• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.25-53
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• 1999

This study was conducted to provide basic data for policy of Oriental medicine by analyzing community residents' consciousness of taking herb medicine and its related factors. Data were collected from 1478 residents from March 2, 1999 to May 31, 1999. The results of this study are summarized as follows. 1. According to general characteristics of the subjects, 52.3% of the subjects was 'female'; 25.0% 'fifties of age'; 21.4% 'forties of age'; 20.9% 'thirties of ages'; 69.1% 'married'; 60.1% 'resident in a big city'; 12.1% 'residents in a small town or village'; 39.0% 'highschool graduate'; 35.9% 'above college graduate'; 23.4% 'housewife'; 23.4% 'professional' 34.1% 'Buddhist'; 81.1% 'middle class'. 2. The rate of experience of taking herb medicine was 85.2%(88.2% of 'male'; 82.5% of 'female'). It appeared to be significantly higher in the groups of 'the married', 'housewife', and 'Buddhist'. As the age increased, so the rate of experience of taking herb medicine was significantly high. 3. In case of purpose of taking herb medicine, taking herb medicine as a restorative(66.8%) was much higher than taking it as a curative medicine. Taking herb medicine as a curative medicine appeared to be significantly higher in the groups of 'male', 'thirties of age', 'resident in a town or village', 'above college graduate', 'professional technician', 'Christian', and 'the upper class'. 4. 52.1% of the respondents satisfied with the effect of herb medicine. The groups of 'male', 'older age', 'residents in a big city', 'insurant in company', and 'the employed' showed significantly high rate in satisfying with herb medicine than the other groups. 5. According to the reason for preferring herb medicine, 36.7% of the respondents preferred herb medicine because the herb medicine was effective, while 27.8% preferred it because its side effect was low. 16.7% preferred it. because persons around them recommended it. The preference for the herb medicine displayed significantly higher rate in the groups 'sixties of age', 'the unmarried', 'resident in a big city', 'office clerk', and 'the lower class'. 6. 42.6% of the respondents did not want to take the herb medicine because the price of the herb medicine was high. Also 20.6% of the respondents did not want to take herb medicine because it is uneasy to take herb medicine. 15.8% did not want to take it because certain foods should not be taken during the period of taking it. 9.4% did not want to take it because it tasted bitter. 7. In case of opinions on side effects of herb medicine, 40.8% of the respondents thinks that herb medicine is free from side effects, while 37.5% thinks that it causes side effects. There were significant difference in the opinions on side effects by sex, age, marital status, resident area, education level, occupation, and type of health insurance. 8. 60.7% of the respondents thinks the price of herb medicine is not resonable, while only 10.9% thinks it is resonable. 9. 14.2% of the respondents thinks health foods which contain herbs are good, while 16.8% thinks it is bad. 76.7% thinks that medicinal herbs in packages must be included in health insurance coverage, while only 3.0% thinks it needs not be included in health insurance coverage. 10. 45.2% of the respondents uses packs of decocted herbs although they think the packs of decocted herb are a little low effective because decocting herbs in home is bothersome. 45.2% uses packs of decocted herbs because they are convenient, being not related to the effect. 7.6% takes medicinal herbs after decocting them in a clay pot because they think the packs of decocted herbs have low effect. 11. According to the level of satisfaction with Oriental medical care, the respondents marked $3.47{\pm}0.64$ points on the base of 5 points. It was significantly higher in the groups of 'male', 'the married, resident in a big city', 'highschool graduate', 'the unemployed', 'office clerk', 'growing up in a big city', 'insurant in region', and 'the middle class'. 12. According to the result of a regression analysis of factors influencing preference for herb medicine, the factors displayed significant difference by sex, age, education level, health status, and times of receiving Oriental medical care. As shown in the above results, the community residents satisfy with the effect of herb medicine. Therefore, the method of taking herb medicine without difficulty must be devised. The medicinal herbs in packages need to be included in health insurance coverage and resonable price of herb medicine must be set. Also, education program for community residents must be developed in order to provide right information in herb medicine. Therefore, related public authority, associations, and professionals must make efforts, forming organic cooperative system.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.27-31
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• 2009

Now a days, the Medical X-ray equipments has become digitalized from analog type such as film, cassette to CR, DR. And many scientists are still researching and developing the Medical X-ray equipment. In this study, we used the Bismuth tri-iodide to conversion material for digital X-ray equipments and we couldn't get the satisfying result than previous study, but it opened new possibility to cover the disadvantage of a-Se is high voltage aplly and difficultness of make. In this paper, we use $BiI_3$ powder(99.99%) as x-ray conversion material and make films that have thickness of 200um and the film size is $3cm{\times}3cm$. Also, we deposited an ITO(Indium Tin Oxide) electrode as top electrode and bottom electrode using a Magnetron Sputtering System. To evaluate a characteristics of the produced films, an electrical and structural properties are performed. Through a SEM analysis, we confirmed a surface and component part. And to analyze the electrical properties, darkcurrent, sensitivity and SNR(Signal to Noise Ratio) are measured. Darkcurrent is $1.6nA/cm^2$ and sensitivity is $0.629nC/cm^2$ and this study shows that the electrical properties of x-ray conversion material that made by screen printing method are similar to PVD method or better than that. This results suggest that $BiI_3$ is suitable for a replacement of a-Se because of the reduced manufacture processing and improved yield.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 1978

In order to establish a better combination of nutrients of complex fertilizer for apple tree a boron-enriched complex fertilizer ($N-P_2O_5-K_2O-B_2O_5-MgO$: 10 10-0.2-2.0) was compared with various treatments using urea superphosphate, potash muriate, usual complex fertilizer (22-22-11) and borax in its effect on the various growth status such as total leaf weight per tree and shoot growth of dwarf Fuji (1 year old) and super type Starcreamson (3 year old) grown at comparatively poor soils. For Fuji grown on sandy red soils the boron-enriched complex fertilizer (BC) was best and followed by-usual complex fertilizer NPK only, NPK only+Boron, BC+high boron (17times) and no phosphorus in the order. For Starcreamson grown on heavy clayey soils CB+high boron and phosphorus was best and followed by BC, usual complex fertilizer, NPK only, BC+high boron, NPK+boron and no phosphorus in the order. Without compost in the poor heavy clayey soil the growth was worse with high boron and best with NPK+boron and followed by BC Growth was poor with high boron alone but better with phosphorus and high boron, and it was thought that boron was effective when it was distributed in soil with N.P.K. Fertilizer response of apple tree was well appeared on leaf length, new shoot length and total leaf weight per tree. Suitable formulation of a boron-enriched complex fertilizer for apple tree appeared as 10-20-10-0.6 ($N-P_2O_5-K_2O-B_2O_5$) for poor fields and fields with moderate fertility. Chemical analysis of leaves suggested Mg effect on the increase of leaf weight. Effect of Fe was similar to thatof of Mg.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.890-896
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• 2012

This study was conducted to evaluate soil erosion risk with a standard unit watershed in the upper Upper Nakdong River Basin according to soil characteristics and landuse using the spatial soil erosion map. The study area is $3,605.6km^2$, which consists of 2 subbasins, 35 standard unit watersheds (Andong basin 18, Imha basin 17). As a evaluation of soil erosion potential using the spatial soil erosion map, total annual soil loss and soil loss per area estimated $2,013{\times}10^3Mg\;yr^{-1}$ (Andong basin 979, Imha basin 1,034) and $6.1Mg\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$ (Andong basin 6.0, Imha basin 5.2), respectively. 54.2% of soil loss was originated from Arable land (Andong basin 49.0%, Imha basin 59.0%), and the area of regions, graded as higher "Moderate" for annual soil loss, was $201.7km^2$ (Andong basin 84.9, Imha basin 116.8). Average soil loss per area of unit watersheds by classification according to soil dominant parent material types ranked "Sedimentary rock group" > "Mixed group" > "Metamorphic rock group" > "Igneous rock group". In conclusion, the results of this study inform that the classification of soil parent material type would be effective for soil erosion analysis and interpretation in the Upper Nakdong River Basin.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.21-38
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• 2012

Until recently, successful implementation of ERP systems has been a popular topic among ERP researchers, who have attempted to identify its various contributing factors. None of these efforts, however, explicitly recognize the need to identify disparities that can exist between organizational information requirements and ERP systems. Since ERP systems are in fact "packages" -that is, software programs developed by independent software vendors for sale to organizations that use them-they are designed to meet the general needs of numerous organizations, rather than the unique needs of a particular organization, as is the case with custom-developed software. By adopting standard packages, organizations can substantially reduce many of the potential implementation risks commonly associated with custom-developed software. However, it is also true that the nature of the package itself could be a risk factor as the features and functions of the ERP systems may not completely comply with a particular organization's informational requirements. In this study, based on the organizational memory mismatch perspective that was derived from organizational memory theory and cognitive dissonance theory, we define the nature of disparities, which we call "mismatches," and propose that the mismatch between organizational information requirements and ERP systems is one of the primary determinants in the successful implementation of ERP systems. Furthermore, we suggest that customization efforts as a coping strategy for mismatches can play a significant role in increasing the possibilities of success. In order to examine the contention we propose in this study, we employed a survey-based field study of ERP project team members, resulting in a total of 77 responses. The results of this study show that, as anticipated from the organizational memory mismatch perspective, the mismatch between organizational information requirements and ERP systems makes a significantly negative impact on the implementation success of ERP systems. This finding confirms our hypothesis that the more mismatch there is, the more difficult successful ERP implementation is, and thus requires more attention to be drawn to mismatch as a major failure source in ERP implementation. This study also found that as a coping strategy on mismatch, the effects of customization are significant. In other words, utilizing the appropriate customization method could lead to the implementation success of ERP systems. This is somewhat interesting because it runs counter to the argument of some literature and ERP vendors that minimized customization (or even the lack thereof) is required for successful ERP implementation. In many ERP projects, there is a tendency among ERP developers to adopt default ERP functions without any customization, adhering to the slogan of "the introduction of best practices." However, this study asserts that we cannot expect successful implementation if we don't attempt to customize ERP systems when mismatches exist. For a more detailed analysis, we identified three types of mismatches-Non-ERP, Non-Procedure, and Hybrid. Among these, only Non-ERP mismatches (a situation in which ERP systems cannot support the existing information needs that are currently fulfilled) were found to have a direct influence on the implementation of ERP systems. Neither Non-Procedure nor Hybrid mismatches were found to have significant impact in the ERP context. These findings provide meaningful insights since they could serve as the basis for discussing how the ERP implementation process should be defined and what activities should be included in the implementation process. They show that ERP developers may not want to include organizational (or business processes) changes in the implementation process, suggesting that doing so could lead to failed implementation. And in fact, this suggestion eventually turned out to be true when we found that the application of process customization led to higher possibilities of failure. From these discussions, we are convinced that Non-ERP is the only type of mismatch we need to focus on during the implementation process, implying that organizational changes must be made before, rather than during, the implementation process. Finally, this study found that among the various customization approaches, bolt-on development methods in particular seemed to have significantly positive effects. Interestingly again, this finding is not in the same line of thought as that of the vendors in the ERP industry. The vendors' recommendations are to apply as many best practices as possible, thereby resulting in the minimization of customization and utilization of bolt-on development methods. They particularly advise against changing the source code and rather recommend employing, when necessary, the method of programming additional software code using the computer language of the vendor. As previously stated, however, our study found active customization, especially bolt-on development methods, to have positive effects on ERP, and found source code changes in particular to have the most significant effects. Moreover, our study found programming additional software to be ineffective, suggesting there is much difference between ERP developers and vendors in viewpoints and strategies toward ERP customization. In summary, mismatches are inherent in the ERP implementation context and play an important role in determining its success. Considering the significance of mismatches, this study proposes a new model for successful ERP implementation, developed from the organizational memory mismatch perspective, and provides many insights by empirically confirming the model's usefulness.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.248-258
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• 2006

Genetic diversity of 91 Korean soybean cultivars was assessed with 20 simple sequence repeat (SSR). Twenty SSR loci generated a total of 149 alleles. The number of alleles for each SSR locus ranged from 3 to 15 with a mean of 7.5 alleles. Genetic diversity estimated by PIC value of 91 cultivars was ranged from 0.424 to 0.905 with an average of 0.711. Cluster analysis based on Nei's genetic distances classified 91 soybean cultivars except Geomjeongkong 4 into 7 groups. The majority groups were I, IV, and VI which included 26, 24, and 18 cultivars, respectively. Obvious differences in genetic diversity appeared to be related with the released periods of cultivars and utilization type of cultivars, but not with breeding sites. Cultivars released in 1970's and in 1990's showed the lowest and the highest genetic diversities with 0.576 and 0.706, respectively. Soybean cultivars for vegetable and early maturity showed the lowest genetic diversity with 0.514, while those for soy sauce and tofu showed the highest genetic diversity with 0.691. Genetic distance between soybean cultivar groups developed before 1969 and during 1970's was the nearest, while genetic distance between those developed in 1970's and 1990's was the furthest. Cultivar group for vegetable and early maturity showed the furthest genetic distance with cultivar group for soy sauce and tofu, while it showed the nearest genetic distance with cultivar group for cooking with rice. Genetic distance was greater between soybean cultivar groups developed in Suwon and Iksan than between those developed in Milyang and Iksan.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.323-331
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• 2007

This study was designed to estimate self-life of Kimbab and sandwiches marketed in convenience store. While the 12 different type of Kimbab (n=6) and sandwiches (n=6) were kept at $10^{\circ}C$ for 72 hours, quality changes including volatile basic nitrogen, aerobic plate count, pathogens detection and sensorial property was monitored, and effective quality indicators were selected. Volatile basic nitrogen, indicator for protein deterioration was slightly increased during storage periods in all samples. E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp. and Vibrio parahaemolyticus were not detected from any of samples. Change of aerobic plate count of Kimbab and sandwiches were increased moderately but increased dramatically after 48 hours of storage. Overall acceptability were maintained over 5, purchasing power limit, for 40 hours in 4 general Kimbab, 48 hours in 2 samgak Kimbab and 42 hours in 2 sandwiches. Shelf-life of each item was calculated from regression equation between reference limit from effective quality indicators, aerobic plate count and sensory property, and storage period. Estimated shelf-lives of general Kimbab were $15{\sim}33$ hours, samgak Kimbab were 32 hours and sandwiches were $27{\sim}30$ hours at $10^{\circ}C$ refrigerated condition.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.57-63
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• 2017

Foreign materials with a variety of types and sizes are found in food; thus, extraordinary efforts and various analytical methods are required to identify the types of foreign materials and to find out accurate causes of how they unintentionally enter food. In this study, human, cow, pig, mouse, duck, goose, dog, and cat were chosen as various types of animal hairs because they can be frequently incorporated into food during its production or consumption step. We morphologically analyzed them using stereoscopic, optical, SUMP method, and scanning electron microscopes, showing differences in each type. In addition, X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF) was used to analysis chemical compositions ($^{11}Na{\sim}^{92}U$, Mass%) of samples. As a result, we observed that mammalian hairs were mainly composed of sulfur. Organic compounds of samples were further analyzed by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) that can compare spectra of given materials; however, this method did not show significant differences in each sample. In this study, we suggest a rapid method for the identification of the causes and types of foreign materials in food.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.7
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• pp.779-788
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• 2005

Purpose : Echinacea, a traditional plant medicine has been used as immune-stimulant. Recent studies have revealed that extract of Echinacea has immunostimulatory effects on human blood mononuclear cells. This study was designed for the purpose of screening the genes associated with immunologic effects of Echinacea on monocytes and dendritic cells using a cDNA microarray chip. Methods : $CD14^+$ monocyte cells were cultured for one day with Echinacea extract(final concentration : $50{\mu}g/mL$) in experiment 1, but were cultured without Echinacea in experiment 2. The gene expression of these cultured monocytes was analyzed using the cDNA microarray chip. Dendritic cells produced from $CD14^+$ monocyte were cultured for five days with GM-CSF and IL-4, and then cultured for one day with Echinacea in experiment 3, but were done without Echinacea in experiment 4. Results : In experiments 1 and 2, there were 17 significantly expressed genes with average expression ratios above 2.5, including interferon gamma-inducible protein 30(IFI 30), CDC(cell-division-cylcle)-like kinase 2(CLK 2), syndecan binding protein(syntenin), superoxide dismutase 2, etc. In experiments 3 and 4, there were 24 gene, with significantly expressed genes were 24 genes, which were insulin-like growth factor 2(somatomedin A), methyl-CpG binding domain protein 3, IFI 30, small inducible cytokine subfamily A, member 22, etc. The genes encoding CD44, IFI 30, mannose receptor C type 1(MRC 1), chemokine receptor 7(CCR 7), CLK 2, syntenin and cytochrome C oxidase subunit VIII were significantly expressed in both monocytes and dendritic cells cultured with Echinacea. Conclusion : This study employed a cDNA microarray chip to elicit the immune-associated gene profile; the expression was enhanced by Echinacea in CD14+ monocytes and dendritic cells. Thus we laid the basis for the quantitative and functional analysis of genes induced by Echinacea in monocytes and monocyte-derived dendritic cells.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.125-134
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to provide basic information for a future countermeasure municipal and to establish several wastes policy after investigating solid wastes from Sunchon City. In addition, this research can be supported to manage of recycling plant and to reuse plant of each wastes. Results are as bellows after checking up and analysis type of waste in Sunchon city Unit solid waste generation rate from single family is $0.50kg/person{\cdot}day$, and total solid wastes are 41.9ton/day. Unit solid waste generation rate from apartments is $0.45kg/person{\cdot}day$, and solid wastes generation is 55.5ton/day. Unit solid waste generation rate from agricultural is $0.22kg/person{\cdot}day$ and total solid wastes are 13.5ton/day. That show total amount of municipal solid wastes from residential are 110.9ton/day. Unit solid waste generation rate from traditional markets is $1.85kg/person{\cdot}day$, and solid waste total volume is 5,400kg/day. Unit solid waste generation rate from small store is $2.03kg/person{\cdot}day$, and solid waste total are 25,101kg/day. Therefore, this show that total wastes are 30.50kg from downtown and commercial area. Solid waste quantity from Industrial area (Factory region) is 8.5ton and in case of school and hospitals are 7.2kg/day and 3.0kg/day. Solid waste amount from Institutional is 6.6kg/day. Food wastes were eliminated from municipal solid wastes as standard 63.4ton/day, and combustible wastes were 126.9ton/day. If it schedule about 5 years (by 2006) as durable year for food wastes treatment plant, it is expected 42.5ton/day for treatment capacity. We can judge that it is effective to be set 2 lines equipment ${\times}25ton/day$ as treatment ability under considering unexpected working condition such as any repair, trouble and an electrical load. If it schedule about 10 years (by 2011) as durable year for food wastes treatment plant, it is expected 150 ton/day for treatment capacity. We can conclude that it is effective to be set 2 lines equipment ${\times}80ton/day$ as treatment ability under considering working condition such as low loaded operating and the repair for incineration.