• 상하수도학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.506-514
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• 2005

Unaccounted-for water subtracting water sold from produced water includes leakage, under-registration, unauthorized use, etc. To improve accounted-for water ratio, firstly, it should be attempted to accurately identify where unaccounted-for water is, and then it must to be reduced. Under-registration of meter is caused by allowable tolerance of meter, improper size of meter installed, gradient installation, etc. Under-registered water of meters has ever been the second large amount of unaccounted-for water next to leakage, but still is not estimated exactly. In this study, the estimated value as under-registered water was obtained by using the selected-area modeling program. As a result, the under-registered water ratio of 13mm meters was approximately 1.23%. Those of meters according to ages 1, 3, and, 5 years old were 1.46% 2.77% and, 2.26%, respectively but that of 7 years old meters showed over-registration of 1.59%.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.1-12
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• 1999

This study aims to find basic data for using the quantitative assessment of the sustainability and establishing the systematic index of the planning for local cities to consider the environmentally sound and sustainable development. The research designs to review professional responding to surveys preceded by separate questionnaires and interviews from book reviews, and suggests to make an assessment model of the sustainability for local cities. The research found consequently as follows. Firstly, the research survey items were decides totally 52, grouped 9 assessmental issues and distributed under 4 assessmental domains for the sustainability from the references of book reviews. Secondly, the research result concentrated on the followings from the professional responding to surveys. 1. A most influent factor is the distribution of animals and plants in a nature domain. The next influent factors are the ratio of mass-transportation systems, the numbers of the species of animals and plants, the acreage of conservative forestry, the numbers of reused water resources, and the usage number of water supply, orderly in the nature domain. 2. A most influent factor is the usage number of synthetic detergents in a pollution domain. The next influent factors are the volume of waste water, the number of registered vehicles, the degree of soil pollution, and the charge of development imposition, orderly in the pollution domain. 3. A most influent factor is the acreage of athletic facilities, in an urban domain. the next influent factors are the acreage of recreational facilities, the number and acreage of cultural assets, the number of cultural facilities, the acreage of landscape conservation area, the charge of cultural asset management, orderly in the urban domain. 4. A most influent factor is the number of waste disposal facilities in a participation domain. The next influent factors are the capacity of reused waste, the usage of synthetic detergents, the ratio of waste water disposal, orderly in the participation domain. 5. A most contributed influent domain to the assessment of the sustainability for local cities is the urban domain. The next influent domains are nature domain, participation domain, and pollution domain, orderly in the contribution of the assessment of the sustainability. But, the pollution domain is little relationship with the sustainability. Therefore, it is clear that the abundant greens and the improved level of culture are dominant influences on the sustainabiligy, as like improving the ratio of roadside trees, the acreage of parks, and enlarging the number of cultural facilities.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제60권6호
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• pp.939-952
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• 2016

A compression to tensile load transforming (CTT) device was developed to determine indirect tensile strength of concrete material. Before CTT test, Particle flow code was used for the determination of the standard dimension of physical samples. Four numerical models with different dimensions were made and were subjected to tensile loading. The geometry of the model with ideal failure pattern was selected for physical sample preparation. A concrete slab with dimensions of $15{\times}19{\times}6cm$ and a hole at its center was prepared and subjected to tensile loading using this special loading device. The ratio of hole diameter to sample width was 0.5. The samples were made from a mixture of water, fine sand and cement with a ratio of 1-0.5-1, respectively. A 30-ton hydraulic jack with a load cell applied compressive loading to CTT with the compressive pressure rate of 0.02 MPa per second. The compressive loading was converted to tensile stress on the sample because of the overall test design. A numerical modeling was also done to analyze the effect of the hole diameter on stress concentrations of the hole side along its horizontal axis to provide a suitable criterion for determining the real tensile strength of concrete. Concurrent with indirect tensile test, the Brazilian test was performed to compare the results from two methods and also to perform numerical calibration. The numerical modeling shows that the models have tensile failure in the sides of the hole along the horizontal axis before any failure under shear loading. Also the stress concentration at the edge of the hole was 1.4 times more than the applied stress registered by the machine. Experimental Results showed that, the indirect tensile strength was clearly lower than the Brazilian test strength.

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.68-83
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• 2010

Weedy rice (Oryza sativa L.) occurred sympatrically with other weeds and the rice crop in Malaysian rice granaries. We conducted field surveys in 2006-2008 seasons in 7 farm blocks of Selangor's North West Project, Malaysia to enlist the new biotypes of weedy rice (NBWR) and assess their spatio-temporal pattern of distribution based on quantitative and dispersion indices. No less than 16 accessions of NBWR were identified based on their special traits, viz. panicle type, pericarp colour, presence or absence of awn, seed type and degree of grain shattering. The NBWR accessions exhibited a combination of morphological traits from open panicle, grain with awns, red pericarp, short grain type, and degrees of grain shattering. Others mimic commercial rices with close panicle, awnless grains, white pericarp, long or short grain-type. Invariably, the NBWRs mimic and stand as tall as cultivated rice namely MR219, MR220, or MR235 and these NBWR accessions stand among equals morphologically vis-a-vis the commercial rice varieties. Most accessions displayed varying degrees of grain shattering in excess of 50%, except Acc9 and Acc12. The seasonal dynamics of on the prevalence of dominant NBWR accessions were also displaying significant differences among farm blocks. While Bagan Terap farm block, for example, did not record any measurable changes in the dominant NBWR accessions over seasons, the Sungai Leman farm block recorded measurable season-mediated changes in the dominant NBWR accessions. Sungai Leman started with NBWR Acc3, Acc4, Acc5, Acc7, Acc8, and Acc12 in season 1 of 2006/2007, but no measurable records of Acc3 and Acc5 were shown in season 2 of 2007. In season 3 of 2007/2008, only Acc8 and Acc12 prevailed in the farm block. In Sawah Sempadan farm block, season 3 of 2007/2008 showed much reduced prevalence of NBWRs leaving only Acc8 and Acc12. Most accessions registered clump or under-dispersed spatial distribution pattern based on quantitative indices: variance-to-mean ratio (VMR) and Lloyd's patchiness values. The dynamics on the extent of infestation and prevalence of dominant NBWR accessions registered both season- and farm-block mediated differences. Most accessions showed VMR >1 thus indicative of having a clump or clustered spatial distribution, as exemplified by Acc3, Acc4, Acc7, Acc8 and Acc12 in all farm blocks throughout three seasons. Some accessions have either random or uniform distribution in a few farm blocks. The Acc8 has the highest population counts based on important value index, followed by Acc12, and both were the most dominant accession while Sawah Sempadan was the worst farm block infested by NBWR compared to other farm blocks. These results were discussed in relation with the current agronomic and weed management practices, water availability and extension services in the granary.

• 한국잠사곤충학회지
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.68-77
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• 2005

아열대산 MK-T2의 생태적 특성조사, 발근 특성 그리고 오디의 형태와 이화학적 특성, 사료가치 검정 평가, MK-T2로 사육한 5령3일차 누에의 아미노산 분석과 누에 에탄올 추출액의 약리효과에 대한 연구를 하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻어 잎과 오디 등 다용도 $\ulcorner$청강상(淸江桑)$\lrcorner$ 자체개발 품종육성의 기본자료로 활용하였다. 1. 아열대산 MK-T2의 생태적 특성을 조사한 결과 발아 개엽기는 개량뽕과 비교하여 $9{\sim}10$일 빠르며 새순의 발육 또한 67.2 cm로 3 cm 정도 길었으며, 새순의 뽕잎수도 18.6 개로 2개가 많았다. 2. 엽의 형태는 엽장이 엽폭보다 약간 발달한 1.10 비율을 나타내었으며 엽두께, 엽면적은 각각 $228.2{\mu}m,\;225.6cm^2$로서 개량뽕보다 약간 얇거나 작은편이었다. 3. MK-T2는 화주부분이 0.7mm로 짧게 존재하며 주두내면에 드물게 미모(微毛)가 분포하여 장화계구(長花桂區) 계두유모류(桂頭有毛類)에 속한다고 판단이 된다. 4. 고손장비율은 5.7%로서 개량뽕의 12.9%와 비교하여 상당히 우수하지만 무농약재배의 조건에서 충해의 경우 주당 피해율이 88.6%로서 개량뽕의 47.5%의 거의 2배정도 약함을 보여주었다. 5 .무처리 신소삽목시 발근율이 가지의 굵기와 무관하게 100% 발근하여 온대지역의 개량뽕이 15mm 이상에서 10% 발근한 사실과 비교하여 매우 우수한 발근력을 보여주었으며 발근 형태적 특성은 토양과 물 모두 45%비율로 가지의 중부와 하부에서 발근하는 특성을 보여주어 하부에서 발근하는 온대지역의 뽕나무와는 많은 차이를 나타내었다. 6. MK-T2의 오디는 길이가 24.6 mm, 수분율 78.8%, 당도가 19.21 Brix%로 오디용으로 개발된 품보 20, 검설뽕과 비슷한 성적을 나타내었으나 특이하게 pH 4.7로 단맛과 신맛을 함께 지니고 있었다. 7. NK-T2의 사료가치 검정평가 결과 개량뽕과 비교하여 유충기간과 화용비율, 견충비율은 거의 비슷하였으나, 단견중, 견층중. 2만두 수견량은 약간 떨어지는 결과를 보여 엽질이 비교적 우량하다고 평가되었다. 8. MK-T2로 사육한 5령3일차 누에의 아미노산을 분석한 결과 개량뽕을 급이한 대조구 간에는 서로 거의 유사한 아미노산 조성을 보여주었으나 MK-T2를 급이한 시험구의 경우 대조구와 비교하여 Leu에서 차이를 보여주었으며 Ile는 대조구에서는 검출되지 않았으나 MK-T2 시험구에서는 검출되었다. 9. MK-T2로 사육한 5령3일차 누에 에탄올 추출물의 약리효과 검정결과 누에 에탄을 추출물을 투여한 쥐에서 적출한 신장조직에 대한 HE 염색 및 조직면역화학염색 모두에서 조직학적 병징이 나타나지 않았고 $TGF-{\beta}1$ 단백 발현이 거의 확인되지 않는 수준으로 낮아졌다.