Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition (한국식품영양과학회지)

The Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition (한국식품영양과학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Dose-Response of Chitooligosaccharide on Gut Ecology and Lipid Status in Rats

흰쥐에서 키토올리고당의 장 생태와 지질 상태에 미치는 용량에 따른 효과

  • 김연록 (대구대학교 식품영양학과) ;
  • 최영선 (대구대학교 식품영양학과)
  • Received : 2012.11.30
  • Accepted : 2013.02.05
  • Published : 2013.04.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This study was carried out to investigate the dose-response of chitooligosaccharide (with a molecular weight of 1~3 kDa) on antimicrobial activity and lipid lowering functions in rats. Sprague-Dawley male rats were given experimental diets containing 0 (control), 0.5, 2, or 5% chitooligosaccharide (COS) for 5 weeks. Weight gain and food intake were significantly lower in rats fed 5% COS than control rats and rats fed 0.5 and 2% COS. The numbers of fecal bacteria, including bifidobacteria, lactobacilli, bacteroides, total anaerobes, and total aerobes, which reflect gut microbiota, were significantly decreased in rats fed 5% COS. Plasma triglyceride concentrations significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner in rats fed 2% or 5% COS, while plasma total cholesterol was not significantly different among groups. The hepatic concentration of triglycerides was lower in rats fed 5% COS, and fecal triglycerides significantly increased in rats fed 5% COS. These results indicate that 5% COS supplementation in a diet may exert antimicrobial activity in vivo, and inhibit the proliferation of typical gut microbes, while lowering lipids.

본 연구는 흰쥐에서 저분자량(1~3 kDa) 키토올리고당(chitooligosaccharide, COS)이 장내 미생물에 미치는 항균활성과 지질 개선에 관한 용량-반응 효과를 조사하기 위하여 수행되었다. 4주령 된 Sprague-Dawley 수컷 32마리를 1주일 동안 사육 환경에 적응시킨 후 군당 8마리씩 4군으로 나누어서 고지방식이에 키토올리고당을 0%(대조식이), 0.5%, 2%, 5% 수준으로 첨가한 식이를 5주 동안 자유롭게 급여하였다. 실험식이 5주째에 장 통과시간을 측정하였고, 신선한 분변을 취하여 장내 균수를 측정하였으며, 희생 후 혈장 지질, 간 지질, GPT 활성, 분변 지질을 측정하였다. 체중 증가량과 식이섭취량은 COS 5% 첨가군에서 유의하게 낮았다. 분변 중 bifidobacteria, lactobacilli, bacteroides, total anaerobes, total aerobes 수는 대조군, COS 0.5% 첨가군과 COS 2% 첨가군 사이에 차이가 없었으나, COS 5% 첨가군에서는 모두 유의하게 감소하였다. 혈장 총 콜레스테롤, HDL-C 및 LDL-C 농도는 군간 차이가 없었으나, 중성지방 농도는 COS 2% 첨가군과 COS 5% 첨가군에서 유의하게 낮았으며, 키토올리고당의 용량이 높아질수록 낮았다. 간 조직의 중성지방 농도는 COS 5% 첨가군에서 낮았으며, 반면에 분변의 콜레스테롤 및 중성지방 농도는 COS 5% 첨가군에서 높았으나 담즙산은 차이가 없었다. 결론적으로 저분자량(1~3 kDa) 키토올리고당을 5% 첨가한 식이는 흰쥐의 식이섭취량, 체중증가량, 혈장 중성지방을 낮추어 지질 개선효과를 보였고, 분변의 혐기성균 중에 bacteroides의 균수를 크게 감소시켰으며 bifidobacteria와 lactobacilli 균수도 억제함으로써 장 미생물생태 변화를 초래하였다.

Keywords

References

  1. Son JK, Yoo J, Lee JW, Lee SB, Kwon IK. 2007. Review study of chitin oligosaccharide industry. J Chitin Chitosan 12: 187-197.
  2. Korea Food & Drug Administration. 2010. Chitosan/chitooligosaccharide: criterion and standard. Cheongwon, Korea.
  3. Tanaka Y, Tanioka SI, Tanaka M, Tanigawa T, Kitamura Y, Minami S, Okamoto Y, Miyashita M, Nanno M. 1997. Effects of chitin and chitosan particles on BALB/c mice by oral and parenteral administration. Biomaterials 18: 591-595. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(96)00182-2
  4. Liu B, Liu WS, Han BQ, Sun YY. 2007. Antidiabetic effects of chitooligosaccharides on pancreatic islet cells in streptozotocin- induced diabetic rats. World J Gastroenterol 13: 725-731. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v13.i5.725
  5. Sumiyoshi M, Kimura Y. 2006. Low molecular weight chitosan inhibits obesity induced by feeding a high-fat diet long-term in mice. J Pharm Pharmacol 58: 201-207. https://doi.org/10.1211/jpp.58.2.0007
  6. Yoon HJ, Moon ME, Park HS, Im SY, Kim YH. 2007. Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) inhibits LPS-induced inflammatory effects in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 358: 954-959. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.05.042
  7. Mendis E, Kim MM, Rajapakse N, Kim SK. 2007. An in vitro cellular analysis of the radical scavenging efficacy of chitooligosaccharides. Life Sci 80: 2118-2127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2007.03.016
  8. Nam KS, So MS, Shon YH. 2007. Effect of chitosan oligosaccharide on carcinogenesis. J Chitin Chitosan 12: 95-98.
  9. Xia W, Liu P, Zhang J, Chen J. 2011. Biological activities of chitosan and chitooligosaccharides. Food Hydrocolloids 25: 170-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2010.03.003
  10. Jung BO, Kim BR, Park HJ, Oh DY, Chung SJ. 2006. Antimicrobial activities of chitooligosaccharide and water-soluble chitosan. J Chitin Chitosan 11: 108-112.
  11. Fernandes JC, Tavaria FK, Soares JC, Ramos OS, Joao Monteiro MJ, Pintado ME, Xavier Malcata F. 2008. Antimicrobial effects of chitosans and chitooligosaccharides, upon Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli , in food model systems. Food Microbiol 25: 922-928. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2008.05.003
  12. Lee HS, Chung BO, Chung SJ, Lee GW, Kim IS, Choi YS, Choi CY. 2005. Antimicrobial activities of water-soluble chitosan and EuCs chitosan-derivatives. J Chitin Chitosan 10: 139-145.
  13. Lee JW, Son JK, Hahn H, Seo JH, Cho DM. 2012. The market analysis of chitosan and its derivatives in Japan. J Chitin Chitosan 17: 111-115.
  14. Eaton P, Fernandes JC, Pereira E, Pintado ME, Xavier Malcata F. 2008. Atomic force microscopy study of the antibacterial effects of chitosans on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Untramicroscopy 108: 1128-1134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultramic.2008.04.015
  15. Jeon YJ, Park PJ, Kim SK. 2001. Antimicrobial effect of chitooligosaccharides produced by bioreactor. Carbohydr Polym 44: 71-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0144-8617(00)00200-9
  16. Park PJ, Je YJ, Byun HG, Moon SH, Kim SK. 2004. Antimicrobial activity of hetero-chitosans and their oligosaccharides with different molecular weights. J Microbiol Biotechnol 14: 317-323.
  17. Lee HW, Park YS, Jung JS, Shin WS. 2002. Chitosan oligosaccharides, dp 2-8, have prebiotic effect on the Bifidobacterium bifidium and Lactobacillus sp. Anaerobe 8: 319-324. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1075-9964(03)00030-1
  18. Simunek J, Koppova I, Filip L, Tishchenko G, Belzecki G. 2010. The antimicrobial action of low-molar-mass chitosan, chitosan derivatives and chitooligosaccharides on bifidobacteria. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 55: 379-382. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12223-010-0063-0
  19. Simunek J, Brandysova V, Koppova I, Simunek J Jr. 2012. The antimicrobial action of chitosan, low-molar-mass chitosan, and chitooligosaccharides on human colonic bacteria. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 57: 341-345. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12223-012-0138-1
  20. Kim KN, Joo ES, Kim KI, Kim SK, Yang HP, Jeon YJ. 2005. Effect of chitosan oligosaccharides on cholesterol level and antioxidant enzyme activities in hypercholesterolemic rat. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr 34: 36-41. https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2005.34.1.036
  21. Kim HS, Seong JH. 2008. Effects of chitosan oligosaccharide supplementation on blood glucose, lipid components and enzyme activities in hyperglycemic rats. Korean J Food & Nutr 21: 328-335.
  22. Lee JH, Hwang SY, Lee YS. 2005. Preventive effects of chitosan on the disorders of hepatic functions and lipid metabolism in rats treated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzop- dioxin (TCDD). Korean J Nutr 38: 689-697.
  23. Liu J, Zhang J, Xia W. 2008. Hypocholesterolaemic effects of different chitosan samples in vitro and in vivo. Food Chem 107: 419-425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.08.044
  24. Reeves PG, Nielsen FH, Fahey GC Jr. 1993. AIN-93 purified diets for laboratory rodents: final report of the American Institute of Nutrition Ad Hoc Writing Committee on the reformulation of the AIN-76A rodent diet. J Nutr 123: 1939-1951. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/123.11.1939
  25. Sung HY, Lim YJ, Choi YS. 2006. Soy isoflavones do not alter the effects of fructooligosaccharide on the intestinal ecosystem of colon-cancer model rats. Food Sci Biotechnol 15: 931-936.
  26. Ji GE, Lee SK, Kim IH. 1994. Improved selective medium for isolation and enumeration of Bifidobacterium sp. Korean J Food Sci Technol 26: 526-531.
  27. Fridewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. 1972. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem 18: 499-502.
  28. Folch J, Lees M, Sloane Stanley GH. 1957. A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipides from animal tissues. J Biol Chem 226: 497-509.
  29. Omodeo Salè F, Marchesini S, Fishman PH, Berra B. 1984. A sensitive enzymatic assay for determination of cholesterol in lipid extracts. Anal Biochem 142: 347-350. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(84)90475-5
  30. Crowell MJ, Macdonald IA. 1980. Enzymic determination of $3{\alpha}$-, $7{\alpha}$-, and $12{\alpha}$-hydroxyl groups of fecal bile salts. Clin Chem 26: 1298-1300.
  31. Choi EH, Yang HP, Chun HS. 2012. Chitooligosaccharide ameliorates diet-induced obesity in mice and affects adipose gene expression involved in adipogenesis and inflammation. Nutr Res 32: 218-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2012.02.004
  32. Drozdowski L, Thomson AB. 2006. Intestinal mucosal adaptation. World J Gastroenterol 12: 4614-4627. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v12.i29.4614
  33. Chun W, Bamba T, Hosoda S. 1989. Effect of pectin, a soluble dietary fiber, on functional and morphological parameters of the small intestine in rats. Digestion 42: 22-29. https://doi.org/10.1159/000199821
  34. Wang JP, Yoo JS, Kim HJ, Lee JH, Kim IH. 2009. Nutrient digestibility, blood profiles and fecal microbiota are influenced by chitooligosaccharide supplementation of growing pigs. Livestock Science 125: 298-303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2009.05.011
  35. Kim SK, Rajapakse N. 2005. Enzymatic production and biological activities of chitosan oligosaccharides (COS): A review. Carbohydr Polym 62: 357-368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2005.08.012
  36. Jeon YJ, Kim SK. 2001. Effect of antimicrobial activity by chitosan oligosaccharide N-conjugated with asparagine. J Microbiol Biotechnol 11: 281-286.
  37. Chung YC, Su YP, Chen CC, Jia G, Wang HL, Wu JC, Lin JG. 2004. Relationship between antibacterial activity of chitosan and surface characteristics of cell wall. Acta Pharmacol Sin 25: 932-936.
  38. Jeon YJ, Kim SK. 1999. Effects of chitooligosaccharides on acute oral toxicity. J Chitin Chitosan 4: 115-120.
  39. Hwang EK. 2006. Effect of chitosan on major lipid-related parameters in sera of rats fed high fat diet. J Vet Clin 23:251-257.