• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.604-614
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• 2020

Chronological aging and photoaging affect appearance, causing wrinkles, pigmentation, texture changes, and loss of elasticity in the skin. Phragmites communis is a tall perennial herb used for its high nutritional value and for medicinal purposes, such as relief from fever and vomiting and facilitation of diuresis. In this study, we investigated the effects of ethanol extract of P. communis rhizome (PCE) on skin aging. The total flavonoid and total phenolic content in PCE were 2.92 ± 0.007 ㎍ of quercetin equivalents (QE) and 231.8 ± 0.001 ㎍ of gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per 100 mg of dried extract (n = 3). The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of PCE for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activities were 0.96 and 0.97 mg/mL, respectively. PCE showed inhibitory effects on tyrosinase when L-tyrosine (IC50 = 1.25 mg/mL) and L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (IC50 = 0.92 mg/mL) were used as substrates. PCE treatment up to 200 ㎍/mL for 24 h did not cause any significant cytotoxicity in B16F10 melanocytes, human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs), and HaCaT keratinocytes. In B16F10 melanocytes, PCE (25 and 50 ㎍ /mL) inhibited melanin production and cellular tyrosinase activity after challenge with α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH; p < 0.05). In HDFs, PCE suppressed the mRNA expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and reduced the activity of elastase (p < 0.05). In addition, ultraviolet B (UVB)-mediated downregulation of hyaluronic acid synthase-2 gene expression in HaCaT keratinocytes was also effectively suppressed by PCE treatment. Overall, our results showed that PCE has potential anti-skin aging activity associated with the suppression of hyperpigmentation, wrinkle formation, and reduction in dryness. PCE is a promising candidate for the development of an anti-skin aging cosmetic ingredient.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.287-297
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• 2019

본 연구는 청보리 추출물 및 용매 분획물의 항산화 활성, 항염활성 및 미백 활성을 평가하기 위해 수행하였다. 청보리의 용매별 분획물의 총 폴리페놀 함량은 13.58 ~ 40.06 mg GAE/g, 총 플라보노이드 함량은 7.67 ~ 13.67 mg CE/g으로 확인되었다. 청보리 용매 분획물의 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) 라디칼 소거활성을 평가한 결과 클로로폼 분획물 $400{\mu}g/mL$ 처리 시 대조구인 ascorbic acid ($30{\mu}M$)와 유사한 DPPH 라디칼소거능이 확인되었다. RAW 264.7 세포를 대상으로 한 NO생성 억제 활성 평가에서는 클로로폼 및 헥산 분획물이 대조구인 quercetin ($15{\mu}M$)과 유사한 활성이 확인되었으며, 클로로폼 분획물 $100{\mu}g/mL$ 처리 시 IL-6, iNOS 및 COX2 유전자의 발현이 대조구 (lipopolysaccharide $1{\mu}g/mL$) 보다 통계적으로 유의한 수준으로 감소함이 확인되었다. 청보리 용매 분획물 중 클로로폼 분획물은 RBL-2H3 세포의 ${\beta}$-hexosaminidase 탈과립, IL-4 및 IL-13 유전자의 발현을 유의한 수준으로 억제하는 것이 확인되었다. 청보리 용매 분획물은 tyrosinase활성을 농도 의존적으로 억제하였으며, 헥산 분획물 $50{\mu}g/mL$ 및 클로로폼 분획물 $100{\mu}g/mL$은 유의한 수준으로 B16F10 세포의 멜라닌 생성을 억제하는 것이 확인되었다. 이러한 결과들은 청보리가 항염 및 미백 활성을 가지는 효과적인 화장품 소재로 활용 가능하다는 것을 시사한다.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.419-425
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• 2014

본 연구의 목적은 강활과 벌사상자 추출물에 의한 피부 멜라닌 형성 저해와 안정성과 자극성 시험을 통하여 기능성 화장품의 사용 물질 가능성을 평가하고자 하였다. 본 실험에 사용된 추출물은 White-$AK^{TM}$이고 INCI 명칭은 Osthole이다. White-$AK^{TM}$의 주성분은 쿠마린이고 EC50 값은 마우스 멜라노마 B16 세포 시험에서 2.7ppm이였다. White-$AK^{TM}$는 알부틴보다 100배 낮은 농도에서 저해 효과를 보였다. 미백 효과의 주 기작은 티로시나제-관련 유전자 발현을 저해하는 것으로 생각되었다. White-$AK^{TM}$ 5% 용액을 함유한 기본적인 에센스 처방을 피부에 적용 시 피부자극을 경감시켰다. White-$AK^{TM}$은 불투명한 용기에서 4주간 자외선 하에서 100%의 회수율을 보였고 $50^{\circ}C$에서 4주간 97%의 회수율을 보였다. 따라서 피부 미백효과와 자극성 경감효과가 있고 자외선 조건하에서 안정한 White-$AK^{TM}$은 화장품 처방에서 기능성 원료로 사용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.203-211
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• 2022

Melanogenesis is the production of melanin from tyrosine by a series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, in which tyrosinase and DOPA oxidase play key roles. The melanin content in the skin determines skin pigmentation. Abnormalities in skin pigmentation lead to various skin pigmentation disorders. Recent research has shown that the expression of EMP2 is much lower in melanoma than in normal melanocytes, but its role in melanogenesis has not yet been elucidated. Therefore, we investigated the role of EMP2 in the melanogenesis of MNT1 human melanoma cells. We examined TRP-1, TRP-2, and TYR expression levels during melanogenesis in MNT1 melanoma cells by gene silencing of EMP2. Western blot and RT-PCR results confirmed that the expression levels of TYR and TRP-2 were decreased when EMP2 expression was knocked down by EMP2 siRNA in MNT1 cells, and these changes were reversed when EMP2 was overexpressed. We verified the EMP2 gene was knocked out of the cell line (EMP2 CRISPR/Cas9) by using a CRISPR/Cas9 system and found that the expression levels of TRP-2 and TYR were significantly lower in the EMP2 CRISPR/Cas9 cell lines. Loss of EMP2 also reduced migration and invasion of MNT1 melanoma cells. In addition, the melanosome transfer from the melanocytes to keratinocytes in the EMP2 KO cells cocultured with keratinocytes was reduced compared to the cells in the control coculture group. In conclusion, these results suggest that EMP2 is involved in melanogenesis via the regulation of TRP-2 expression.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.180-188
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• 2018

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the melanogenesis associated transcription factor (MITF) and dopachrome tautomerase (DCT) genes on plumage coloration in Asian native duck breeds. MITF encodes a protein for microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, which regulates the development and function of melanocytes for pigmentation of skin, hair, and eyes. Among the tyrosinase-related family genes, DCT is a pigment cell-specific gene that plays important roles in the melanin synthesis pathway and the expression of skin, feather, and retina color. Methods: Five Asian duck varieties (black Korean native, white Korean native, commercial Peking, Nageswari, and Bangladeshi Deshi white ducks) were investigated to examine the polymorphisms associated with plumage colors. Among previously identified SNPs, three synonymous SNPs and one indel of MITF and nine SNPs in exon regions of DCT were genotyped. The allele frequencies for SNPs of the black and white plumage color populations were estimated and Fisher's exact test was conducted to assess the association between the allele frequencies of these two populations. Results: Two synonymous SNPs (c.114T>G and c.147T>C) and a 14-bp indel (GCTGCAAAC AGATG) in intron 7 of MITF were significantly associated with the black- and white-colored breeds (p<0.001). One non-synonymous SNP [c.938A>G (p.His313Arg)] in DCT, was highly significantly associated (p<0.001) and a synonymous SNP (c.753A>G) was significantly associated (p<0.05) with black and white color plumage in the studied duck populations. Conclusion: The results of this study provide a basis for further investigations of the associations between polymorphisms and plumage color phenotypes in Asian duck breeds.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.81-89
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• 2018

Background: BIOGF1K, a compound-K-rich fraction, has been shown to display anti-inflammatory activity. Although Panax ginseng is widely used for the prevention of photoaging events induced by UVB irradiation, the effect of BIOGF1K on photoaging has not yet been examined. In this study, we investigated the effects of BIOGF1K on UVB-induced photoaging events. Methods: We analyzed the ability of BIOGF1K to prevent UVB-induced apoptosis, enhance matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression, upregulate anti-inflammatory activity, reduce sirtuin 1 expression, and melanin production using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, melanin content assay, tyrosinase assay, and flow cytometry. We also evaluated the effects of BIOGF1K on the activator protein-1 signaling pathway, which plays an important role in photoaging, by immunoblot analysis and luciferase reporter gene assays. Results: Treatment of UVB-irradiated NIH3T3 fibroblasts with BIOGF1K prevented UVB-induced cell death, inhibited apoptosis, suppressed morphological changes, reduced melanin secretion, restored the levels of type I procollagen and sirtuin 1, and prevented mRNA upregulation of MMP-1, MMP-2, and cyclo-oxygenase-2; these effects all occurred in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, BIOGF1K markedly reduced activator-protein-1-mediated luciferase activity and decreased the activity of mitogen-activated protein kinases (extracellular response kinase, p38, and C-Jun N-terminal kinase). Conclusion: Our results strongly suggest that BIOGF1K has anti-photoaging activity and that BIOGF1K could be used in anti-aging cosmeceutical preparations.