• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
• /
• v.37 no.12 s.142
• /
• pp.79-89
• /
• 1999

The purpose of this study was to develop the generative fathering scale to measure fathers' active involvement of parenting. Subjects were 188 fathers of early childhood from Jeonju. To begin with, the concept of generative fathering was discussed in the theoretical review, and then the measurement was comprised of two dimensions(the parental involvement of fathers and paternal responsibility) The parental involvement of fathers : thirty of 37 items were selected through the item analysis, and that 30 items were analyzed by factor analysis. The result of factor analysis indicated that the parental involvement of fathers comprised of three factors(developmental support, caregiving and monitoring, shared activities). paternal responsibility : this was analyzed through the same process above, two factors(responsibility as a resource provider and responsibility as a child-rearing)were extracted by factor analysis. The construct validity was supported and the internal consistency of this two sub-scale appeared to be at an acceptable level, and were considered to be useful way to measure generative fathering.

• Health Policy and Management
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.97-111
• /
• 1998

Do managers in health center perceive red tape in their organizations\ulcorner Most people would think so, but researchers have often found that health center organizations do not necessarily have higher levels of rule intensity than private hospitals. It there are higher levels in health center organizations, what explains their existence\ulcorner In this article, I discuss the results of a survey of health center managers that explored their perceptions of red tape in their organizations. Red Tape can be defined as rule and procedures that occured a excessive regulation. The survey included two dimensions and two hypotheses of red tape in health center managers. The hypotheses included health center and size that claims cause managers to create red tape. 119 managers who working in health center and private hospitals in Chonbuk area, participated in this study which was conducted by direct interview. The results show some support for two hypothses. The results showed some differences between health center and private hospital managers' perceptions about certain aspects of red tape. I also found differences between large size and small size managers' perceptions. The study call for more systematic analysis of red tape, including the use of methods, in support of current reform efforts aimed at reducing red tape.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
• /
• 2002.10a
• /
• pp.1045-1048
• /
• 2002

Micromachines are extremely novel artifacts with a variety of special characteristics. Utilizing their tiny dimensions ranging roughly from 10 to $1O^3$ micro-meters, the micromachines can perform tasks in a revolutionary manner that would be impossible for conventional artifacts. Micromachines are in general related to various coupled physical phenomena. They are required to be evaluated and designed considering the coupled phenomena. This paper describes finite element analysis (FEA) simulation of practical behaviors for the micro actuator. Especially, electric field modeling in micro actuators has been generally restricted to in-plane two-dimensional finite element analysis because of the complexity of the micro actuator geometry. However, in this thesis, the actual three-dimensional geometry of the micro actuator is considered. The starting torque obtained from the in-plane two-dimensional analytical solutions were compared with that of the actual three-dimensional FE analysis results. The starting torque is proportional to $V^2$, and that the two-dimensional analytical solutions are larger than the three-dimensional FE ones. It is found that the evaluation of micro actuator has to be considered electrical leakage phenomenon.

• International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sciences
• /
• v.11 no.1
• /
• pp.19-25
• /
• 2010

A computational study for the optimal design of heat exchangers (HX) used in a high temperature and high pressure system is presented. Two types of air to air HX are considered in this study. One is a single-pass cross-flow type with straight plain tubes and the other is a two-pass cross-counter flow type with plain U-tubes. These two types of HX have the staggered arrangement of tubes. The design models are formulated using the number of transfer units ($\varepsilon$-NTU method) and optimized using a genetic algorithm. In order to design compact light weight HX with the minimum pressure loss and the maximum heat exchange rate, the weight of HX core is chosen as the object function. Dimensions and tube pitch ratio of a HX are used as design variables. Demanded performance such as the pressure loss (${\Delta}P$) and the temperature drop (${\Delta}T$) are used as constraints. The performance of HX is discussed and their optimal designs are presented with an investigation of the effect of design variables and constraints.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
• /
• v.4 no.3
• /
• pp.185-195
• /
• 2000

Detection of cracks in concrete beams using optical fiber sensors is useful for monitoring of concrete structures. In this study, optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR) is used to detect cracks. Resolution of OTDR is the main contributor to detect cracks in concrete structures. The OTDR used in this study can detect cracks with high precision of 0.5 m. Two mortar beams, reinforced with a 19 mm diameter steel bar, are made with the dimensions of 140 mm (width) ${\times}$ 200 mm (depth) ${\times}$ 2.000 mm (length). Two fibers are embedded inside each beam and two fibers are attached under the beams. The application of measurement system which consists of fiber and FC/PC connecter is studied. For this, theory of optics, resolution, crack moment, and size of specimens are investigated. From the measured data, it is verified that fibers which are attached under the beam can detect the crack in beams effectively. However, fibers embedded inside the beam are unable to detect cracks in beams using the OTDR in this study.

• Journal of Korea Society of Digital Industry and Information Management
• /
• v.9 no.1
• /
• pp.165-176
• /
• 2013

This paper introduces the high density discrete wavelet transform using quincunx sampling, which is a discrete wavelet transformation that combines the high density discrete transformation and non-separable processing method, each of which has its own characteristics and advantages. The high density discrete wavelet transformation is one that expands an N point signal to M transform coefficients with M > N. The high density discrete wavelet transformation is a new set of dyadic wavelet transformation with two generators. The construction provides a higher sampling in both time and frequency. This new transform is approximately shift-invariant and has intermediate scales. In two dimensions, this transform outperforms the standard discrete wavelet transformation in terms of shift-invariant. Although the transformation utilizes more wavelets, sampling rates are high costs and some lack a dominant spatial orientation, which prevents them from being able to isolate those directions. A solution to this problem is a non separable method. The quincunx lattice is a non-separable sampling method in image processing. It treats the different directions more homogeneously than the separable two dimensional schemes. Proposed wavelet transformation can generate sub-images of multiple degrees rotated versions. Therefore, This method services good performance in image processing fields.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
• /
• v.8 no.3
• /
• pp.1-9
• /
• 2001

This paper proposes an inspection algorithm for micro ball grid array ($\mu$BGA) solder balls. This algorithm is motivated by the difficulty of finding defect balls by human visual inspection due to their small dimensions. Specifically, it is developed herein an automated vision-based inspection algorithm for $\mu$BGA's, which can inspect solder balls not only for so-called two dimensional errors, such as missings, positions and sizes, but also for height errors. The inspection algorithm uses two dimensional images of $\mu$BGA obtained through special blue illumination, and processes them with a rotation-invariant sub algorithm. It can also detect height errors when a two-camera system is available. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm is more efficient in detecting ball defects compared with the conventional algorithms.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
• /
• v.50 no.1
• /
• pp.132-146
• /
• 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a new version of Spirituality Assessment Scale (N-SAS) and verify its reliability and validity. Methods: The total of 59 preliminary items for the N-SAS were selected through a literature review, two rounds of experts' content validation, cognitive interviews, and pre-tests. Verification of its reliability and validity was divided into two phases. In Phase I, questionnaires were collected from 219 adults. Reliability was tested using Cronbach's alpha, validity with item analysis, and exploratory factor analysis. In Phase II, questionnaires developed based on the results of Phase I were collected from 225 adults. Reliability was tested using Cronbach's alpha, validity with confirmatory factor analysis, and criterion validity. Results: The final version of the N-SAS comprised two dimensions (vertical and horizontal), four domains (relationship with God; meaning of life and self-integration; self-transcendence; and relationship with others, neighborhoods, and nature), and 44 items were identified. Total Cronbach's α was .97; those of each subscale ranged from .79 to .98. N-SAS scores were positively correlated with the scores of Howden's Spiritual Assessment Scale (r=.81, p<.001). Conclusion: Findings suggest that the N-SAS can be used to measure spirituality in adults. The use of N-SAS is expected to facilitate perceiving patient's spiritual needs and providing spiritual care.

• Smart Structures and Systems
• /
• v.22 no.4
• /
• pp.459-468
• /
• 2018

In this paper, the effect of non-persistent joints was determined on the behavior of concrete specimens subjected to biaxial loading through numerical modeling using particle flow code in two dimensions (PFC2D). Firstly, a numerical model was calibrated by uniaxial, Brazilian and triaxial experimental results to ensure the conformity of the simulated numerical model's response. Secondly, sixteen rectangular models with dimension of 100 mm by 100 mm were developed. Each model contains two non-persistent joints with lengths of 40 mm and 20 mm, respectively. The angularity of the larger joint changes from $30^{\circ}$ to $90^{\circ}$. In each configuration, the small joint angularity changes from $0^{\circ}$ to $90^{\circ}$ in $30^{\circ}$ increments. All of the models were under confining stress of 1 MPa. By using of the biaxial test configuration, the failure process was visually observed. Discrete element simulations demonstrated that macro shear fractures in models are because of microscopic tensile breakage of a large number of bonded discs. The failure pattern in Rock Bridge is mostly affected by joint overlapping whereas the biaxial strength is closely related to the failure pattern.

• Speech Sciences
• /
• v.1
• /
• pp.55-81
• /
• 1997

In the present paper, V-to-V coarticulation in Korean VCV sequences is discussed, focusing on links between consonantal production and degree of V-to-V coarticulation. Temporal and spatial differences between three types of Korean alveolar stops (lax /t/. aspirated /$t^h$/ and thense /t'/) are examined from VCV sequences involving all possible combinations of three Korean unrounded vowels /a, i,/ based on spectrographic and electrographic data(two male speakers and one female speaker and one female speaker respectively). Closure duration and voice onset time (VOT) were measured from acoustic data. 'Total duration', which is defined as the sum of the closure duration and the VOT, was also calculated in order to see the temporal distance between two vowels in a VCV sequence. Differences in lingual-palatal contact pattern at the maximum contact (MC) point between the three types of stop were observed from EPG data. V-to-V coarticulation was investigated by measuring the offset or onset of the second formant (F2) of the target vowels from spectrograms. Two different dimensions of articulation, temporal and spatial, seem to playa role in determining the degree of V-to-V coarticulation. The degree of V-to-V anticipatory coarticulation is influenced by the spatial characteristics of the intervening consonant while the degree of carryover coarticulation is influenced by the temporal characteristics of the consonant.