• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.333-336
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• 2005

Environmental endocrine disruptors are very toxic to the animals including humans. They are hormone-like acting chemicals which can be found in our normal daily life. We have examined the toxic effect of bisphenol A and if lactic acid bacteria could suppress this toxic effect. Thirty rats were divided into three groups (control, bisphenol A treated, bisphenol A and lactic acid bacteria treated). Treatments were carried out at an interval of 12 hours for each group. Control group showed normal and clear morphology of tissues. Cells were fine in their shape and color, and density was high enough for the normal function. However, bisphenol A treated group was abnormally destructed in cell morphology. In the testis, sperms were totally destructed. When treated with lactic acid bacteria together, the toxic effect of bisphenol A was clearly decreased. This study indicated that bisphenol A was toxic in any concentration especially for the liver and testis, however, lactic acid bacteria could suppress the toxic effects of bisphenol A.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.69-73
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• 1997

Endotoxin from the cell wall of marine V. vujnificus was .extracted using the hot phenol-water method, injected endotoxin into rat, and tested the toxic effect of endotoxin on the blood component In rat blood. The results showed that blood glucose, blood urea nitrogen, white blood cell, and reticulocyte were Increased and red blood cell was the same as the number of control group(normal blood), but platelet was decreased. Above results suggested that endotoxin induced a malfunction of liver and that the Increase of white blood cell was for the removal of foreign toxic substance.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.31-40
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• 2001

Legal permissible limit of herbal drugs metal level in Korea is define 'less 30.0ppm in total(except mineral drugs)' including Pb Hg Cd As Cr Ni etc. This limit has a lot of problems in several factors, that is, not divide hazard and essential elements, not consider high and low toxic effect in each metal, not calculate dose-response relationship and average health behavior in Korean etc. As a that result, It has strong limits and weakness in the basic toxicology and Oriental medicine. To improve and correct these factors, We need to several new approach as like below. It must be radical study following problems in short and middle-long period in the future, toxic metal and essential element must be divide to basic toxicology and also be diverse toxic effect. But mineral drugs that included a amount of severe toxic metals is being used as active prescription drug until now. If toxic, safety and side-effect of metals will be considered, mineral drugs must prohibit instantly or use at least after examined toxic effect. But one of the most important things about herbal drugs contamination, all people and department (government, farmer and trader, oriental medicine doctors and association) will be participate cooperative and collection for preventive or the least contamination in herbal drugs.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.89-94
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• 1994

Two methods, the numerical method of CPQRA and the manual method of IAEA, were used to estimate the effect distance from release and dispersion of toxic materials. The Gaussian plume model which has a weather stability class D with wind velocity of 5m/s was applied to calculate dispersion of toxic materials. Also, probit function were employed to evaluate the human fatality as a result of exposure to toxic gases. Furthermore, concentration of toxic materials corresponding to LC$_{50}$ for 30 min could be determined by setting Pr as 5.0 and solving the probit function. Calculations were conducted by employing chlorine and ammonia as toxic materials because they are not only most commonly used In chemical plants but also very harmful to humans. Calculated results by employing toxic materials indicated that the effect distance from the CPQRA method was between the minimum and maximum distance from the method proposed by IAEA.A.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.91-100
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• 1999

Today, toxicology is used for many purpose, in many fields. Classification of special toxic effect is related next 4 important principles. 1. The chemical substance must move to target organ or tissue that can induce Biological effect. For this movement, we have to understand the physical-chemical characteristic of substance, and the rout of absorption, metabolism, diffusion and excretion of toxic substance. 2. Every biological effect that induced by chemical substance is not harmful. For example, some specific chemical substance is not harmful in liver enzyme system. 3. The strength of biological effect induced by chemical substance is deep related with dose. Nearly all substance is not effective below the specific dose, and it may toxic to death over the specific dose. It is the 'Dose - response relationship' But carcinogen may toxic whether it is law dose or not. 4. The information that was obtained by experimental animal test, could have to adapt in human biology. Because biological effect of chemical substance could be different in every biological species. In past, drugs was obtained by animal or plants. But in the future, it could be obtained by biochemistry, and genome project. Therefore, in Oriental medicine, research and approach is needed at this time, and have to develop new method of experience in toxic method.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.8 no.2 s.23
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• pp.8-14
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• 2004

This study analyzed dispersion characteristics and toxic effect in the small-scale continuous release of chlorine gas. We found that the Gaussian model using the Briggs' dispersion coefficient and the effective release height was better predicting experiments than the BM model. From chlorine concentrations calculated by Gaussian model, simulation results showed that the dispersion of chlorine was more affected by atmospheric stability and wind speed than release rate and that the toxic effect of chlorine gas was similar to the effect of parameters on chlorine dispersion. From effected areas with toxic criteria, damaged areas could be estimated to protect human.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.157-172
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• 1999

This treatise, after review recent data on Oriental Medical toxicity, gets a conclusion on toxic concept of Oriental Medicine. 1. In the oriental medicine, the concept of toxic character contains propensity which disposition is inclined, and general meaning covered with the effect of a medicine, a side effect, formation of a medicine Besides, the concept diversely is used in the cause of a disease, names, symptoms, how to treat, medicines, prevention name, etc. 2. Every herbal drugs has toxic character. Levels of toxicity are nonexistence(無毒), existence(有毒), a little(小毒), always(常毒), serious(大毒), fatal toxic(劇毒), whose concepts in the Oriental Medicine are divided relative and absolute at the same time. 3. The examples of the fatal events by poisoning up to now are more than 400 cases(in China). 4. The factors of toxicity are the amount used unsuitably, the combination, directions, and interactions between western and oriental medicine, etc. The reduction of toxicity and how to detoxicate is several methods. The toxic science in Oriental Medicine based on the formation of oriental medicine present principles which use herbal drugs safely and availablely, utilizing th dispositions and efficiencies. It has positive, learning spirits which prevent abuse of oriental medicine, and which exactly diagnose and use the herbal drugs in the treatment with absolute toxic medicine. However, I think that scientific, positive experimental research is necessary to setup dose-response relation, be in relative quantity of toxic character, operate on the reactive mechanism exactly.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.47-51
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• 2008

The toxicity of environmental pollutants was measured between a image of the surface topography in HeLa cells using atomic force microscopy for the possibility of toxic effect measurement and environmental monitoring. A image of the surface topography by AFM were estimated as toxic endpoints. The surface topography by AFM was observed a change of the cell surface in the environmental pollutants, but the standard of the measurement requires for the dose-effect degree. The overall results indicate that the possibility of measurement using AFM were confirmed a dose-effect degree related toxic effects, but it requres correlation between more various biomarker and AFM's measurements if the possibility of the toxic effect measurement was established.

• Industry Promotion Research
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.67-80
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• 2023

This study analysis the effects of the relationship between LMX and affiliation-OCB, challenge-OCB which is voluntary behavior of organizational members. For this study, the effect of LMX on AOCB and COCB, as well as the mediating effect of AOCB behavior, the moderating role of toxic leadership, were analyzed. The results of studies are as follows. First, LMX had a positive effect on AOCB and COCB, respectively. Second, AOCB has a mediating-effect between LMX and COCB. and Third, toxic leadership confirmed the moderating-effect between LMX and AOCB, and finally the moderated-mediating-effect through AOCB in the relationship between LMX and COCB. Therefore, it was analyzed that the quality of the relationship between leader and member in the organization is an important factor in expanding the positive and voluntary behavior of members in the organization. In addition, since toxic leadership weakens positive and voluntary civic behavior for organizational members, it suggests the need for strategy to overcome toxic leadership for an efficient organization management.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.355-360
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• 2007

In order to evaluate on the cytotoxicity of methyl mercury (MM) and antioxidant effect of phenolic compound, poncirin against MM-induced cytotoxicity, XTT assay was performed to determine the cell viability after human skin fibroblasts (Detroit 51) were grown in the media containing various concentrations of methylmercuric chloride (MMC). And also, the antioxidant effect of poncirin on the cytotoxicity induced by MMC was examined by cell viability and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity in these cultures. MMC decreased cell viability in dose-dependent manner in these cultures and the midcytotoxicity value was determined at concentration of 30 ${\mu}M$ MMC after human skin fibroblasts were treated with $10\sim50{\mu}M$ MMC for 72 hours, respectively. MMC was highly toxic on cultured human skin fibroblasts by toxic criteria. MMC-mediated cytotoxicity was related with oxidative stress by the diminution of toxic effect according to the treatment of vitamin E. In the antioxidant effect of poncirin, it showed vitamin E-like DPPH radical scavenging activity at 90 ${\mu}g/ml$ poncirin and also, remarkably increased cell viability compared with MMC-treated group. From these results, it is suggested that MMC-mediated cytoxicity was highly toxic and was related with oxidative stress in cultured human skin fibroblasts, and also phenolic compound such as poncirin showed the protection on MMC-induced cytotoxicity by antioxidant effect in these cultures.