• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.274-280
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to identify the species of coffin woods excavated at Mundangdong in Gimcheon and to date this coffin by using tree-ring method. All coffin woods were identified as red pines, most possibly, Pinus densiflora S. et Z. Tree-ring dating provided absolute years of 3 among 19 coffins. Both I-9 and II-22 coffins were estimated to be made in the mid-seventeenth century, and I-65-1 in the mid-sixteenth century. Others possessed too few rings to be dated.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.424-431
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• 2010

Yungneung is the royal tomb of King Jangjo (the Crown Prince Sado, 1735~1762) and his wife, Hyegyeonggung-the Lady Hong (1735~1815). King Jangjo was the second son of the 21st King Yeongjo of the Joseon Dynasty. The tomb of King Jangjo was originally established at Yangju near Seoul in 1762 and moved to Whaseong near Suwon in 1789. We examined tree-ring (dendrochronological) dates of Jeongjagak, the ceremonial hall and Bigak, the tombstone house of Yungneung. We obtained tree-ring dates of 54 wood elements. The dates of bark rings were A.D. 1785, 1786, and 1787 with completed latewoods. These tree-ring dates were well matched with the historically recorded date of two buildings, A.D. 1789 when two or three year-storage after cutting logs was considered. The results indicated that the present buildings of Yungneung was built when the royal tomb of King Jangjo was moved from Yangju to Suwon. A historical record about the construction of Yungneung, 'Hyeonyungwon-eugye' confirmed the majority of woods was moved from 'Manrichang', an official storage office in Seoul through Han river and Yellow Sea to Suwon.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.6 s.113
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• pp.40-50
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• 2006

This study was carried out to examine the tree-ring growth characteristics of Zelkova serrata Makino after replanting, for the built-up planting founds for stability of landscaped trees in the reclaimed land from the sea. the factors, many affecting the growths of Zelkova serrata Makino, were the replanting stress and drought. The growth reduction due to replanting and drought occurred in the replanting year and the following year. The mean sensitivity(year-to-year variation) and the coefficient of variation(tree-to-tree variation in a certain year) in tree rings of Zelkova serrate Makino, were higher in the poor soil sites than in the favourable soil ones. And the poor soil sites were the filled ground of improve soil and the covered ground of improve soil and the top ground of big mounding than mounding ground sites, especially soil hardness, alkali soil, high $Na^+\;and\;K^+,\;low\;Ca^{++}\;and\;Mg^{++}$ and T-C were the most crucial. We suggest technique development of the built-up planting ground for stability in the reclaimed land from the sea. The built-up planting grounds in reclaimed land from the sea, should be considered for the use of fair soil with the physical and chemical soil properties, -high level foundation of planting ground, and the prevention of disturbed soil-.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.94 no.5 s.162
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• pp.313-320
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• 2005

This study was performed in a 38-year-old Mongolian pine (Pinus sylvestris L. var. mongolica Litvin) plantation in northeast China. Data were collected from 5 sample trees with different canopy position ranging in DBH from 14.6 cm to 23.8 cm. Sawn speciments that included the biggest knot were taken from the stem below the living crown. Number and distribution of knots per whorl below the living crown were studied by relative height below living crown (RHBC). A linear model expressed as function of whorl age (AGE), whorl height ($H_k$) and the stem diameter at which the whorl was located ($D_k$) was developed to predict the knot diameter and angle. The number of annual rings in four periods and the width of respective zone alone stem were used as dependant variables to analyze the knot develop phases. In average, the number of years from branch birth to ceased forming rings was 7.8, the branches remained alive for 4.2 years without forming annual rings, and branches were occluded 14.4 years after their death. These results can provide abundance branch and knot information so as to describe current and past tree growth dynamic of Mongolian pine plantation.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.55-60
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• 2014

The objective of this study was to date a Buddhist wooden Tablet (No. 271) at Songkwangsa Temple, Suncheon, Korea, using wiggle matching of radiocarbon dates. For wiggle matching, three samples (2nd, 16th and 34~35th rings from inner side) in the pedestal of the Tablet were selected among total of 37 tree rings. Wiggle matching the radiocarbon dates of three samples resulted in A.D. 1660~1679 (95.4% confidence interval) for the outermost ring. This interval suggested the age of this tablet as the late 17th century, which was almost at the same age as other early Buddhist tablets in Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.569-576
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• 2020

This study investigated the characteristics of microfibril angle(MFA) in order to see if there was any difference in pine tree lumber quality among the three mountain areas surrounding the Taebaek Mountains in Korea - Yeongdong (Goseong-gun), Yeongseo (Hongcheon-gun) and Yeongnam (Bonghwa-gun). Pine trees of each mountain area were divided into earlywood and latewood in relation to heartwood part (1959 ~ 1961, 3 annual rings) and sapwood part (2002 ~ 2004, 3annual rings), and measured at tangential section. The microfibril angle showed significant differences between mountain areas. In general, Goseong Mountain was found to have 37.35°, followed by Hongcheon Mountain 32.42° and Bonghwa Mountain 25.75°, in order. The sapwood part had larger angle than heartwood part; and earlywood, than latewood. Variation within a single annual ring tended to be smaller from earlywood toward latewood.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.75-91
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• 1993

Structure and dynamics of Abies koreana community in Mt. Gaya were studied to provide the basic data for conservation of Abies koreana community, an endemic species in Korea. A. koreana community of this study site was composed of tree layer (4~7m), subtree layer (2~4m), shrub layer (1~2m), and herb layer (below 1m). The heights of tree and subtree layers were low. Floristic composition showed that this study site was subalpine and dry site. In frequency distribution diagram of diameter classes of major species consisting of A. koreana community, those of both A. koreana and other species showed reverse J-shaped types. From these results, it was estimated that A. koreana community of this site might be maintained continuously as a stable climax state like present state. In the spatal distribution diagram of major species, saplings of A. koreana were established under the canopy of A. koreana and Pinus koraiensis and under the dead tree of A. koreana. From these results, it was known that A. koreana saplings were recruited before the community was disturbed and regeneration was accomplished by advance regeneration pattern, in which these saplings established before occurrence of disturbance fill with open site originated from death of mature tree. Growth of annual rings was variable among individuals, it was estimated that such variation was originated in that growth of each individual relates to microclimatic conditions rather than macroclimatic ones. Ecological longevity of A. koreana in this study site estimated by disturbance types and age of dead trees was about 120 years.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.109 no.1
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• pp.62-71
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• 2020

With the aim of restoring slow-moving landslide areas, this study collected fundamental data from tree-ring analysis of curved trees in these areas. We collected both upper and lower stem disks to measure the azimuth angles of six trees with growth curvature caused by tension cracks. Additionally, we analyzed various factors in the slow moving landslide area. The geological strata and main constitutive rocks in the study area were anorthosite-formed in the Precambrian period; moreover, there were no intrusive rocks, other geological strata, geological folds, or faults. The talus with weathered rocks was distributed in the upper zone of the slow-moving landslide area. According to annual-ring analysis of curved trees and terrain analysis by satellite imagery, slow-moving landslide occurred from the top to the bottom end of the slope between 1999 and 2011. There was a significant relationship (P < 0.01) between the azimuth angle of cracks caused by the slow-moving landslide and the angle of the curved trees. These results suggest that the occurrence of slow-moving landslides could be confirmed through analysis of annual-rings of curved trees, underground water levels, and terrain (by satellite imagery).

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.53-63
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• 2003

Tree-ring chronologies can be used to date historical buildings by matching them with the chronologies of living trees or previously dated samples. Tree-ring dating gives a calendar year to each tree ring and produces the felling dates of logs or woods which had been used for buildings. In Korea, several chronologies of Japanese red pine(Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc., 'sonamu' in Korean), a major species for the wooden building materials, have been developed and used for dating historical buildings. In this study, Tongmyungjeon Hall of Changkyung Palace in Seoul was dated by tree rings. The present Tongmyungjeon Hall was known to be reconstructed in A.D. 1834 after burned-out in A.D. 1790. We sampled total of 122 wood samples which were replaced during the repair process in 2002-2003. Felling dates of the samples were determined by the dendrochronological crossdating method. Crossdating method employs graphic comparison of the master patterns (ring-width chronologies of known dates) with those of the sample chronologies of unknown dates. Tree-ring dates confirmed that the reconstruction of 1834 utilized second-handed timbers as well as fresh-cut ones. The felling dates of wooden floor frames were mostly A.D. 1913, indicating the 'Ondol' floors were changed to the wooden floors around 1914 when the Japanese rulers brutally destroyed the royal Korean Palaces and transformed palace buildings to their offices or exhibition halls after occupying Korea in 1910. This study proved that tree-ring dating was a useful and accurate method to identify the critical dates for the history of Korean traditional buildings.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.515-525
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• 2016

The Palsangjeon Pagoda is a five-story wooden building in the Beopjusa Temple area in the Songnisan national park in Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea. According to historical records, it was constructed in either AD 1605 or AD 1626. To specify the construction year more precisely, we took 41 wood samples for tree-ring analysis during repair actions in 2013; 28 from red pine (Pinus densiflora S. et Z.), 12 from oak (Quercus spp.), and 1 from fir (Abies spp.). The tree-ring boundaries became clearly visible by smoothing their cross-sectional surface and the tree-ring widths were measured under a stereo microscope. All tree-ring series were compared with each other to establish mean chronologies, which we then compared with local master chronologies established using tree rings collected from wooden elements of the Daeungjeon Hall which is the main building in the Beopjusa Temple area. As a result, it was verified that the red pines were felled in AD 1624 and in AD 1851. Moreover, it was verified that the oaks were also felled in AD 1624 based on cross-dating with the red pine chronology. We concluded that the Palsangjeon Wooden Pagoda was constructed in AD 1626, as mentioned in the historical record (Daeungdaekwangmyeongjeonbulsangki, 1630) and the letters on a purlin on the $4^{th}$ story, using oak and red pine felled in AD 1624 and repaired later on using red pine felled in AD 1851.