• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.9-17
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• 2016

A purification method was established for high-purity chondroitin sulfate from skate cartilage. Hydrolytic extraction of skate backbone cartilage was investigated with the proteases alcalase and protamex, and the extraction contents of chondroitin sulfate were measured with several physicochemical processes. The yield of extract from skate cartilage with $40^{\circ}Brix$ concentration was 23.3% with 2% alcalase hydrolysis, which was decreased to 8.47% and 3.37% with the first and second additional ethanol purifications, respectively. The yield was 16.62% with one ethanol purification after hydrolysis with a mixture of 1% alcalase and 1% protamex. The content of chondroitin sulfate was measured as 39.88-45.08% with different ratios of ethanol solvent. The content was 42.92% at a solvent ratio of 1:1 with alcalase protease and 45.08% with a ratio of 1:2 using a protease mixture of alcalase and protamex. The molecular weight range of chondroitin sulfate was about 110-310 thousand Da, and the purity of chondroitin sulfate was 24.87-49.92% with a mixture of alcalase and protamex in GPC analysis. The maximum purity of chondroitin sulfate was 53.93% after ultrafiltration. The odor strength of chondroitin sulfate was decreased by 33% and 38% after ethanol purification and additional filtration with activated carbon, respectively. The odor concentration of ammonia and TMA from chondroitin sulfate was decreased by 52.1% and 37.89% with activated carbon filtration and two ethanol purifications, respectively, but it was necessary to eliminate the odor components efficiently using additional physicochemical processes.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.69-76
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• 2008

To estimate removal ability of harmful gas by charcoal, we carbonized Red oak (Quercus mongolica Fischer) wood and Larch (Larix leptoepis) bark at $300^{\circ}C$, $600^{\circ}C$ and $900^{\circ}C$ for 1 hour. Gas removal ratios was increased with carbonization temperature but there is no difference between wood and bark charcoal. In the case of bad smell and VOC gas, woody charcoal including bark charcoal carbonized at $300^{\circ}C$ showed low removal ratio, less than 50%, whereas woody charcoals which was carbonized at more than $600^{\circ}C$ reached almost 100% removal ratio to bad smell gas such as trimethylamine, methymercaptan, hydrogen sulfide, and to VOC such as benzene, toluene, xylene in $5{\ell}$ tedler bag with each gas of 100 ppm. It was thought that because charcoals carbonized at high temperature, for example, $600^{\circ}C$ or $900^{\circ}C$ have enough specific surface area to adsorb gas of 100 ppm. Moreover these charcoals rapidly removed almost gas in 10 minutes. However, acetylene, $SO_2$ and $NO_2$, charcoals which was carbonized more than $600^{\circ}C$ and which showed high removal ratio had low gas removal ratio of 40% at even 4 hours adsorption. It was concluded that adsorptive ability of woody charcoal was mainly influenced with carbonizing temperature, so that different charcoals carbonized at different temperature brings different gas removal ratio because these charcoals have not only different physical factor such as specific surface area but different chemical characteristic such as functional group, expected.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.174-177
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• 1993

Ultara violet ray air cleaner to use as the sterilization and deodorization device in refrigerator was designed and made of UV lamp and carbon block as the main components. The intensity of the lamp was $2.38\;mW/cm^2$ and reflector was installed to increase the radation. After running the device for 12 hours, 80% of the population of airborn bacteria was sterilized both at 48 and 480 liter refrigerator chambers. Ozone production caused by UV-ray reached 0.082 ppm at holding section within a few second when the device was operated at $25^{\circ}C$ and it showed 0.06 pm at $3^{\circ}C$. Deodorization effect was 2.5 times greater than that of a device made of electrical are principle at $25^{\circ}C$. New device 2 times more effectivly decreased trimethylamine and methyl mercaptan content applied as odor indicator substance in chamber at $3^{\circ}C$ than electrical arc type.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.6-12
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• 1988

To improve the individual packaging method and extend the shelf life of mackerel (Scomber japonicus), salted and unsalted mackerel fillets were packaged in laminated plastic film bag (Nylon/PE: $20{\mu}m/40{\mu}m,\;12{\times}15$ cm) filled with $CO_2$ gas, in vacuum, and stored at O and/or $5^{\circ}C$. The other samples were packaged in plastic foam trays, overwrapped with oxygen permeable film (control), and stored at same temperature. Volatile basic nitrogen (VBN), trimethylamine (TMA), histamine (HM) and viable cell counts (VCC) were progressed with the increasing of storage time, but thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values decreased gradually after reaching at a maximum peak in 5-9 days. Judging from 4 chemical components, VBN was the most available component in quality judgement of mackerel fillets and its upper limiting content was 25 mg%. Regression equation for shelf life prediction of mackerel fillets with sensory evaluation and VBN component was determined.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.71-82
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• 2006

This study was carried out to assess and analyze the overall problems of the facilities in recycling and treating of foodwaste on the basis of the unit operation facilities. It proposes effective alternatives for the high profitable management that can meet the regulation of the facilities. The study is composed of several parts including a collection of academic reports, field studies regarding the facilities operated by local government and the private sector, the analysis on odor samples from compost facilities and processing facilities for animal feed from foodwaste. Twenty facilities were surveyed on the field to find out the existing problems and to compare between facilities. Several facilities didn't meet the governmental regulation on some processes, especially the stages of input, storage, odor control and the qualities of final products under the unit equipment operation. The analysis on the odors from the phases of input, shredding and fermentation of a compost facility and processing facilities for feed, the odors from shredding equipments were higher in concentration than the others. The Major odors from the composting facility contained hydrogen sulfide ($H_2S$), methyl mercaptan ($CH_3{SH}$), Dimethyl sulfide ($(CH_3)_2S$) and Ammonia ($NH_3$) and the major odors from the animal feed facility contained methyl mercaptan ($CH_3{SH}$), Trimethylamine ($(CH_3)_3N$) and Acetaldehyde ($CH_3CHO$).

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.37-45
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• 2017

To visually identify the spoilage of chicken breasts, a three layered freshness indicator consisting of PET/bromocresol green (BCG)-ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA)-acetic acid (AA) composite layer/porous substrates was successfully prepared and their performance were simulated at 20% of $CO_2$ and 4 different trimethylamine (TMA) concentrations to evaluate color change at minimal spoilage level. The visibility and range of color changes of the as-prepared indicators responding to TMA concentration as a simulant were strongly dependent on the concentrations of BCG and AA. As the BCG content increased, the visibility of color change in the freshness indicators was apparently improved and the range of color change could be controlled by contents of AA. Among the as-prepared freshness indicators, 'G0.12_A0.5' which consisting 0.12g of BCG and 0.5g of AA was selected as an optimum composition due to the highest visibility at TMA 20 mg% corresponding to the minimal spoilage level. The color of the indicator changed from yellow to green for spoilage indication of chicken breast, which could be easily seen with the naked eyes and well consistent with the simulation results. It is expected that our developed freshness indicator can be useful in monitoring various food freshness and quality.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.1-7
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• 2010

According to Indoor Air Quality(IAQ) management law for multi-use buildings, SEEONE CO., Ltd. made pilot and tested it to remove minute particle, odor, VOCs, etc. within the standards of IAQ. This pilot made by SEEONE CO., Ltd. is vortex scrubber washing electrolyzed water. As 30 minutes test result in multi-use building indoor place, minute particle(the smoke of a cigarette) was reduced $920{\mu}g/m^3{\rightarrow}112{\mu}g/m^3$, gaseous contaminants was reduced Formaldehyde (HCHO) 20ppm$\rightarrow$4ppm, Ammonia($NH_3$) 50ppm$\rightarrow$1ppm, Trimethylamine ($(CH_3CH_2)_3N$) 15ppm$\rightarrow$trace, Methylethylketone($CH_3COC_2H_5$) 25ppm$\rightarrow$trace, Acetic acid ($CH_3COOH$) 20ppm$\rightarrow$trace, Acetaldehyde($CH_3CHO$) 15ppm$\rightarrow$2ppm and Acetone($CH_3COCH_3$) 50ppm$\rightarrow$N.D. The pilot test result of the air filter using electroyzed water in vortex scrubber showed high removal efficiency. Because purified air maintain indoor humidity of approximately 40~60%, so users can feel pleasant. In E.coli, S.aureus sterilization test and CODcr, turbidity treatment test by electrolysis, germs was sterilized over 99.99% and CODcr and turbidity was decreased gradually. So water used for washing can be reused by electrolysis.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.150-158
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• 1993

In order to investigate the content and seasonal variation of the extractive components including taste compounds, free amino acids, nucleotides and related compounds, quanternary ammonium bases, and guanidino compounds of ascidian collected from the south coast of Korea were determined bimonthy from April to October in 1990. The extractive nitrogen was composed of $60{\sim}62\%$ as free amino acids, $12{\sim}16\%$ as betaines, $5{\sim}9\%$ as nucleotides, and others as trimethylamine oxide(TMAO) and total creatinine. The muscle of ascidian was rich in such free amino acids as taurine, proline, glutamic acid, glycine and glycinebetaine. Most of nitrogenous compounds in the extractives showed a marked seasonal variation with a maximum in summer or autumn. AMP content was relatively high among nucleotides. Succinic acid, malic acid, lactic acid and pyroglutaric acid were the major organic acids in ascidian. The results of omission test suggested that the taste of ascidian is attributed to mainly free amino acid, betaines, nucleotides and nonvolatile organic acid in order.

• Journal of the Korean Professional Engineers Association
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.104-118
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• 1999

Alaska Pollack (Theragramma), Mackerel (Socomber japonicus), yellow corvenia (Pseudosc iance manchurica) were dressed, and then meat was separated from the other parts through a fish meat separator. After dehydration, the meat was ground with a silent cutter, packaged in polyethylene bags, and stored at -15。C for days. Samples were taken at regular intervals throughout the storage period and investigated for changes in puality characteristics such as the amounts of nitrogenous compounds, degree of lipid oxidation, fatty acid composition, and organoleptic factors. The resrlts obtained in this study were as follows; 1. The volatile basic nitrogen[VBN] contents of Alaska pollack, and yellow corvenia meat pastes increased from 14.4, 11.2 and 10.8mg% to 41.6, 38.3 and 40.6mg%, respectively during a 120 day storage period, whereas the trimethylamine oxide nitrogen [TMAO-N] contents decreased from 117.2, 12.8 and 17.2mg% to 40.3, 2.6 and 7.1mg% during the same period. 2. The TBA value of the mackerel meat paste showed a maximum peak after 60 days, and then decreased gradually, whereas the TBAvalues of the alaska pollack and yellow corvenia meat pastes increased steadily during the same period. The acid values of the meat pastes increased during the storage period, while the iodine values decreased. 3. The fatty acid composition of the total lipid of the meat pastes changed considerably during ghe 120 days storage period : saturated fatty acids in the total lipid such as myristic, palmitic, and stearic acid increased, while unsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic, gadoleic, eicosapentaenoic, erucic and docosahexaenoic acid decreased steadily. The initial percentage contents of the unsaturated fatty acids in the total lipid of the Alaska pollack, mackerel, and yellow corvenia meat pastes were 87.2%, 63.9%, and 75.9% respectively. However, the contents decreased to 46.0%, 42.5% and 51.3% after the 120day storage period. 4. The color of the meat pastes changde gradually into dark brown. L values of the meat paste measured with a thistimulus colorimeter decreased steadily during the storage period, while a and b values increased during same period. 5. Judging from the results of organoleptic evaluation on the fish odor, color and overall acceptability, significant difference were found between the odor and color of the mackerel and those of the yellow corvenia meat pastes. Overall acceptability score of yellow corvenia was higher than that of Alaska pollack or mackerel meat pastes.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.108-116
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• 2004

In this study, the pore-filled ion-exchange membranes were prepared by using the asymmetric PVDF membrane as a nascent membrane. First, the solution of PVBCI having the chlorornethylate aryl ring of 80 percents and DABCO was made with the mixed solvent of THF and DU (8:2). These mixed solution was then, filled in the pores of PVDF membrane, and left for a day to complete the gelation. Finally the pore-filled anion-exchange membrane is obtained fallowed by the amination of the remaining chloromethyl groups with trimethylamine (TMA, 40 wt% in water) forming the positive ammonium ion sites. This 2 step procedure enabled us to produce the pore-filled membranes without change of size, and to control the properties of final membrane with various degree of cross-linking. The results of SEM and AFM showed the polyelectrolyte existed in the pores of nascent membrane as a certain configuration. From the investigation of the solvent affecting much to the permeability and rejection, it was found that the membranes using mixed solvent of THE and DMF (8:2) showed better performances than the membranes produced by THF only. The result of an investigation for the water permeability of the final membrane at low pressure (100 Kpa) showed a typical ultrafiltration membrane's permeability (8 ∼ 10 kg/$m^2$hr) and good values of rejection (55∼60 percent).