• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2001.03a
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• pp.25-32
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• 2001

Doosan Construction & Engineering Co., Ltd is building a railway tunnel beneath the Soo-Young River connecting MinLak Station and Centum City Station, a section 230, subway line 2, Pusan City, Korea. When completed the tunnel will have a finished inner diameter of 6.5m(21.311) throughout its total length of 840m(420m = 0.52 miles, Two Single Track Tunnel : 420m＋420m). The ground profile of the face toward shield machine is composed of multi layers, silty clay, clayey gravel, soft rock etc. This research paper is to predict ground deformation and variation of stresses around tunnel using Hyperbolic model, and to reflect the works on the next shield tunneling project. And this research paper is analyzed data of measuring instrument (such as settlement gauge, inclinometer, Multiple extensometer, etc.) which is installed along tunnel line for safety of tunnel. For calculations, the finite difference Method is applied. Backfill grouting material is supposed to have instantly strength of 10kg/$\textrm{cm}^2$ above, although its strength is available after 24 hours passed.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.13 no.9
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• pp.745-750
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• 2000

The (S $r_{0.85}$C $a_{0.15}$) Ti $O_3$(SCT) thin films are deposited on Pt-coated electrode (Pt/TiN/ $SiO_2$/Si) using RF sputtering method at various deposition temperature. The crystallinity of SCT thin films were increased with increase of deposition temperature in the temperature range of 200~500[$^{\circ}C$]. Also, the composition of SCT thin films were closed to stoichiometry (1.080~1.111 in A/B ratio). V-I characteristics of SCT thin films show the increasing leakage current with the increases of deposition temperature. The conduction mechanism of the SCT thin films observed in the temperature range of 25~100[$^{\circ}C$] can be divided into four regions with different mechanism by the increasing current. The region I below 0.8[MV/cm]shows the ohmic conduction. The region II between 0.9~2[MV/cm] is in proportion to J∝ $E^{1.5}$ , the region III between 2~4[MV/cm] can be explained by the Child’s law, and the region IV above 4[MV/cm]is dominated by the tunneling effect.ect.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.355-365
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• 2008

Displacement caused by tunneling is difficult to predict since it is affected by many factors such as ground condition, excavation method and supplementary method of reinforcement. In this study, horizontal inclinometer was employed to monitor ground settlements above a tunnel face before and after the excavation. Monitoring results were analyzed to predict the preceding displacement and settlement of the surface structures. The result of the analysis can be used to establish a proper counter measure which keeps the serviceability of the surface structures. Based on the analysis of the monitoring result, ground properties of the site were deduced and the influence of the tunnel excavation on the settlement of the foundation above the tunnel is analyzed.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.5-10
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• 2003

In this study, a new programming method to minimize the generation of Si-SiO$_2$interface traps of SONOS nonvolatile memory device as a function of number of porgram/erase cycles was proposed. In the proposed programming method, power supply voltage is applied to the gate. forward biased program voltage is applied to the source and the drain, while the substrate is left open, so that the program is achieved by Modified Fowler-Nordheim(MFN) tunneling of electron through the tunnel oxide over source and drain region. For the channel erase, erase voltage is applied to the gate, power supply voltage is applied to the substrate, and the source and dram are left open. Also, the asymmetric mode in which the program voltage is higher than the erase voltage, is more efficient than symmetric mode in order to minimize the degradation characteristics or SONOS devices because electrical stress applied to the Si-SiO$_2$interface is reduced due to short program time.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.202-208
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• 2002

We have been investigating electropolymerization of pyrrole in aqueous electrolyte solutions in acidic as well as in neutral conditions by in situ electrochemical quartz crystal oscillator method, where resonant frequency and resonant resistance can be monitored simultaneously with current-voltage measurements during electropolymerization of pyrrole. The properties of thin PPy films prepared on electrode surfaces depended strongly on the experimental variables of electrode potentials applied, solution pH, kinds and quantity of supporting electrolytes, added chemicals, and the mode of electrochemical method employed. We are applying our experience gained on electropolymerization of pyrrole to immobilizing biomolecules onto electrode surfaces to develop a biosensor system. In this work, we wish to present the results on electrochemical monitoring on electropolymerization of pyrrole in the presence of DNA and albumin in different electrochemical conditions. Additionally we will summarize our investigations on the miniaturization of biomolecules/PPy composites by means of scanning tunneling microscopy.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.146-149
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• 2005

Confusion of network traffic is increased by increasing of internet user and large of network, Specially olded one and one communication caused loss of bandwidth because of redundant packet by increasing video conference and internet broadcasting. Thereupon multicast technique, method reducing loss of bandwith, for multimedia data transmission was proposed. This paper proposes method to solve overhead problem in the middle router through group management and capsuling with the Xcast technique added Disignated Router(DR). To solve the middle router not supporting IPv6, Xcast using tunneling technique in the IPv6 design and analyze the performance through a simulated examination.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 1994.05a
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• pp.116-119
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• 1994

The characteristics of the Si-SiO$_2$ interface and the degradation in the short channel(L${\times}$W=1.7$\mu\textrm{m}$${\times}$15$\mu\textrm{m}$) SONOSFET nonvolatile memory devices, fabricated on the basis of the existing n-well CMOS processing technology for 1 Mbit DRAM with the 1.2$\mu\textrm{m}$ m design rule, were investigated using the charge pumping method. The SONOSFET memories have the tripple insulated-gate consisting of 30${\AA}$ tunneling oxide 205${\AA}$ nitride and 65${\AA}$ blocking oxide, The acceleration method which square voltage pulses of t$\_$p/=10msec, Vw=+19V and V$\_$E/=-22V continue to be alternatly applied to gale, was used to investigate the degradation of SONOSFET memories with the write/erase cycle. The degradation characteristics were ascertained by observing the change in the energy and spatial distributions of the interface trap density.

• Magazine of korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.101-112
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• 2019

This case study presented a simplified failure mechanism approach used as a preliminary deformation prediction for the Mexico City's metro system expansion. Because of the Mexico City's difficult subsoils, Line 12 project was considered one of the most challenging projects in Mexico. Mexico City's subsurface conditions can be described as a multilayered stratigraphy changing from soft high plastic clays to dense to very dense cemented sands. The Line 12 trajectory crossed all three main geotechnical Zones in Mexico City. Starting from to west of the City, Line 12 was projected to pass through very dense cemented sands corresponding to the Foothills zone changing to the Transition zone and finalizing in the Lake zone. Due to the change in the subsurface conditions, different constructions methods were implemented including the use of TBM (Tunnel Boring Machine), the NATM (New Austrian Tunneling Method), and cut-and-cover using braced Diaphragm walls for the underground section of the project. Preliminary crown and excavation front deformations were determined using a simplified failure mechanism prior to performing finite element modeling and analysis. Results showed corresponding deformations for the crown and the excavation front to be 3.5cm (1.4in) and 6cm (2.4in), respectively. Considering the complexity of Mexico City's difficult subsoil formation, construction method selection becomes a challenge to overcome. The use of a preliminary results in order to have a notion of possible deformations prior to advanced modeling and analysis could be beneficial and helpful to select possible construction procedures.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.359-374
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• 2022

Geology conditions are crucial in decision-making during the planning and design phase of a tunnel project. Estimation of the geology conditions of road tunnels is subject to significant uncertainties. In this work, the effectiveness of a novel regression method in estimating geological or geotechnical parameters of road tunnel projects was explored. This method, called Gaussian process regression (GPR), formulates the learning of the regressor within a Bayesian framework. The GPR model was trained with data of old tunnel projects. To verify its feasibility, the GPR technique was applied to a road tunnel to predict the state of three geological/geomechanical parameters of Rock Mass Rating (RMR), Rock Structure Rating (RSR) and Q-value. Finally, in order to validate the GPR approach, the forecasted results were compared to the field-observed results. From this comparison, it was concluded that, the GPR is presented very good predictions. The R-squared values between the predicted results of the GPR vs. field-observed results for the RMR, RSR and Q-value were obtained equal to 0.8581, 0.8148 and 0.8788, respectively.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.145-155
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• 2022

Safety is a most important parameters in underground railway transportation; Also stability of underground tunnel is very important in tunneling engineering. Design of a reliable support system requires an evaluation of both ground demand and support capacity. Iran's traditional railway tunnels are mainly supported with masonry structures or unsupported in high quality rock masses. A decrease in rock mass quality due to changes in groundwater regime creep and fatigue in rock and similar phenomena causes tunnel safety to decrease during time. The case study is an old tunnel in Iran, called "Keshvar"; it is more than 50 years old railway organization. In operating this Tunnel, until the several problems came up based on stability and leaking water. The goal of study is evaluation of the various reinforcement systems for supporting of the tunnel. The optimal selection of the reinforcement system is examined using TOPSIS Fuzzy method in light of the looming and available uncertainties. Several factors such as; the tunnel span, maintenance, drainage, sealing, ventilation, cost and safety were based to choose the method and system of designing. Therefore, by identifying these parameters, an optimal reinforcement system was selected and introduced. Based on optimization system for analysis, it is revealed that the systematic rock bolts and shotcrete protection had a most appropriate result for these kind of tunnel in Iran.