)

  • Lee, Kyung Joon;Song, Jae Do;Lee, Kyu Hwa
    • Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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    • v.104 no.4
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    • pp.564-577
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    • 2015
  • The objectives of this study were to investigate the possibility of establishing a tree nursery at Saemangeum reclaimed land and to classify landscape trees based on the salt tolerance. A tree nursery (2.0 ha) was made in Gunsan Okgu area in 2012 with underground drain lines on the reclaimed land established in 2010. Salt content of the nursery soil within the 60 cm depth in 2013 was 5.13 dS/m and 8.20 dS/m for the pre-desalinated and non-desalinated lands, respectively. Thirty-six woody plant species (22 tree species and 14 shrub species at ages of 1 to 4) with a total of 3,943 individuals were planted in early April, 2013 and their growth performance was monitored until September of the same year. The average survival rate of the transplanted plants was 71.4% in late September, suggesting the high possibility of establishing a tree nursery at the reclaimed land. Based on the survival rate and tree vigor (amount of healthy leaves and crown development), the following 17 species with some salt tolerance were classified into three groups: "salt tolerant group" (3 species, Tamarix chinensis, Cudrania tricuspidata, Ilex serrata), "recommended group" (5 species, Pinus thunbergii, Albizia julibrissin, Ligustrum obtusifolium, Rosa rugosa, Pleioblatus pygmaeus), "plantable group" (9 species, Zelkova serrata, Hibiscus syriacus, Elaeagnus umbellata, Sorbus alnifolia, Sophora japonica, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Quercus acutissima, Ulmus parvifolia, Robinia pseudoacacia). Seven tree species that had been adapted to the reclaimed land for three to four years before being transplanted to new reclaimed land in Gunsan Okgu area showed average survival rate of 98%, suggesting that pre-conditioned trees would survive well in the reclaimed land.

A Study on the Consciousness of Landscape Planting Practitioner about the Measurement Criteria of the Root Diameter of Landscape Trees in the Landscape Planting Construction, in Korea (우리나라 조경식재공사의 근원직경 측정기준에 대한 조경식재 실무자들의 의식)

  • Han, Yong-Hee;Min, Jong-Il;Kim, Do-Gyun
    • Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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    • v.49 no.2
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    • pp.27-40
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    • 2021
  • This study was carried out for the description of the conflicts on the measurement of the root collar diameter of the landscape trees that are currently being produced, distributed, and planted in S. Korea, and for determination of the standard for root collar diameter measurement. The difference in consciousness of appropriate measurement of root collar diameter among different ages of landscape practitioners was statistically significant at p<0.05 level. It seemed to be due to the difference in the amount of field experiences among different age groups. On "the ambiguity of measuring the root collar diameter' of landscape trees", the consciousness was significantly different at p<0.05 level among job positions. On "Improvement of measurement criteria for landscape trees," it was significantly different at p<0.05 level among job types. This was thought to be due to the disagreement between the client and the contractor. On "prevention of topsoil removal" when excavating landscape trees, the consciousness was significantly different at p<0.001 level among different age groups, and different at p<0.01 level among different occupations, and different at p<0.05 level among different working area. The consciousness on "removing top soil when excavating landscape trees and rooting after transplantation" was not significantly different. The consciousness on the conflict caused by "ambiguity in root collar diameter measurement criteria" was high with an average of 3.85 for job type, occupation, jop position, and work experience. It was higher for landscape contractors than public institutions. The higher job positions and more experiences, the more conflicts. The consciousness on the appropriate position of root collar diameter measurement for landscape trees revealed that measuring at above-ground part (66.5%) was prefered to the underground part (33.0%). During the excavation of landscape trees for transplant, topsoil removal up to average depth of -2cm to -4cm was favored by 84.0%, and the purpose of removing topsoil was recognized as 'to increase the size and unit cost' by 59.7%.

Distributional Characteristics and Evaluation of the Population Sustainability, Factors Related to Vulnerability for a Polygonatum stenophyllum Maxim. (층층둥굴레(Polygonatum stenophyllum Maxim.)의 분포특성과 개체군의 위협요인 및 지속가능성 평가)

  • Kim, Young-Chul;Chae, Hyun-Hee;Ahn, Won-Gyeong;Lee, Kyu-Song;Nam, Gi-Heum;Kwak, Myoung-Hai
    • Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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    • v.33 no.3
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    • pp.303-320
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    • 2019
  • Plants interact with various biotic and abiotic environmental factors. It requires much information to understand the traits of a plant species. A shortage of information would restrict the assessment, especially in the evaluation of what kind of factors influence a plant species to face extinction. Polygonatum stenophyllum Maxim. is one of the northern plants of which Korea is the southern distribution edge. The Korean Ministry of Environment had designated it to be the endangered species until December 2015. Although it is comparatively widespread, and a large population has recently been reported, it is assessed to be vulnerable due to the low population genetic diversity. This study evaluated the current distribution of Polygonatum stenophyllum Maxim. We investigated the vegetational environment, population structures, phenology, soil environment, and self-incompatibility based on the results. Lastly, we evaluated the current threats observed in the habitats. The habitats tended to be located in the areas where the masses at the edge of the stream accumulated except for those that were located on slopes of some mountainous areas. Most of them showed a stable population structure and had re-established or recruited seedlings. Polygonatum stenophyllum Maxim. had the difference in time when the shoots appeared above the ground depending on the depth of the rhizome located in the underground. In particular, the seedlings and juveniles had their rhizome located shallow in the soil. Visits by pollinator insects and success in pollination were crucial factors for bearing of fruits by Polygonatum stenophyllum Maxim. The threats observed in the habitat of Polygonatum stenophyllum Maxim. included the expansion of cultivated land, construction of new buildings, and construction of river banks and roads. Despite such observed risk factors, it is not likely that there would be rapid population reduction or extinction because of its widespread distribution with the total population of more than 2.7 million individuals and the new populations established by the re-colonization.