• Development and Reproduction
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.67-77
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• 2000

Snailfish usually lives at the bottom of the sea and showed typical retrogressive change with specialized tissue structures of skin and skeletons. In order to obtain the specific genes of snailfish, highly expressed in the body, we made subtracted cDNA library and analyzed 200 clones. Totally 200 clones were obtained and sequenced, and among them 62 clones were turned out to be homologous to the known gene, i.e., thioesterase (9), myosin (8), creatine kinase (7), skeletal alpha-actin (6), parvalbumin b (5), ribosomal protein (5), type I collagen (3), muscle troponin (3), dopamine receptor (2), histatin (2), and heat shock protein (2), cystatin (1), lectin (1), statherin (1), secretory carrier membrane protein (1), keratin type I (1), desmin (1), chloroplast (1), muscle tropomyosin (1), reticulum calcium ATPase (1), ribonucleoprotein (1). The remaining 138 clones were low homologous or non-redundant genes through Genbank search. Especially 5 clones were novel and specifically expressed in the body tissues of Snailfish by in situ hybridization. Therefore, we analysed these 5 clones to identify the C-terminal protein structures and motifs, and partly defined the roles of these proteins in comparison with the expression patterns by in situ hybridization. C9O-77, about 5000 bp, was supposed to be a matrix protein expressed strongly positive in epithelium, myxoid tissue, fibrous tissue and collagenous tissue. C9O-116, about 1500 bp, was supposed to be a transmembrane protein which was weakly expressed in the fibrous tissue, epithelium tissue, and myxoid tissue, but strong in muscle tissue. C9O-130, about 1200 bp, was supposed to be an intracytoplasmic molecule usually in the epithelial cells. C9O-161, about 2000 bp, was weakly expressed in epithelium, muscle tissue and myxoid tissue, but specially strong in epithelium. C9O-171, about 1000 bp, was supposed to be a transcription factor containing zinc finger like domain, which was intensely expressed in the epithelium, muscle tissue, fibrous tissue, and in collagenous tissue.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.479-490
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• 2020

Interleukin-9 (IL-9) is well known for its role in allergic inflammation. For cancer, both pro- and anti-tumor effects of IL-9 were controversially reported, but the impact of IL-9 on tumor metastasis has not yet been clarified. In this study, IL-9 was expressed as a secretory form (sIL-9) and a membrane-bound form (mbIL-9) on B16F10 melanoma cells. The mbIL-9 was engineered as a chimeric protein with the transmembrane and cytoplasmic region of TNF-α. The effect of either mbIL-9 or sIL-9 expressing cells were analyzed on the metastasis capability of the cancer cells. After three weeks of tumor implantation into C57BL/6 mice through the tail vein, the number of tumor modules in lungs injected with IL-9 expressing B16F10 was 5-fold less than that of control groups. The percentages of CD4⁺ T cells, CD8⁺ T cells, NK cells, and M1 macrophages considerably increased in the lungs of the mice injected with IL-9 expressing cells. Among them, the M1 macrophage subset was the most significantly enhanced. Furthermore, peritoneal macrophages, which were stimulated with either sIL-9 or mbIL-9 expressing transfectant, exerted higher anti-tumor cytotoxicity compared with that of the mock control. The IL-9-stimulated peritoneal macrophages were highly polarized to M1 phenotype. Stimulation of RAW264.7 macrophages with sIL-9 or mbIL-9 expressing cells also significantly increased the cytotoxicity of those macrophages against wild-type B16F10 cells. These results clearly demonstrate that IL-9 can induce an anti-metastasis effect by enhancing the polarization and proliferation of M1 macrophages.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.518-524
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• 2008

Chromosome 18q alteration plays a key role in colorectal tumorigenesis, and loss of heterozygosity at 18q is associated with a poor prognosis in colon cancer. DCC(Deleted in Colorectal Cancer) is a putative tumor- suppressor gene at 18q21 that encodes a transmembrane protein with structural similarity to neural cell adhesion molecule that is involved in both epithelial and neuronal cell differentiation. DCC is implicated in regulation of cell growth, survival and proliferation. Thus, tumor progression in squamous cell carcinoma, stomach cancer, colorectal cancer correlates with downregulation of DCC expression. The mechanism for DCC suppression is associated with hypermethylation of the DCC gene promoter region. Hence, the goal of this study is to identify the promoter methylation responsible for the down-regulation of DCC expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma. 12 of tissue specimens for the study are excised and gathered from 12 patients who are diagnosed as SCC in department of OMS, dental hospital, dankook university. To find expression of DCC in each tissue samples, immunohistochemical staining, RT-PCR gene analysis and methylation specific PCR are processed. The results are as follows. 1. In the DCC gene RT-PCR analysis, 5(41.6%) of 12 specimens of oral squamous cell carcinoma did not expressed DCC gene. 2. In the promoter methylation specific PCR analysis, 5(41.6%) of 12 specimens showed promoter methylation of DCC gene. 3. In the immunohistochemical staining of poor differentiated and invasive oral squamous cell carcinoma, loss of DCC expression was observed. These findings suggest that methylation of the DCC gene may play a role in loss of gene expression in invasive oral squamous cell carcinoma.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.17
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• pp.329-333
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• 2001

Apoptosis is the normal physiological process of cell death essential for the maintenance of homeostasis. The function of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and adenine diphosphate (ADP) ribosylation (transfer of ADP-ribose to proteins) reactions in modifying apoptosis have recently been of great interest. Recently. CD38. a type 2 transmembrane glycoprotein expressed in hematopoietic and non hematopoietic cell lines. has been reported to possess NAD glycohydrolase activity (Han. 1999) and PC-1 and CD38 NADase regulates T cells by inhibition of phosphodiesterase/pyrophosphatase activity of PC-1 by its association with glycosaminoglycan (Hozada et al., 1999). Sindhuphak et al. (2000) has reported that cervical cancer cells can be differentiated from normal cells by using FTIR (Fourier-Transformed Infrared) technique. which has characterized shifts to be due to the phosphodiester bond in nucleic acid. protein amide I&II. carbohydrate and glycogen bands. Mechanisms how phosphodiester bond shift in cervical cancer cells as compared to control cells remain to be elucidated. Suramana et al. (2000) as well as Lohitnavy and Sinhaseni (1998) have studied methomyl and colchicine effects in rat splenocytes. Lactate Dehydroge-nase Isozymes 3 (LDH3) and LDH4 were observed to increase transiently and subsided in plasma of rats exposed to 6~8 mg/kg methomyl after 48 hours. Phosphodiester bond shift of nucleic acid. detected by FTIR. was also reported (Suramana et al., 2000). We report here, after analysis of bond shift patterns. a similar bond shifts detected by FTIR spectrum observed in human cervical cells and splenocytes of rats exposed orally to 2~8 mg/kg methomyl as well as rats exposed to colchicine 2~6 mg/kg orally.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.138-145
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• 2007

Anabaena sensory rhodopsin is a seven transmembrane protein that uses all-trans/13-cis retinal as a chromophore. About 22 residues in the retinal-binding pocket of microbial rhodopsins are conserved and important to control the quality of absorbing light and the function of ion transport or sensory transduction. The absorption maximum is 550 nm in the presence of all-trans retinal at dark. Here, we mutated Pro206 to Glu or Asp, of which the residue is conserved as Asp among all other microbial rhodopsins, and the absorption maximum and pKa of the proton acceptor group were measured by absorption spectroscopy at various pHs. Anabaena rhodopsin was expressed best in Escherichia coli in the absence of extra leader sequence when exogenous all-trans retinal was added. The wild-type Anabaena rhodopsin showed small absorption maximum changes between pH4 and 11. In addition, Pro206Asp showed 46 nm blue-shift at pH7.0. Pro206Glu or Asp may change the contribution to the electron distribution of the retinal that is involved in the major role of color tuning for this pigment. The critical residue Ser86 (Asp 96 position in bacteriorhodopsin: proton donor) for the pumping activity was replaced with Asp, but it did not change the proton pumping activity of Anabaena rhodopsin.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.9
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• pp.1237-1241
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• 2005

Mannose-P-dolichol utilization defect 1 (MPDU1) gene is required for utilization of the mannose donor MPD in synthesis of both lipid-linked oligosaccharides (LLOs) and glycosylphosphatidylinositols (GPI) which are important for functions such as protein folding and membrane anchoring. The full length cDNA of the porcine MPDU1 was determined by in silico cloning and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The deduced amino acid showed 91% identity to the corresponding human sequence with five predicted transmembrane regions. RT-PCR was performed to detect its expression pattern in five tissues and results showed that it is expressed ubiquitously among the tissues checked. A single nucleotide substitution resulting in the amino acid change (137 Tyr-137 His) was detected within exon 5. Allele frequencies in six pig breeds showed distinctive differences between those Chinese indigenous pigs breeds and European pigs. Using the pig/rodent somatic cell hybrid panel (SCHP), we mapped the porcine MPDU1 gene to SSC12, which is consistent with the comparative mapping result as conservative syntenic groups presented between human chromosome 17 and pig chromosome 12.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.311-316
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• 2003

Endothelins secreted from keratinocytes are intrinsic mitogens and melanogens of human melanocytes in UVB-induced hyperpigmentation. To elucidate the cellular mechanism of antimelanogenic activity of bamboo extract, the effects of three ingredients of bamboo extract on endothelin 1 (ET-1)-induced $Ca^{2+}$ mobilization were investigated in cultured human melanocytes. ET-1 receptors in human melanocytes were characterized by using specific antagonist, and ET-1 was found to increase intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ concentration ($[Ca^{2+}]_i$) by activating ET-B receptor. SM709 (1,2-O-diferulyl-glycerol), an ingredient of bamboo extract, inhibited ET-1-induced $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ increase in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, although another ingredients SM707 and SM708 had no effect on ET-1-induced $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ increase in human melanocytes. SM709 ($100{\mu}M$), however, did not affect $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ increase induced by thapsigargin and caffeine, suggesting that SM709 has no effect on the $Ca^{2+}$ store in melanocytes. Furthermore, SM709 did not affect $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ increase induced by LPA or ATP, known as G protein-mediated PLC activators like ET-1. Taken together, it is suggested that SM709 antagonizes ET-1-induced transmembrane signaling through ET-B receptor, which maybe a possible underlying mechanism of antimelanogenic activity of bamboo extract in human melanocytes.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2010

Purpose: Chemokines are structurally related, small polypeptide signaling molecules that bind to and activate a family of transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors, the chemokine receptors. Recently, interaction between the chemokine receptor CXCR4 and its ligand, stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1 or CXCL12), has been found to play an important role in tumorigenicity, proliferation, metastasis and angiogenesis in many cancers such as lung cancer, breast cancer, melanoma, glioblastoma, pancreatic cancer and cholangiocarcinoma. Hence, the goal of this study is to identify the correlation of clinicopathological factors and the up-regulation of SDF-1 expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Material and methods: We studied the immunohistochemical staining of SDF-1, quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) of SDF-1 gene in 20 specimens of 20 patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. Results: 1. In the immunohistochemical study of poor differentiated and invasive oral squamous cell carcinoma, the high level staining of SDF-1 was observed. And the correlation between immunohistochemical SDF-1 expression and tumor nodes metastases (TNM) classification of specimens was significant.($x^2$ test, P < 0.05) 2. In the SDF-1 gene qRT-PCR analysis, SDF-1 expression was more in tumor tissue than in carcinoma in situ tissue. Paired-samples analysis determined the difference of SDF-1 mRNA expression level between the cancer tissue and the carcinoma in situ tissue.(Student's t-test, P < 0.05) Conclusion: These findings suggest that up-regulation of the SDF-1 may play a role in progression and invasion of oral squamous cell carcinoma.

• BMB Reports
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• v.45 no.12
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• pp.730-735
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• 2012

p13 gene was first described in Leucania separata multinuclear polyhedrosis virus (Ls-p13) several years ago, but the function of P13 protein has not been experimentally investigated to date. In this article, we indicated that the expression of p13 from Heliothis armigera single nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (Ha-p13) was regulated by both early and late promoter. Luciferase assay demonstrated that the activity of Ha-p13 promoter with hr4 enhancer was more than 100 times in heterologous Sf9 cells than that in nature host Hz-AM1 cells. Both Ls-P13 and Ha-P13 are transmembrane proteins. Confocal microscopic analysis showed that both mainly located in the cytoplasm membrane at 48 h. Results of RNA interference indicated that Ha-p13 was a killing-associated gene for host insects H. armigera. The AcMNPV acquired the mentioned killing activity and markedly accelerate the killing rate when expressing Ls-p13. In conclusion, p13 is a killing associated gene in both homologous and heterologous nucleopolyhedrovirus.

• BMB Reports
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.281-286
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• 2012

Osteoclasts are multinucleated cells that are formed by the fusion of pre-fusion osteoclasts (pOCs). The fusion of pOCs is known to be important for osteoclastic bone resorption. Here, we examined the effect of IFN-${\gamma}$ on the fusion of pOCs. IFN-${\gamma}$ greatly increased the fusion of pOCs in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, IFN-${\gamma}$ induced pOC fusion even in hydroxyapatite-coated plates used as a substitute for bone. The resorption area of pOCs stimulated with IFN-${\gamma}$ was significantly higher than that of the control cells. IFN-${\gamma}$ induced the expression of dendritic cell-specific transmembrane protein (DC-STAMP), which is responsible for the fusion of pOCs. IFN-${\gamma}$ enhanced DC-STAMP expression in a dose-dependent manner. The mRNA expression of c-Fos and nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) c1 was enhanced in the pOCs treated with IFN-${\gamma}$. Taken together, these results provide a new insight into the novel role of IFN-${\gamma}$ on the fusion of pOCs.