• BMB Reports
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.1095-1099
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• 2007

Endonuclease G (EndoG) is a mitochondrial non-specific nuclease that is highly conserved among the eukaryotes. Although the precise role of EndoG in mitochondria is not yet known, the enzyme is released from the mitochondria and digests nuclear DNA during apoptosis in mammalian cells. Schizosaccharomyces pombe has an EndoG homolog Pnu1p (previously named SpNuc1) that is produced as a precursor protein with a mitochondrial targeting sequence. During the sorting into mitochondria the signal sequence is cleaved to yield the functionally active endonuclease. From the analogy to EndoG, active extramitochondrial Pnu1p may trigger cell killing by degrading nuclear DNA. Here, we tested this possibility by expressing a truncated Pnu1p lacking the signal sequence in the extramitochondrial region of pnu1-deleted cells. The truncated Pnu1p was localized in the cytosol and nuclei of yeast cells. And ectopic expression of active Pnu1p led to cell death with fragmentation of nuclear DNA. This suggests that the Pnu1p is possibly involved in a certain type of yeast cell death via DNA fragmentation. Although expression of human Bak in S. pombe was lethal, Pnu1p nuclease is not necessary for hBak-induced cell death.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.7
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• pp.4399-4402
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• 2013

Objectives: To analyze underlying disease, fatality rate and the major causes of death of in-patients with malignant tumors in Sichuan Cancer Hospital. Methods: Clinical data of in-patients from 2002 to 2012 were retrospectively analyzed. Results: The top 10 tumors (82.0%of the total) of the malignant tumors of the in-patients were lung, cervical, esophagus, breast, colorectal, nasopharynx, liver and gastric cancers, lymphomas and ovarian cancers. The overall fatality rate was 2.7% during these eleven years, 3.4% and 2.0% for male and females, respectively with statistical significance for the difference (${\chi}^2$=164.737, P<0.001). The top 10 death causes were lung cancer, liver cancer, colorectal cancer, esophagus cancer, gastric cancer, lymphoma, breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, ovarian cancer and nasopharynx cancer. In-patients with pancreatic cancer had the highest fatality rate (9.6%). There were different ranks of death causes in different sex groups and age groups. Conclusion: Prevention and control work of cancer should be enhanced not only for cancers with high incidence such as lung cancer, esophageal cancer but also for the cancers which have low incidence but high fatality rate, such as pancreatic cancer and gallbladder cancer, which would help to improve the survival rate and quality of life of cancer patients in the future.

• The Korean Journal of Legal Medicine
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.159-163
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• 2018

Progressive muscular dystrophy (PMD) is a primary muscle disease characterized by progressive muscle weakness and wasting, which is inherited by an X-linked recessive pattern and occurs mainly in males. There are several types of muscular dystrophies classified according to the distribution of predominant muscle weakness including Duchenne and Becker, Emery-Dreifuss, facioscapulohumeral, oculopharyngeal, and limb-girdle type. Clinical manifestations of PMD are clumsy, unsteady gait, pneumonia, heart failure, pulmonary edema, hydropericardium, hydrothorax, aspiration, syncopal attacks, and sudden cardiac death. The deceased was a 34-year-old man, and the onset of the first clinical symptom, gait disturbance, was in his late teens. His elder brother had the same disease and experienced brain death after a head trauma and died after mechanical ventilation was discontinued. After an autopsy, we found contracture of the joints, pseudohypertrophy of the calf, wasting and fat replacement of the thigh muscle, pericardial effusion (80 mL), fibrosis and fat replacement of the cardiac ventricular wall, pulmonary edema, and froth in the bronchus. The cause of death was heart failure and dyspnea due to muscular dystrophy. There was no sign or suspicion of foul play in his death.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.66-69
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• 2012

The immunological death induction by EY-6 on the human tumor cell lines was screened. Human colon carcinoma (HCT15, HCT116), gastric carcinoma (MKN74, SNU668), and myeloma (KMS20, KMS26, KMS34) cells were died by EY-6 treatment with dose-dependent manner. CRT expression, a typical marker for the immunological death, was increased on the EY-6-treated colorectal and gastric cancer cells. Interestingly, the effects on the myeloma cell lines were complicated showing cell line dependent differential modulation. Cytokine secretion from the EY-6 treated tumor cells were dose and cell-dependent. IFN-${\gamma}$ and IL-12 secretion was increased in the treated cells (200% to over 1000% of non-treated control), except HCT116, SNU668 and KMS26 cells which their secretion was declined by EY-6. Data suggest the potential of EY-6 as a new type of immuno-chemotherapeutics inducing tumor-specific cell death. Further studies are planned to confirm the efficacy of EY-6 including in vivo study.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.55-62
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• 2014

During five years (Year 2009~2013), Total victims of 72 %(81,560 people) and those 50.6 %(1,258 people) of death accident occurs in small scale construction site which operate 2 million USD less construction budget. Especially, falling death accident account for 785 people, in the share of 33.2 %(261 people) death disaster takes due to defect of original cause materials. The major safety issues in small scale work place take place while scaffold installation, disassembling, work-plate improper installation or non-professional skills of workers. Furthermore, labor subcontract systems make small construction site shortage of resources. Those workers regard work-plate as unnecessary and consumables supplies. Because of that most of workers use unsafe workplace in most construction site. Therefore, in order to prevent falling accident occurring in small scale work site, government should organize related regulations such as "Work site safety construction method" and then expands education support, financial aid, and sourcing safety supplies for work plate which offer broad variety experiences. Also, introduce certificate solutions for various work plates to improve safety function such as anchoring type method and anti sliding function.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.81-88
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• 2010

Purpose: This study was conducted to study the attitude of Korean lawyers toward withdrawal of life sustaining treatment, and compare and analyze different types of their attitudes. Methods: Research design of this project was Q methodology approach. The study population was 24 lawyers, aged from 32 to 69 years. Q sample to investigate the attitude of the lawyers toward withdrawal of life sustaining treatment included 34 statements obtained from literatures, TV debate, and depth interviews of 5 lawyers among the lawyers included. After listening to the purpose and method of the study, the 24 lawyers agreed to fill out a survey asking sociodemographic information, and the information was distributed in 9 scale Q-sample. Results: The collected data were processed through QUANL PC program and sorted into 5 types as follows: The first type was 'Choosing to withdraw life sustaining treatment', the second 'Withholding life sustaining treatment' regardless of the cost, the third is neutral type that claims that humans have the right to decide the death and life, and demands the proper legalization to protect such rights, the fourth type agrees to withdrawal of life sustaining treatment, nevertheless, admits that one has a rigt to withhold one's own life treatment, categorized as self contradiction type. The fifth type believed that 'Life and death are providential' with the faith, therefore, such authority to decide life and death belongs to God, but not human beings. Conclusion: In conclusion, the lawyer's attitudes toward withdrawal of life sustaining treatment were grouped into five different types as follows: 'Choosing to withdraw life sustaining treatment', 'Withholding life sustaining treatment', 'Demanding legalization', 'Self contradiction type', and 'Life and death are providential'.

• BMB Reports
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.200-204
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• 1996

Nerve growth factor (NGF) is literally known to promote neural differentiation and survival in several peripheral and central neurons. Thus, it is Widely believed that NGF may serve as a therapeutic agent for many types of neuronal diseases. One of the mechanisms suggested to explain the protective role of NGF is that the trophic factor can prevent the increase of intracellular calcium ions which might be responsible for neural death. To examine whether or not the calcium hypothesis works even under pathological conditions, we applied NGF to cultures deprived of glucose. Surprisingly, what was observed here is that NGF rather promoted cell death under a glucose-deprived condition. What we call the NGF paradox phenomenon occurred in a calcium concentration-dependent manner, indirectly suggesting that NGF might increase intracellular calcium ions in cells deprived of glucose. This suggestion is further supported by the fact that nifedipine, a well-known L-type calcium channel blocker, could block the cell death potentiated by NGF. Here it is still premature to propose the complete mechanism underlying the NGF paradox phenomenon. However, this study certainly indicates that NGF as a therapeutic agent for neuronal diseases should be carefully considered before use.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.695-705
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• 1987

This report provides follow - up data on 37 patients, aged 7 days to 25 years [median: 6.5 months], who underwent repair of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection at Seoul national University Hospital between May, 1978 and June, 1987. The patients were 22 males and 17 females and the sex ratio was 1.6 to 1, showing a male predominance. Sixteen patients had supracardiac, 13 cardiac, 3 infracardiac and 5 had a mixed type. The duration of follow up was from 1 month to 60 months [median: 14 months] There were eight early and one late deaths, and the overall mortality was 24%. The deaths during 1 year of life were eight [89%] and only one death [11%] occurred above 1 year of age. The mortality of cardiac type was unusually high, accounting for 56 percent of the total death, which was probably due to the preoperative poor clinical condition such as pulmonary edema and congestive heart failure. The major cause of death was the perioperative myocardial failure, and the survival was closely related to the preoperative clinical status, age and moderately elevated pulmonary arterial pressure, the sign of the elevated pulmonary vascular resistance and pulmonary venous obstruction. Early diagnosis and early application of surgical intervention is essential to the improved postoperative survival

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.133-147
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• 2004

Korean funeral customs are an important part of the mourning process in Korea. A survey was conducted in the southern part by the Nak-dong river, centered around the city of Busan to examine Korean funeral rites. This study was conducted with survey research. The target population included 234 teachers and experienced the death of a family member within the last three years. Results showed that they presented their condolences 5 to 6 times on average per year. Funeral rites were performed usually at a hospital funeral hall. The preference of burial to cremation was about the same. According to the survey, funeral expenses averaged 9,570,000 won and donations received for funeral expenses, 12,630,000 won. Problems the respondents expressed about the process included large funeral expenses, the decision whether to bury or cremate, and fatigue from staying up all night. When classified according to the demographic characteristics, there were significant differences in the variables. Frequency of attending funerals depended on gender, age, and health status. Condolence style depended on religion. The type of funeral (burial or cremation) depended on family income. The type of reception depended on gender. Funeral expenses depended on the age Second, in the process of preparing for a family member's death, they thought it was important to prepare a funeral ceremony portrait of the deceased and a scroll by themselves, and the preparation

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.16 no.3 s.76
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• pp.365-368
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• 2006

Yeast mitochondrial transformation has been confirmed by cell death and CFP expression (CDF: cell death factor gene). Expression vector containing CDF and CFP driven by one TPI (Triose-phosphate isomerase) promoter (called artificial operon type) was bombarded to Yeast. Interestingly, yeast cells were progressively deformed into unusual shapes and lysed inner cytoplasm resulting in ell death after all after bombarding with expression vector (CDC and GFP). Since there is no report about more than one gene expression simultaneously in a single mitochondria, this report is very important to novel type of eukaryotic gene expression. Successful yeast cell transformation in this report implies possible eukaryotic mitochodrial transformation including plants and animals and moreover two or more gene expression which can be excellent applicable protocols to pharmaceutical field including antibody production.