• The Journal of Korean society of community based occupational therapy
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.35-43
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• 2015

Objective : The purpose of the study is to find the factors affecting a social phenomena of the elderly and suggest a basic data for efficiency of a senior policy and type of the life in Korea. Methods : We refereed to sources from the Korean Statistical Information, the National Pension Service, and the Ministry of Health and Welfare. We also surveyed and analysed the depression and death anxiety among the elderly in 2014. Results : First, most of them were low educated people and family composing a couple. An annual income were average. Second, medical costs were increasing constantly in proportion to the increase of aging population. Third, they had high depression index resulting from negative thinking of the future and themselves. Fourth, the death anxiety level of them were more than moderate and that was about the death of themselves and the process of the death. Conclusion : It is needed to help physical, mental, and social health and improve the quality of the life in the elderly through social program established a variety of special fields like occupational therapy and family support program belonging to the government.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.99-109
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• 2013

Trophoblasts, in the placenta, play a role for placental development as well as implantation in the early pregnancy. The characteristics and functions of trophoblast are identified by their localization and potency for proliferation, differentiation, and invasion. Thus, inadequate trophoblast cell death induces trophoblast dysfunction resulting in abnormal placental development and several gynecological diseases. Recently, it was reported that increased immortalization-upregulated protein-2 (IMUP-2) by hypoxia influences trophoblast apoptosis. However, IMUP-2 function on autophagy, which is type II programmed cell death remains unclear. In this study, we analyzed IMUP-2 expression in trophoblast cells (HTR8-SVneo) and compared IMUP-2 effects on cell death including apoptosis and autophagy in trophoblast regardless of IMUP-2 expression. Increased IMUP-2 in trophoblast by IMUP-2 gene transfection induces cell death, especially, apoptosis increases more than autophagy (p<0.05). However, the decreased IMUP-2 in trophoblasts after siRNA treatment decreased apoptosis with the decreased activities of caspase 3 and 7. The expressions of LC3 and MDC as an autophagosome makers and phosphorylated mTOR, which is a negative regulator for autophagy, increased. In addition, the S phase of cell cycle increased in trophoblasts when IMUP-2 expression decreased. Taken together, the alteration of IMUP-2 can control the balance between apoptosis and autophagy of trophoblasts resulting in functional involvement in placental development and in gynecological diseases by regulating the function of trophoblasts.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.349-353
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• 2014

Background: Although previously studies have reported that most patients with malignancy prefer to die at home, this is not the real situation in clinical practice. Aim: In this study, we aimed to determine the characteristics of Turkish cancer patients admitted to the emergency department (ED) within one month before death. Materials and Method: This descriptive retrospective study focused on questions about how often and why patients with cancer visited the ED before death. A total of 107 individuals with cancer were divided into 2 groups: Group 1, patients with at least one visit in the final 4 weeks; and Group 2, patients with no visit to ED. Demographic and clinical features were compared between the two groups. Statistical analyses: Descriptive statistical methods, statistical analysis for correlation, Student's t-test, chi-square tests and logistic regression were used. Results: At least one visit to ED within one month before death was reported for 64 (60%) of the 107 cases. Of these 64 (Group 1), 38% (n=24) were discharged and 9% (n=6) died in the ED. The most common site of the primary tumor was the lung (n=24, 38%) and the most common symptom was dyspnea (92%). With the other 43 (40%) cancer patients not presenting to the ED within one month before death, they were more likely to be female with another type of cancer. Conclusions: Guidelines are needed for better management of cancer patients benefiting from visits to ED within the last month of life.

• Journal of Medicine and Life Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.42-45
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• 2018

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a third leading cause of cancer-related death in cancer patients. Sporadic and inflammation-related colon carcinogenesis are major mechanism of colorectal cancer. In vivo CRC models have been developed and implicated to understand their mechanisms upon a different type of CRC. Moreover, recently animal models have played important roles in chemopreventive and preclinical trials over the years. In this mini-review, the aim is to introduce various animal models of CRC and help the understanding to establish in vivo experimental plans according to the cancer type of CRC.

• BMB Reports
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.297-302
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• 2016

Loss of pancreatic β-cells by oxidative stress or cytokines is associated with diabetes mellitus (DM). DJ-1 is known to as a multifunctional protein, which plays an important role in cell survival. We prepared cell permeable wild type (WT) and mutant type (M26I) Tat-DJ-1 proteins to investigate the effects of DJ-1 against combined cytokines (IL-1β, IFN-γ and TNF-α)-induced RINm5F cell death. Both Tat-DJ-1 proteins were transduced into RINm5F cells. WT Tat-DJ-1 proteins significantly protected against cell death from cytokines by reducing intracellular toxicities. Also, WT Tat-DJ-1 proteins markedly regulated cytokines-induced pro- and anti-apoptosis proteins. However, M26I Tat-DJ-1 protein showed relatively low protective effects, as compared to WT Tat-DJ-1 protein. Our experiments demonstrated that WT Tat-DJ-1 protein protects against cytokine-induced RINm5F cell death by suppressing intracellular toxicities and regulating apoptosisrelated protein expression. Thus, WT Tat-DJ-1 protein could potentially serve as a therapeutic agent for DM and cytokine related diseases.

• Proceedings of the Microbiological Society of Korea Conference
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• 2004.05a
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• pp.126-126
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• 2004

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.195-212
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• 2011

Objectives: This study investigates the relationship between nurse staffing levels and differences in patient outcomes in terms of average length of stay, in-hospital mortality rate and 30-day death rate in order to evaluate the effectiveness of a policy that differentiates fees for inpatients on the basis of nurse-to-bed ratios. Methods: We obtained information on inpatients from health insurance claims data published by the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service(HIRA) in 2008, organizational factors(type of hospital, ownership) from the records of the hospital report system in 2008, and nurse staffing levels, which were graded on a scale of 1 to 7, from data compiled between December 15, 2007, and September 20, 2008. The data were segregated according to type of hospital and quarter and finally 3,517 records of 1,182 hospitals were analyzed using multi-level analysis. Results: The average length of stay in grade 1~6 hospitals was lower than that in grade 7 ones, but the difference was much below one day. No significant difference was found among different grades in tertiary hospitals. Further, variations in staffing levels did not result in any significant difference in the in-hospital mortality rate and 30-day death rate. Conclusions: High nurse staffing levels did not result in better patient outcomes compared with low staffing levels. We therefore recommend modifying the above nurse staffing policy so as to make it more effective in improving patient outcomes.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.126-131
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• 1996

HL-60 was cultivated to produce tPA (tissue-type plasminogen activator) and study the mechanism of cell death. Maximum cell density and tPA production were obtained as $5.27{\times}10^6$ cells/ml and 324ng/ml, respectively under perfusion cultivation. tPA production was enhanced to 420ng/ml in adding 160nM of phorbol ester. The cells were gradually differentiated to granulocytes rather than proliferation. By Fluorescent microscope, apoptosis was prevailed except the death phase and in high agitation speed, but necrosis was prevailed in thawed cells and during the latter periods of the cultivation. It was also proved that tPA was most produced in apoptosis. To obtain higher tPA productivity, the cells must be maintained in apoptosis, not necrosis phase when the cells were dying.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.271-286
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• 2000

This study is designed to investigate what elders think about the meaning of aging. We have used Q-methods to identify meaning of aging from elders, and developed self-referenced surveys to analyze characteristics In this study, we used a non-structured method to select Q sampling. From 183 Q populations, we selected 36 Q sampling. A total of 32 persons sixty-years or older were randomly selected for P samples, When the Q-sorting was complete, we interviewed the participants at both end of the extremes(agree or disagree), and documented their responses. We used PC QUANL to process the data and used principal component analysis for Q factor analysis. There were five subjective types for the meaning of aging by elders. Of the 32 P-samples of elders, 11 were identified as Type 1, 7 as Type 2, 2 as Type 3, 8 as Type 4, and 4 as Type 5. Type 1 : 'Matured elders' Elders wished the well being of their children, thought older persons should maintain good health, worried about becoming senile, and dependent God believing in life after death. Type 2 : 'Assertive-Rights' Elders categorized as Assertive-Rights insisted on their rights to life as a person. Type 2 elders characterized themselves as people who should keep themselves healthy, become weak and lack sexual desires, act selfish like a child, need to be protected, and be financially independent. Type 3 : 'Passive-Dependents' Elders characterize themselves as those who pray for their children's well being, worry about the children even after their death. and becoming senile. Type 4 : 'Hopeless' The 'Hopeless' type of elders characterized aging as a time to pray for their children, insignificant beings, thoughts were selfish and child-like, poor, worried about going senile, regret their life overall, and preferred to die than to live as an old person. Type 5 : 'Attached-Present' The 'Attached-Present' type of elders thought elderly characterized themselves as acting selfish and child-like, wiser, anxious, regret their life, stand aloof of greed and worldly things, being a model for the society, and deserving to be treated with filial respect. Thus far, Korean elders seemed to have a positive and negative meaning of aging due to the current changes in the society, value system, and family structures. The above five subjective meanings of aging confirm that we need to approach and nurse the elderly differently. Years of aging are a part of and a natural process of life with various physical, psychological, and sociological changes. Nurses need to assist elderly to find the positive meaning of their life by providing appropriate physical, psychological, and social support at an earlier stage in nursing. Based on this study, we could derive the following two implication from the perspectives of science of nursing to care for elders. 1) Based on the studies investigating the type of meaning of aging, we could develop tools to assist in nursing intervention programs for elderly. 2) Based on research on the meaning of aging for different developmental stages of life, we could develop a model for roles for different family members in nursing and caring for the elders.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.128-132
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• 2002

The present study was performed to observe the role of protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors (H-7, staurosporine) and daunorubicin in the cell death process of MCF7 cells; and examined whether or not the type of induced cell death was apoptosis. The usefulness of the combined therapy of PKC inhibitors and daunorubicin to improve the adverse effect of daunorubicin was also investigated. Cell death was induced by treatment with PKC inhibitors or daunorubicin. Characteristic morphologic features of cell shrinkage, chromatic condensation, and cytoplasmic vacuolization were observed. These treatments also stimulated the cleavage of poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), an early event in apoptosis. With slight differences in the percentage of apoptosis-induced cells, staurosporine, H-7 and daunorubicin effectively induced apoptosis in MCF7 cells. Furthermore, combined treatment of PKC inhibitors and daunorubicin significantly drove the cells into an apoptotic state. Hence, our results revealed the possible therapeutic value of combined therapy for the prevention of drug resistance and adverse side effects.