• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.63-68
• /
• 1990

User's impacts on trail deteriorations and edge vegetation were studied in Sokri Mountain National Park in 1990. The entire width, bare width and maximum depth of trail as the trail condition were significantly greater on the more heavily used trail. Deteriorations of trail which were surveyed at the total of 52 were significantly different from those of non-deteriorated points. The dominant trees in the crown layer of trail edge are as follows. According as the altitude rises, the changes happen from Quercus serrata to Quercus variabilis, Pinus densiflora, and to Quercus mongolica at Joongsajaam course, and from Pinus densiflora, Quercus variabilis to Quercus mongolica at Birosanjang course. And Stephanandra incisa, Symplocos chinesis for. pilosa show high relative dominant value at Joongsajaam course, Lindera obtusiloba, Fraxinus sieboldiana show one at Birosanjang course.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.3 no.1
• /
• pp.81-94
• /
• 1989

Use impacts to trail and campground deteriorations and their changes of natural environment were studied in Mt. Kaya National Park in 1989. The entire width, bare width and maximum depth of trail as the trail condition were significantly greater on the more heavily used trail. Deteriorations of trail which were surveyed at the total of 51 were significantly different from those of non-deteriorated points. The changes of soil and vegetation of trailsides were not found at a uniform tendency but could be more clearly grouped by the types of user's disturbance, and use impact on trailside had reached 15m inside of forest. Percentage of area for Class 5 in campsite was about 36% and about 69% of campsite area was more severe than Class 3. Recreational activities retarded the diameter growth of trees in campsite and accelerated the different composition of species. Soil and vegetative factors adapted to understand the difference of use amount and the realm of use impact could be sorted. The realm influenced by user's disturbance was about 50m from the core of campsite. Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Rhus trichocarpa, Symplocos chinensis for. pilosa and Stephanandra incisa were considered as the tolerant species to user's impact.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.5 no.1
• /
• pp.91-103
• /
• 1991

Use impacts on environmental deteriorations of trail and campsite were studied in Chirisan National Park in 1991. The entire width, bare width and maximum depth of trail as the trail condition were significantly greater on the more heavily used trail. Trail conditions, especially altitude, entire width and maximum depth of deteriorated points which were surveyed at the total of 82 were significantly different from those of non-deteriorated points. On the ridge trail, the damaged are more severe than Class 4 reaches about 34,000$m^2$ and use impacts on campsite and deterioration were also accelerated. The dominant trees of the upper layer in trail edge vegetation are changed from Carpinus tschonoskii to Quercus serrata, Carpinus laxiflora and to Quercus mongolica, Carpins laxiflora at Hwaeomsa trail, and from Quercus serrata to Quercus mongolica at Piagol trail. Also Lespedoza maximowiczii, Symplocos chinensis, Deutzia prunifolia, Weigela Subsessilis appear as the dominant lower species at Hwaeomsa trail, L. maximowiczii, S. chinensis, Stephanandra incisa, Rhododendron schlippenbachii for Piagol trail.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.7 no.2
• /
• pp.241-251
• /
• 1994

Use impacts on environmental deteriorations were studied on the four major trails and a campsite of Tokyuksan National Park in 1993. The entire width, bare width, maximum depth and slope of trail as the trail condition were significantly greater on the more heavily used trail. Percentages of rock-exposed, deepening, root-exposed points as the deterioration types of trail which were surveyed at the total of 106 points were higher and trail conditions were significantly different from those of non-deteriorated points. On the Paekryon trail, the damaged area more severe than Class 4 reaches about 910$m^2$/km and the use impact and deterioration on campsites were accelerated. The dominant trees of the the upper and lower layer in trail edge vegetation could be Quercus serrata and Acer pseudo-sieboldianum for Paekryon trail, Q. mongolica and Tripterigium regelii for the other trails. A. pseudo-sieboldianum, Q. serrata, Rhus trichocarpa, Fraxinus sieboldiana, Lespedeza maximowiczii, Symplocos chinensis for Pilosa were classified for tolerant species to use impacts.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.83 no.3
• /
• pp.286-298
• /
• 1994

The object of this study was to examine the user's impacts on the environmental deteriorations of trail at Ticket Office - Paekryunsa (Temple) Hyangch$\hat{o}$kpong - Dongyupryung - Chilyun Fall area in T$\hat{o}$kyusan National Park. Four trails were sampled in the study area according to the amount of users. Then the user's impacts on trail were measured at each trail. The Ticket Office-Paekryunsa trail was the most used district and followed at Paekryunsa-Hyangch$\hat{o}$kpong trail, Hyangch$\hat{o}$kpong-Dongyupryung trail in descending order. Dongyupryung-Chilyun Fall trail is not used by people because of rest rotation system. The entire width of trail was greater at the more heavily used trail. Maximum depth, cross-sectional area loss, and surface texture and roughness of trail were the highest at Paekryunsa-Hyangch$\hat{o}$kpong trail. Soil hardness, soil acidity, soil moisture content, organic matter content, and exchange canon were influenced by trampling. Soil hardness, soil acidity and exchange canon increased in tramples soil, but content of soil moisture and organic matter decreased therein. Environmental deteriorations of trail were significantly influenced by the amount of users and the slope of trail. Bared lands about $2.000m^2$ were appeared by trampling and camping around Hyangch$\hat{o}$kpong. Effects of carrying of rest rotation system for National Park were partly recognized at Dongyupryung-Chilyun Fall trail.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.6 no.2
• /
• pp.168-179
• /
• 1993

Use impacts on environmental deteriorations of trail were studied on the three major trails of Sobaeksan National Park in 1992. The entire width and bare width of trail as the trail condition were significantly greater on the more heavily used trail. Maximum depth of trail was not so great in spite of steeper grade of trail in comparison with the other National Parks. Percentages of deepening. rock-exposed. diverged points as the deterioration types of trail which were surveyed at the total of 105 points were high and trail conditions were significantly different from those of non-deteriorated points. On the Ridge trail. the damaged area more severe than Class 4 reaches about 10,335$m^2$ and the deterioration is accelerated. The dominant trees of the the upper layer in trail edge vegetation are changed from Q. mongolica. Aar mono to Q. mongolica for Huibang trail. and from Pinus densiflora. Q. mongolica to P. densiflora and to Q. mongolica for Biro trail as altitude increases. Rhododendron schlippenbachii. Weigelu subsessilis. Salix hulteni. Rubus crataeglfolius were classified for tolerant species and R. coreanus. Vaccinium koreanum for intolerant species to use impacts. Highly competetive species on the Ridge trail were grouped R. schlippenbachii. W. subsessilis. Rubus crataegifolius and Symplocos chinensis for. pilosa.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.2 no.1
• /
• pp.50-65
• /
• 1988

Trail and campground deteriorations and their environmental changes of soil and vegetation were studied in Guryong district of Mt. Chiak National Park in 1988. The Widths of both the entire trail and the bare portion as the trail condition were significantly greater on the more heavily used trail. and regressions showed the significant positive relationship between slope along the trail and maximum depth of the trail($R^2$=0.35). Deterioration types of trail which had higher frequency for a total of 63 observations were rock exposure(48%), trail deepening(29%) and root exposure(27%) in the high order. And occurence of trail deterioration was considerably influenced by slope along the trail Ecological changes of soil and vegetation of trailsides were not found at a uniform tendency but could be grouped, by the types of user's disturbance. On campsites. tree damage types and their frequencies were basic as a means of which grasp the limits of user's impact. The area with damaged trees on campsite in pine forest were larger than that in mixed forest and the frequency by damage type of trees varied according to the distance from the core of campsite and to the crown layer. Water content, pH and hardness of soil. coverage of lower trees, species and individuals per 100$m^2$, basal areas of upper and middle layer of trees had significant relationship with the distance from campsite to forest. The range influenced by user's disturbance was more than 70-80m, md Staphylea bumalda, Morns bombycis, Stephanandra incisa and Securinega suffruticosa were considered as tolerant species to user's impact.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
• /
• v.25 no.1
• /
• pp.26-32
• /
• 1998

Three major trails of campus forest in Chungnam National University were selected to investigate the use impacts on environmental deterioration of trail according to the different amount of use. Rook-exposed, root-exposed, deepening, widening, diverged points as the deterioration types of trail which were surveyed at total of 92 points in major trail of campus forest in Chungnam National University. Major deterioration types of trail were widening, rock-exposure, root-exposure, in order of frequency. And trail conditions (trail slope and maximum depth) of deteriorated points were significantly different from those of non-deteriorated points.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.25 no.4
• /
• pp.39-50
• /
• 1998

The object of this study was to examine and analyze the environmental deterioration of three major trails and around peak area of Moaksan Provincial park in 1996. Trails are mostly made up at ridgeline and the slope of them is gentle. Mean trail width is 3.6m, and total length of branch trails is 982m in survey area. The environmental deterioration is derived from trail extension. Maximum eroded depth and cross-section area loss are 89cm and 14,050cm2 respectively, and gully erosion type appears at many sites. The environmental deterioration of trails is very heavy at the sections from Khui to Moaksan peak and from Moakchong to ascent part around the peak. The entire width, branch trail, maximum depth, cross-sectional area loss and surface roughness, as the indexes of trail conditions, are significantly greater at the more heavily used trails. Amount of erosion is influenced by eroded depth, longitudinal slope, runoff influence and entire width in descending order as well as the amount of use. Safety and protection facilities on the trail such as stone and soil stairs, rope handrail, stone channel and soil ditch work are built, but they are very deficient. Bared lands about 4,900m2 and fill slopes are caused and formed by recreation activities and constructions around peak area. It is required to carry the recess system and to conserve and rehabilitate the destroyed trail sites and bare fill slopes as soon as possible, before the environmental deterioration becomes critical because of increased used amount in consequence of construction of recreation parks.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
• /
• v.49 no.2
• /
• pp.367-377
• /
• 2022

The purpose of this study was to analyze the deterioration of trail conditions and to obtain information for desirable maintenance and restoration of a trail in Deogyusan National Park. The physical characteristics of a trail were surveyed at a total of 412 sites over 79.8 km length. The average trail degree and width were found to be 14.31° and 1.60 m, respectively, while the average bare trail width was 1.40 m and the average maxim trail depth was 5.66 cm. Major deterioration types of trail were trail deepening (36.6%), rock exposure (33.9%), and root exposure (12.5%) in order of frequency. Deterioration classes of the trail were 0.626 km (0.8%), 3.110 km (3.9%) and 8.935 km (11.2%) for heavily, moderately, and lightly deteriorated, respectively, with a deterioration rate of 12.671 km (15.9%). Compared to other national parks, the ratio damaged trail to the total trail was 15.9%, which is slightly higher than other, including Jirisan National Park 9.6% (2019), Bukhansan National Park 13.6% (2019), Sokrisan National Park 11.7% (2019), Chiaksan National Park 12.3% (2015), and Woraksan National Park 10.5% (2015). The section of trail in Deokyusan National Park where the damage grade is analyzed as "Heavy" should therefore be restored in consideration of the field conditions. In particular, the damage status of the trail is expected to be greatly improved when the trail surface maintenance level is restored.