• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.451-457
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• 2016

For a carferry with a displacement of 1,633 tonf, a seakeeping analysis-based direct load approach (DLA) was used in Part I of these series, where the final deliverable was the long-term probabilistic acceleration components. In Part II of these series, the tangential acceleration components are explained based on two approaches: a standard called the IMO CSS code and simple formulas with the probable maximum roll and pitch rotations. The subsequent tangential acceleration-induced external force components are also introduced for these two approaches. The lashing strength components were selected from the IMO CSS code. It was assumed that two different vehicles (a car and a truck) were stowed at the most distant locations on the main deck to assume the largest tangential acceleration components and were secured with four steel wires with longitudinal and transverse lashing angles of $45^{\circ}$. Four cases were considered, with different methods for predicting the acceleration components and different tools for the external loads and lashing strengths involved: cases Rule-LS (rule-based maximum probable roll and pitch angles for predicting the acceleration components in conjunction with LashingSafety), DLA-LS (seakeeping-based long-term acceleration components with LashingSafety), CSS-LC (IMO CSS code-based acceleration components using LashCon), and CSS-LS (IMO CSS code-based acceleration components using LashingSafety). In terms of the acceleration and external force components, the CSS-LC and CSS-LS results are more than two times the results of Rule-LS. Thus, when the external forces and lashing strengths are evaluated using CSS-LC and CSS-LS, the truck needs more lashing wires, while Rule-LS and DLA-LS predict that the present lashing configuration is on the safe side.

• Interaction and multiscale mechanics
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.95-110
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• 2010

In recent years, study of the static response of pavements to moving vehicle and aircraft loads has received significant attention because of its relevance to the design of pavements and airport runways. The static response of beams resting on an elastic foundation and subjected to moving loads was studied by several researchers in the past. However, most of these studies were limited to steady-state analytical solutions for infinitely long beams resting on Winkler-type elastic foundations. Although the modelling of subgrade as a continuum is more accurate, such an approach can hardly be incorporated in analysis due to its complexity. In contrast, the two-parameter foundation model provides a better way for simulating the underlying soil medium and is conceptually more appealing than the one-parameter (Winkler) foundation model. The finite element method is one of the most suitable mathematical tools for analysing rigid pavements under moving loads. This paper presents an improved solution algorithm based on the finite element method for the static analysis of rigid pavements under moving vehicular or aircraft loads. The concrete pavement is discretized by finite and infinite beam elements, with the latter for modelling the infinity boundary conditions. The underlying soil medium is modelled by the Pasternak model allowing the shear interaction to exist between the spring elements. This can be accomplished by connecting the spring elements to a layer of incompressible vertical elements that can deform in transverse shear only. The deformations and forces maintaining equilibrium in the shear layer are considered by assuming the shear layer to be isotropic. A parametric study is conducted to investigate the effect of the position of moving loads on the response of pavement.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.453-475
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• 2009

The literature regarding the free vibration analysis of Bernoulli-Euler and Timoshenko beams on elastic soil is plenty, but the free vibration analysis of Reddy-Bickford beams on elastic soil with/without axial force effect using the Differential Transform Method (DTM) has not been investigated by any of the studies in open literature so far. In this study, the free vibration analysis of axially loaded Reddy-Bickford beam on elastic soil is carried out by using DTM. The model has six degrees of freedom at the two ends, one transverse displacement and two rotations, and the end forces are a shear force and two end moments in this study. The governing differential equations of motion of the rectangular beam in free vibration are derived using Hamilton's principle and considering rotatory inertia. Parameters for the relative stiffness, stiffness ratio and nondimensionalized multiplication factor for the axial compressive force are incorporated into the equations of motion in order to investigate their effects on the natural frequencies. At first, the terms are found directly from the analytical solutions of the differential equations that describe the deformations of the cross-section according to the high-order theory. After the analytical solution, an efficient and easy mathematical technique called DTM is used to solve the governing differential equations of the motion. The calculated natural frequencies of one end fixed and the other end simply supported Reddy-Bickford beam on elastic soil using DTM are tabulated in several tables and figures and are compared with the results of the analytical solution where a very good agreement is observed and the mode shapes are presented in graphs.

• Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.7-13
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• 2002

The behaviors of the reinforced concrete membrane elements are expected by Navier's three principles of the mechanics of materials. The adopted cyclic stress-strain curves of concrete consist of seven different unloading and loading stages in the compressive zone and six other stages in the tensile zone. The curves took into account the softening of concrete that was influenced by the tensile strain in the perpendicular direction of cracks. The stress-strain relationships for steel bar embedded in concrete subjected to reversed cyclic forces considered the tension stiffening effect and Baushinger effect. The predicted results of the analysis based on Navier's principles were in good agreement with the observed shear stress-strain relationships as well as transverse and longitudinal strains.

• Journal of Ship and Ocean Technology
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.12-23
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• 2006

In this paper, a numerical study is carried out to investigate the turbulent flow around a twin-skeg container ship model with rudders including propeller effects. A commercial CFD code, FLUENT is used with body forces distributed on the propeller disk to simulate the ship stem and wake flows with the propeller in operation. A multi-block, matching, structured grid system has been generated for the container ship hull with twin-skegs in consideration of rudders and body-force propeller disks. The RANS equations for incompressible fluid flows are solved numerically by using a finite volume method. For the turbulence closure, a Reynolds stress model is used in conjunction with a wall function. Computations are carried out for the bare hull as well as the hull with appendages of a twin-skeg container ship model. For the bare hull, the computational results are compared with experimental data and show generally a good agreement. For the hull with appendages, the changes of the stem flow by the rudders and the propellers have been analyzed based on the computed result since there is no experimental data available for comparison. It is found the flow incoming to the rudders has an angle of attack due to the influence of the skegs and thereby the hull surface pressure and the limiting streamlines are changed slightly by the rudders. The axial velocity of the propeller disk is found to be accelerated overall by about 35% due to the propeller operation with the rudders. The area and the magnitude of low pressure on the hull surface enlarge with the flow acceleration caused by the propeller. The propellers are found to have an effect on up to the position where the skeg begins. The propeller slipstream is disturbed strongly by the rudders and the flow is accelerated further and the transverse velocity vectors are weakened due to the flow rectifying effect of the rudder.

• Special Issue of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• 2015.09a
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• pp.50-55
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• 2015

Application of newly conceptualized Anti-Splash Devices designed for COT vent pipes were studied on a P/V valve located on the upper deck of an oil carrier vessel. Anti-Splash devices are used in the shipbuilding industry in order to avoid oil overflow and spray accidents caused by excess pressure and vacuum condition in the cargo oil tanks. These conditions are caused by the transverse and longitudinal sloshing forces that arise from ship motion during sea voyages. The main issue with existing Anti-Splash device model is flux at the outlet of the Anti-Splash Device, and so, new conceptual models for the Anti-Splash device were developed and compared to existing Anti-Splash device model using CFD analysis. Transient analysis was used to capture the flow and velocity of each model and a comparative analysis was performed between old and new-concept models. This data was used to determine the optimal design parameters in order to develop an optimized Anti-Splash Device. A Factory acceptance test was performed on the new-concept models in order to verify the performance and efficiency against their design requirements and other criterion. The final step performed was to apply the optimized Anti-Splash Device models for COT vent pipes to an actual vessel and verify performance through a seawater cargo operation during a sea voyage as per the ship owner's request. The patent for the aforementioned device was obtained by the Korean Intellectual property Office dated Dec. 18th,2014.

• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.102-115
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• 2020

In this study, the SST k - ω turbulence model and the sliding mesh technology based on RANS method have been adopted to simulate the exciting force and hydrodynamic of a pump-jet propulsor in different oblique inflow angle (0°, 10°, 20°, 30°) and different advance ratio (J = 0.95, J = 1.18, J = 1.58).The fully structured grid and full channel model have been adopted to improved computational accuracy. The classical skewed marine propeller E779A with different advance ratio was carried out to verify the accuracy of the numerical simulation method. The grid independence was verified. The time-domain data of pump-jet propulsor exciting force including bearing force and fluctuating pressure in different working conditions was monitored, and then which was converted to frequency domain data by fast Fourier transform (FFT). The variation laws of bearing force and fluctuating pressure in different advance ratio and different oblique flow angle has been presented. The influence of the peak of pulsation pressure in different oblique flow angle and different advance ratio has been presented. The results show that the exciting force increases with the increase of the advance ratio, the closer which is to the rotor domain and the closer to the blades tip, the greater the variation of the pulsating pressure. At the same time, the exciting force decrease with the oblique flow angle increases. And the vertical and transverse forces will change more obviously, which is the main cause of the exciting force. In addition, the pressure distribution and the velocity distribution of rotor blades tip in different oblique flow angles has been investigated.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.419-432
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• 2023

Beam-column joints are a critical component of reinforced concrete frame structures. They are responsible for transferring forces between adjoining beams and columns while limiting story drifts and maintaining structural integrity. During severe loading, beam-column joints deform significantly, affecting, and sometimes governing, the overall response of frame structures. While most failure modes for beam and column elements are commonly considered in plastic-hinge-based global frame analyses, the beam-column joint failure modes, such as concrete shear and reinforcement bond slip, are frequently omitted. One reason for this is the dearth of published guidance on what type of hinges to use, how to derive the joint hinge properties, and where to place these hinges. Many beam-column joint models are available in literature but their adoption by practicing structural engineers has been limited due to their complex nature and lack of practical application tools. The objective of this study is to provide a comparative review of the available beam-column joint models and present a practical joint modeling approach for integration into commonly used global frame analysis software. The presented modeling approach uses rotational spring models and is capable of modeling both interior and exterior joints with or without transverse reinforcement. A spreadsheet tool is also developed to execute the mathematical calculations and derive the shear stress-strain and moment-rotation curves ready for inputting into the global frame analysis. The application of the approach is presented by modeling a beam column joint specimen which was tested experimentally. Important modeling considerations are also presented to assist practitioners in properly modeling beam-column joints in frame analyses.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.503-517
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• 2022

This paper presents the mechanical buckling of bi-directional functionally graded sandwich beams (BFGSW) with various boundary conditions employing a quasi-3D beam theory, including an integral term in the displacement field, which reduces the number of unknowns and governing equations. The beams are composed of three layers. The core is made from two constituents and varies across the thickness; however, the covering layers of the beams are made of bidirectional functionally graded material (BFGSW) and vary smoothly along the beam length and thickness directions. The power gradation model is considered to estimate the variation of material properties. The used formulation reflects the transverse shear effect and uses only three variables without including the correction factor used in the first shear deformation theory (FSDT) proposed by Timoshenko. The principle of virtual forces is used to obtain stability equations. Moreover, the impacts of the control of the power-law index, layer thickness ratio, length-to-depth ratio, and boundary conditions on buckling response are demonstrated. Our contribution in the present work is applying an analytical solution to investigate the stability behavior of bidirectional FG sandwich beams under various boundary conditions.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.89 no.6
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• pp.579-588
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• 2024

The present paper investigates the curvature ductility of confined reinforced concrete (RC) beams with normal (NSC) and high strength concrete (HSC). For the purpose of predicting the curvature ductility factor, an analytical model was developed based on the equilibrium of internal forces of confined concrete and reinforcement. In this context, the curvatures were calculated at first yielding of tension reinforcement and at ultimate when the confined concrete strain reaches the ultimate value. To best simulate the situation of confined RC beams in flexure, a modified version of an ancient confined concrete model was adopted for this study. In order to show the accuracy of the proposed model, an experimental database was collected from the literature. The statistical comparison between experimental and predicted results showed that the proposed model has a good performance. Then, the data generated from the validated theoretical model were used to train the artificial neural network (ANN) prediction model. The R² values for theoretical and experimental results are equal to 0.98 and 0.95, respectively which proves the high performance of the ANN model. Finally, a parametric study was implemented to analyze the effect of different parameters on the curvature ductility factor using theoretical and ANN models. The results are similar to those extracted from experiments, where the concrete strength, the compression reinforcement ratio, the yield strength, and the volumetric ratio of transverse reinforcement have a positive effect. In contrast, the ratio and the yield strength of tension reinforcement have a negative effect.