• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.140-145
• /
• 2005

Changes of plasma lipids, total cholesterol and phospholipids content according to diet of silkworm extract powder were as follows. Decrease ratios of plasma lipids at 3, $5\%(w/w)$ treating groups were plasma lipids 5.16, $9.15\%$, those of total cholesterols were 1.63, $2.76\%$ and those of phospholipids were 1.37, $2.00\%$, respectively. Decreasing effects of plasma triglyceride content according to diet of silkworm extract powder was higher than those of total cholesterols and phospholipids contents. Decrease of plasma glucose concentrations were $4.62\%\;and\;6.46\%\;at\;3\%,\;5\%(w/w)$ treating group than control group, respectively. These results were not proportional decrease according to treating amount. In the other hand, changes of insulin concentration of plasma, pancreas and femur were appeared the similar tendency with plasma glucose concentration. Relationship between treating amount of silkworm extract powder and insulin concentration had not positive relativity, In conclusion, treatment of silkworm extract powder about $3\%(w/w)$ could be expected to prevention and/or medical treatment effect of diabetic patients.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.137-142
• /
• 2010

Previous studies report that organo-sulfur compounds derived from garlic inhibited smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation and induced apoptosis of cancer cells. Recently, lipid-soluble compounds such as diallyl sulfides (DAS) and diallyl disulfides (DADS) have been reported to more effectively suppress tumor cell proliferation. However, there were few studies on the suppressive effects of lipid-soluble garlic sulfur compounds on the proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). Therefore, this study investigated the effect of DAS and DADS on VSMC proliferation/migration induced by oleic acid (OA), a principal fatty acid in circulating triglyceride of blood stream. Assays performed include a tetrazole (MTT) assay, a wound healing assay and a Western blots. VSMC proliferations were enhanced by OA in a dose-dependent manner at concentrations of $10{\sim}50\;{\mu}M$ and inhibited by DAS and DADS compared to non-treated control. OA-induced proliferations were also attenuated by DAS and DADS. OA-induced cell migrations were 2.5 times higher than non-treated control, and they were significantly attenuated by DAS (32% at $150\;{\mu}M$ and 50% at $200\;{\mu}M$) and DADS (40% at $150\;{\mu}M$ and 46% at $200\;{\mu}M$). OA-induced cell migration was also attenuated by PD98059 (ERK inhibitor), SB203580 (P38 inhibitor) and particularly by LY204002 (PI3K inhibitor) and SP600125 (JNK2 inhibitor). Additionally, Western blot assays showed that OA-induced JNK1/2-phosphorylation was down-regulated after treatment with DAS and DADS. In conclusion, the findings of our study support the idea that DAS and DADS may have a suppressive effect on the proliferation and migration of OA-induced VSMC and that this effect may be partly associated with PI3K and JNK2 pathways.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.42 no.6
• /
• pp.861-868
• /
• 2013

This study investigated the effects of Opuntia ficus-indica and other natural resources (OF) in db/db and C57 mice. Plasma triglycerides, cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity, fecal bile acid excretion, the histopathological appearance of the liver, and cholesterol-related mRNA expression were determined. Mice (12 db/db mice and 12 C57 mice) were assigned to diabetic-control (db-C), diabetic-OF treatment (db-OF), normal-control (C57-C), and normal-OF treatment (C57-OF) groups. Animals in the control group were fed an AIN-76 recommended diet and animals in the OF group were fed an experimental diet containing 5% of OF for 4 weeks. Concentrations of total plasma cholesterol, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL)-cholesterol decreased with the administration of OF. In contrast, high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol levels were minimally affected by the experimental diet. Plasma AST and ALT showed lower activities in the db-OF group, and the fecal excretion of bile acid was reduced in the db-OF group. Histopathological analysis of the liver showed that fatty liver conditions in the db-OF group were more improved than db-C. Low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) and cholesterol 7${\alpha}$-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) mRNA expression were increased in the db-OF group as well. However, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA-R) mRNA expression was lower in the db-OF group. These results provide experimental evidence about improved lipid metabolism of the OF feeding in the db/db mice.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.42 no.4
• /
• pp.563-569
• /
• 2013

This study was carried out to investigate the dose-response of chitooligosaccharide (with a molecular weight of 1~3 kDa) on antimicrobial activity and lipid lowering functions in rats. Sprague-Dawley male rats were given experimental diets containing 0 (control), 0.5, 2, or 5% chitooligosaccharide (COS) for 5 weeks. Weight gain and food intake were significantly lower in rats fed 5% COS than control rats and rats fed 0.5 and 2% COS. The numbers of fecal bacteria, including bifidobacteria, lactobacilli, bacteroides, total anaerobes, and total aerobes, which reflect gut microbiota, were significantly decreased in rats fed 5% COS. Plasma triglyceride concentrations significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner in rats fed 2% or 5% COS, while plasma total cholesterol was not significantly different among groups. The hepatic concentration of triglycerides was lower in rats fed 5% COS, and fecal triglycerides significantly increased in rats fed 5% COS. These results indicate that 5% COS supplementation in a diet may exert antimicrobial activity in vivo, and inhibit the proliferation of typical gut microbes, while lowering lipids.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.33 no.12
• /
• pp.1957-1964
• /
• 2020

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare overfeeding performance, fatty acid composition, blood chemistry, enzymes and genes expression overfed Xupu and Landes geese. Methods: Sixty male Xupu geese (80 d) and Landes geese (80 d) were selected. After a period of one-week of pre-overfeeding, Xupu and Landes geese were overfed three meals of 550 and 350 g/d, respectively, of a high-carbohydrate diet in the first week of the overfeeding period. The next week, geese were given four meals of 1,200 and 850 g/d, respectively, over 8 to 14 d. Finally, geese were given five meals of 1,600 and 1,350 g/d, respectively, for the last two weeks. Results: After overfeeding for 28 d: Compared with Landes geese, Xupu geese liver weight and liver-to-body weight ratio decreased (p<0.05), while final weight, slaughter weight, total weight gain, abdominal fat weight, and feed-to-liver weight ratio increased (p<0.05). The levels of elaidic acid (C18:1t9), oleic acid (C18:1n-9), eicosenoic acid, and arachidonic acid in the liver of Xupu geese significantly increased (p<0.05), and the levels of myristic acid and stearic acid significantly decreased (p<0.05), while methyleicosanoate acid significantly increased (p<0.05). Xupu geese had higher plasma concentrations of triglyceride and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (p<0.05), and decreased activities of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and lipase (LPS) (p<0.05). Landes geese had higher LPS activity (p<0.05), but lower cholinesterase activity (p<0.05) when compared with Xupu geese. The mRNA expression levels of fatty acid dehydrogenase (FADS) gene, elongase of long-chain fatty acid 1 (ELOVL1) gene, ELOVL5, and acyl-Co A: cholesterol acyltransferase 2 (ACAT2) gene were significantly upregulated (p<0.05) in Landes goose when compared with Xupu geese. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that the liver production performance of Landes geese was better than that of Xupu geese to some extent, which may be closely related to LPS activity, as well as the expression of FADS, ELOVL1, ELOVL5, and ACAT2.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
• /
• v.25 no.6
• /
• pp.95-107
• /
• 2008

Objectives : The main purpose of this research is to observe the effects of herbal acupuncture(HA; herbal acupuncture) with Chijadaehwangtang applied to the Gansu($BL_{18}$) on D-galactosamine-induced liver injury in rats. Methods : According to HA concentration, the experimental rats were divided 5 groups(control group, saline group, CP-1, CP-2, CP-3 group). In the control group, we first injected D-galactosamine and then didn't treated. In the saline group, we first injected D-galactosamine and then injected saline. In the CP-1, CP-2, CP-3 group, we first injected D-galactosamine and then injected HA with Chijadaehwangtang applied to the Gansu($BL_{18}$), each 25.3mg/kg, 12.7mg/kg, 5.1mg/kg. HA with Chijadaehwangtang was treated at $20{\mu}{\ell}$ every second day, total 10 times in 20 days. We observed the changes of $\gamma$-GTP, GOT, GPT, total bilirubin, LDH, ALP, total cholesterol, triglyceride, SOD, Catalase and hepatic tissues. Results : 1. In the changes of $\gamma$-GTP, GOT contents, as compared with control group, CP-2 group was significantly decreased. 2. In the changes of GPT content, CP-1, CP-2, CP-3 groups as compared with control group were significantly decreased. 3. In the changes of LDH content, CP-3 group as compared with control group was significantly decreased. 4. In the changes of ALP content, all groups as compared with control group were significantly decreased. 5. In the changes of SOD, Catalase contents, CP-2 group as compared with control group was significantly increased. 6. In the morphological and histopathological changes of hepatic tissues, CP-2, CP-3 groups as compared with control group were improved. Conclusions : we observed HA with Chijadaehwangtang applied to the Gansu($BL_{18}$) can be effective treatment on hematological recovery and regenerative process in morphological liver change. Further studies about their underlying mechanism and concentrations may be needed to use HA with Chijadaehwangtang for liver injury clinically.

• Nutritional Sciences
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.82-91
• /
• 2006

This study was performed to investigate the effect of normal diet with or without naringin supplement on the lipid and antioxidant metabolism in ethanol-treated rats for a short tenn. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups (n=10), which were assigned to one of three dietary categories : $E_8$ : ethanol diet for 8 wks, $E_4N_4$ : ethanol diet for the first 4 wks and normal diet for the last 4 wks, $E_4Nna_4$ : ethanol diet for the first 4 wks and normal diet with naringin supplement for the last 4 wks. Plasma total cholesterol concentrations were significantly higher in ethanol fed rats for 8 weeks. The HDL-C/total-C ratios of the $E_4N_4$ and the $E_4Nna_4$ groups were significantly higher than that of the $E_8$ group, while the atherogenic index was lower in the $E_4N_4$ and the $E_4Nna_4$ groups than in the $E_8$ group. The $E_4N_4$ and $E_4Nna_4$ diets significantly lowered both the hepatic cholesterol and triglyceride levels compared to the $E_8$ group. Accumulation of hepatic lipid droplets was observed to be the highest in the $E_8$ group. In the current study, the naringin supplement to normal diet significantly lowered both the hepatic HMG-CoA reductase and ACAT activities in ethanol pre-treated rats for 4 weeks. Antioxidant enzyme activities were also upregulated when ethanol feeding was ceased. Naringin supplement given for 4 weeks after ethanol cessation resulted in a significant decrease in the plasma cholesterol and hepatic lipids and plasma TBARS as well as the hepatic HMG-CoA reductase and ACAT activities compared to the rats given ethanol diet for the entire 8 weeks. Replacement of normal diet following a short tenn ethanol feeding was effective for the recovery of ethanol-induced fatty liver and for normalizing plasma and hepatic lipid profiles and antioxidant enzyme activities, regardless of an additional phytochemical supplement, naringin. The effect of naringin could seemingly be more evident if its supplementation period had been extended longer than 4 weeks after ethanol cessation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.13 no.4
• /
• pp.413-420
• /
• 1984

Effects of bellflower and red ginseng on plasma and liver lipid metabolism in rats receiving dietary cholesterol were studied. During experimental period of 14 days the rats were divided into four dietary groups: standard diet: Control diet containing 1% cholesterol and 0.25% sodium cholate to the standard diet: bellflower diet containing 5% bellflower to the control diet, and red ginseng diet containing 5% red ginseng to the control diet. The contents of total cholesterol (TC), HDL-cholesterol(HC), total lipid(TL) and triglyceride(TG) in the plasma and liver were determined after 12 hours fasting. Liver weight of the rats fed control, bellflower or red ginseng diets was greater than that of the rats fed standard diet, however, kidney weight was greater at the standard group. Spleen weight was slightly greater in bellflower diet group. Rats fed control, bellflower and red ginseng diets showed significantly higher concentrations of TL, TC and TG, but lower concentration of HC in the plasma and liver than rats fed standard diet. Neither dietary bellflower nor red ginseng changed the levels of these four classes of lipid in the plasma of control diet group. But bellflower reduced the level of TG in the liver.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.19 no.12
• /
• pp.1790-1798
• /
• 2006

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of feeding cyanidin 3-glucoside (C3G) high black rice bran on nutrient digestibility, blood measurements, growth performance and pork quality of pigs. In Exp. I, a total of fifteen pigs (19.91${\pm}$1.80 kg, average initial body weight) were used in assay of nutrient digestibility and blood measurements. All pigs were allotted to 5 treatments with 3 replicates according to a completely randomized design (CRD) in an individual metabolic crate. Treatments included 1) CON: basal diet, 2) BRB-2: basal+brown rice bran 2%, 3) BRB-4: basal+brown rice bran 4%, 4) CRB-2: basal+C3G high black rice bran 2% and 5) CRB-4: basal+C3G high black rice bran 4%. The digestibility of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), crude fat (CF), crude ash (CA) and crude fiber (CF) was not affected by dietary treatments. Serum triglyceride (TG) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentrations were not affected by addition of C3G high black rice bran. However, at the end of experiment, pigs fed rice bran showed decreased tendency in total cholesterol concentration. Especially pigs fed C3G high black rice bran showed significantly lower total cholesterol concentration compared to pigs fed brown rice bran (p<0.03). There was numerically lower total cholesterol concentration with increasing levels of black rice bran in the diet. In terms of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT), there were no significant differences among treatments, even though pigs fed CRB-4 showed the lowest GOT concentration compared to other pigs. In Exp. II, sixteen finishing pigs (average initial body weight 89.96${\pm}$0.35 kg) were divided into 4 treatments to investigate the effect of feeding C3G high black rice bran on growth performance and pork quality. There were no significant differences in average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) among the treatments. Pigs fed C3G high black rice bran showed numerical decrease in ADG and increase in FCR while not effecting feed intake. There was no significant difference in live weight, carcass weight, carcass rate, backfat thickness and carcass grade. However, pigs fed C3G high black rice bran tended to show lower backfat thickness than pigs fed basal diet. Pigs fed C3G high black rice bran showed a tendency of decreased TBA value than pigs fed basal diet, although there was no overall significant difference among treatments. In conclusion, nutrient digestibility, blood measurements, growth performance and pork quality were not significantly affected by feeding C3G high black rice bran to pigs. However, C3G high black rice bran might have an effect on lowering serum total cholesterol and decrease the TBA value in pork compared to control group and these effects might be due to high concentration of antioxidative compounds in C3G high black rice bran.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.23 no.3
• /
• pp.685-694
• /
• 2009

This experimental study was designed to investigate the inhibitory effects of ethanol extract of modified Yukgunja-tang(mYGJT) on high-fat diet-induced obesity and hyperlipidemia in Sprague-Dawley rats, Animals were divided into normal, control, mYGJT(100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg) treated groups. Obesity with hyperlipidemia was induced by high fat diet treatment for 6 weeks. mYGJT was given to the amimals by oral gavage for 4 weeks, starting at the high-fat diet regimen, The effect of mYGJT on the differentiation of 3T3 L1 adipocytes in vitro and serological paramamters for obesity and hyperlipidemia in vivo were evaluated, mYGJT significnatly inhibited the differentiation of 3T3 L1 adipocytes in a concentration dependent manner. mYGJT treatment siginficantly reduced body weight, abdominal and epididymal fat weight, and FER(Food Efficiency Ratio) compared with control group in a dose dependent manner. It also signficantly inhibited the levels of serum total lipid, triglyceride, phospholipid, total cholesterol, LDL, AI(Atherosclerosis Index) and returned the serum HDL to normal. Total lipids, triglycerides and cholesterols in the liver, as well as malondialdehyde(MDA) and hydroxy radical in the serum were significantly reduced. However, superoxide dismutase(SOD) activity was significantly increased in mYGJT treated group compared with control group. Finally, mYGJT treatment signficantly decreased the MDA and protein carbonyl concentrations of the hepatic homogenate but signficantly increased the activities of SOD, GSH-Px and Catalase. Taken together, these results suggest that mYGJT can be clinically useful in inhibiting high-fat diet-induced obesity and hyperlipidemia.