• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.71-85
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• 2024

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to assess the perceived importance and satisfaction of domestic tourists who visited Venice, Italy, regarding the attributes of overtourism. Design/methodology/approach - An online survey was conducted to measure the tourist perceived attributes of overtourism from November 8th to 22nd, 2023. Convenience sampling was employed to target study participants who are domestic tourists in Venice, Italy. A total of 127 responses were used for analysis, including frequency analysis, paired-sample t-tests, and Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA). Findings - First, the results of the IPA showed that attributes related to urban facilities and spaces directly associated with travel behavior were highly rated in both importance and satisfaction by tourists. Second, attributes related to carrying capacity were perceived as highly important but had lower satisfaction level. Third, tourists evaluated the management of affordable prices for tourism products as both less important and less satisfying. Lastly, attributes related to the protection of local businesses showed higher satisfaction levels compared to their perceived importance. Research implications or Originality - This study contributes to an extended understanding of overtourism by examining the phenomenon from the tourists' perspective.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.33-59
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• 2008

This paper aims to analyse the preference for German farm tourism among the German population. For this reason, we conducted an empirical study in Germany during summer 2007 and we applieda structural equation model based on partial leasts quares(PLS) to analyse the data. In the following chapters we will introduce the literature review and our conceptual frame work. We will then outline the procedures we adopted and the results of the empirical analysis. In the final part so me conclusions will be presented and a discussion will follow in order to draw the future directions of our research. According to our hypotheses, the possibility that agri-tourism enters in the evoked set of an individual is higher: H1: The higher the information degree about it. H2: The lower the influence of the social stimuli. H3: The higher the physical exposure to it (experience). H4: The higher the wellness image of agri-tourism. H5: The higher the traditional image of agri-tourism. H6: The higher the exciting image of agri-tourism. H7: The higher the perceived value for money. Our further hypotheses affirm that the possibility that agri-tourism enters in the evoked set of an individual is higher: H8: The lower the perceived risk. H9: The higher the motive to enjoy a holiday in the nature. H10: The higher the motive to enjoy a sport holiday. H11: The lower the motive to have an organized holiday. H12: The lower the motive to have a holiday abroad. H13: The lower the motive of action and night life. H14: The higher the motive to spend a holiday with the family. H15: The lower the motive to spend a city holiday. Finally, our model has some socio-demographics data. As we mentioned before, German agri-tourism has traditionally been the travel destination of large-size families, with low-to-middle income. For that reason, our final hypothesises are the following: the possibility that agri-tourism enters in the evoked-set of an individual is higher: H16: The higher the number of family members. H17: The lower the family income. Since in this study we use a path model with a PLS approach, we are able to state some interrelations among the exogenous latent variables: H18: The motive of sport holiday has a positive influence towards nature motives. H19: The physical exposition to agri-tourism has a positive influence toward information. H20: The motive of family holiday has a negative influence toward the motive of action and night life. H21: Social stimuli have a positive influence towards individuals risk perceptions. H22: Social stimuli have negative influence towards experience. Data for this study were gathered via administrated questionnaires during the summer 2007 within the frame of an academic "marketing research" course. The corresponding t-values are assessed using the bootstrapping method with 500 re-samples. In our model 61% of the degree of appreciation of German agri-tourism (evoked set) is explained by five independent variables: value for money ($0.335^{{\ast}{\ast}{\ast}}$) (H7) experience ($0.267^{{\ast}{\ast}}$) (H3), exciting image ($0.204^{\ast}$) (H6) organisation ($-0.162^{\ast}$) (H11) and holiday abroad ($-0.156^{\ast}$) (H12). The variance explained ($R^2$) for the other endogenous variables are the following: nature 24.3%, information 14.1%, action holiday 13.8%, risk perception 5.8% and experience 2.4%. An overview can be inferred from table 5. The results also allow us to test each of the proposed hypotheses. With exception of organization and abroad, none of the others travel style factors (H9 to H15) seem to have any significant impact towards evoked set which leads to the rejection of the respective hypotheses. As expected, social stimuli have a significant influence on individuals' risk perception (H21 accepted), however neither the former nor the latter have a valuable impact on evoked set (rejection of H2 and H8). Besides, since the influence of social stimuli towards experience is not significant, also H22 has to be rejected. Experience influences information (H19 accepted) but the latter does not affect significantly the evoked set (H1 rejected). Both H4 as well as H5, referring respectively to the perceived images of German agri-tourism as a wellness destination and the traditional image of the German farm tourism have to be rejected. Finally, none of the demographic data included in the model explains significantly the variance of the factor evoked set. Therefore neither H16 nor H17 has been accepted. As far as the interrelation between sport and nature (H18) and family and action (H20) are concerned, the stated relationship among these variables has been statistically confirmed. Our path model based on partial least squares shows the factors influencing the preference for farm tourism in Germany. Among others value for money and experience are the most significant ones. Practical implications are discussed.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.98-109
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• 2007

Consumers purchase bakery products and evaluate them with various wants and needs when they need them. It shows that there are changes and improvements in quality factors like nutritional consideration rather than simply eating for survival. The purpose of this study was to research how well the consumers perceive necessary nutritional information, how nutritional information on bakery products affects the consumers' perceived risk and evaluation, and how consumers' perceived risk on bakery products affects their evaluation on them. The research was done through surveys for the people in the Busan Metropolitan area. 200 out of 250 answers were used in analyzing frequency, factor, and simple regression through SPSS Win 10. The findings were as follows; first, the more nutritional information consumers have, the less perceived risk they feel, i.e., positive nutritional information affects reducing the consumers' perceived risk. Second, as perceived risk gets reduced, consumers' evaluation on bakery products has meaningful influence on their perceived risk level. Third, these consumers' perceived risk affects their evaluation on bakery products meaningfully. The results of this study can be the meaningful base of information sources in establishing marketing strategies in bakery industry.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.5-25
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• 2012

This study is to explore the advance plan of senior products industrial into China. For this purpose, we examine the current status of the senior products industrial in Korea and investigate the demand of senior products industrial in China. Based on the results of these analyses, we discussed the concrete plans to advance into China. At result, the senior products industrial markets needed to develop in China are the elderly tourism industry, the elderly medical equipment and pension. And Korean companies intending to advance into China market might should capture the change of social security system, the trait of senior products industrial, and the regional characteristics in China.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.21 no.12spc
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• pp.664-674
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• 2021

The relevance of this scientific research is determined by the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the current trends and dynamics of world tourism development. This article aims to identify patterns of development of the modern tourist market, analysis of problems and prospects of development in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and methods. General scientific methods and methods of research are used in the work: analysis, synthesis, comparison, analysis of statistical data. The analysis of the viewpoints of foreign and domestic authors on the research of the international tourist market allowed us to substantiate the actual directions of tourism development due to the influence of negative factors connected with the spread of a new coronavirus infection COVID-19. Economic-statistical, abstract-logical, and economic-mathematical methods of research were used during the process of study and data processing. Results. The analysis of the current state of the tourist market by world regions was carried out. It was found that tourism is one of the most affected sectors from COVID-19, as, by the end of 2020, the total number of tourist arrivals in the world decreased by 74% compared to the same period in 2019. The consequence of this decline was a loss of total global tourism revenues by the end of 2020, which equaled $1.3 trillion. 27% of all destinations are completely closed to international tourism. At the end of 2020, the economy of international tourism has shrunk by about 80%. In 2020 the world traveled 98 million fewer people (-83%) relative to the same period last year. Tourism was hit hardest by the pandemic in the Asia-Pacific region, where travel restrictions are as strict as possible. International arrivals in this region fell by 84% (300 million). The Middle East and Africa recorded declines of 75 and 70 percent. Despite a small and short-lived recovery in the summer of 2020, Europe lost 71% of the tourist flow, with the European continent recording the largest drop in absolute terms compared with 2019, 500 million. In North and South America, foreign arrivals declined. It is revealed that a significant decrease in tourist flows leads to a massive loss of jobs, a sharp decline in foreign exchange earnings and taxes, which limits the ability of states to support the tourism industry. Three possible scenarios of exit of the tourist industry from the crisis, reflecting the most probable changes of monthly tourist flows, are considered. The characteristics of respondents from Ukraine, Germany, and the USA and their attitude to travel depending on gender, age, education level, professional status, and monthly income are presented. About 57% of respondents from Ukraine, Poland, and the United States were planning a tourist trip in 2021. Note that people with higher or secondary education were more willing to plan such a trip. The results of the empirical study confirm that interest in domestic tourism has increased significantly in 2021. The regression model of dependence of the number of domestic tourist trips on the example of Ukraine with time tendency (t) and seasonal variations (Turˆt = 7288,498 - 20,58t - 410,88∑5) it forecast for 2020, which allows stabilizing the process of tourist trips after the pandemic to use this model to forecast for any country. Discussion. We should emphasize the seriousness of the COVID-19 pandemic and the fact that many experts and scientists believe in the long-term recovery of the tourism industry. In our opinion, the governments of the countries need to refocus on domestic tourism and deal with infrastructure development, search for new niches, formats, formation of new package deals in new - domestic - segment (new products' development (tourist routes, exhibitions, sightseeing programs, special rehabilitation programs after COVID) -19 in sanatoriums, etc.); creation of individual offers for different target audiences). Conclusions. Thus, the identified trends are associated with a decrease in the number of tourist flows, the negative impact of the pandemic on employment and income from tourism activities. International tourism needs two to four years before it returns to the level of 2019.

• Archives of design research
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.87-98
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• 2003

It was developed exporting jewelry products so that export those goods by industrial-educational corporation. I concluded an agreement with Hyun-dai co. Ltd, known as a specialist of the cultural goods producing company. By differentiation of the designs for expressing cultural images of korea, we tried to make competitive goods so that it can give value-added profits to the company. And we tried to settle specialization, securing specialty, outsourcing and utilize the spearheaded instrument Jewel CAD, R/P System. Also we tried to contribute to achieve the aims that cost down, task cooperating, systematization by reporting those things to the jewelry business world.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.185-195
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• 2020

The study aims to assess the impact of destination image, satisfaction and loyalty of tourists at mountain destinations in Thanh Hoa province, Vietnam. The study involves questionnaire surveys and multivariate data analysis methods (Cronbach Alpha test, EFA, CFA, SEM). Research results from 500 tourists in the mountain destinations of Thanh Hoa province demonstrate that all factors have imposed a positive impact on tourist satisfaction, specifically: The most influential factor is Natural features, followed by Human factors while the least influential factor is Infrastructure; On the other hand, research results also demonstrate that satisfaction has a substantial impact on tourist loyalty. Based on the research results, we also proposed some key solutions to enhance the destination image, thereby contributing to increased satisfaction and loyalty of tourists, including: (i) Promoting Natural Tourism Resources. (ii) Raising Awareness of Environmental Protection. (iii) Building Local Cultural Identity. (iv) Building Exclusive Tourist Products. (5) Strengthening the Support of Local Authorities for Tourism Activities. (vi) Developing a Price Policy.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.110-122
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of perceived value on the satisfaction and revisit intention of green tea farm visitors. The sample was obtained during the three month period from May 19th, 2006 to May 21st, 2006, and out of 800 copies of questionnaire, 597 copies responded with sincerity were analyzed. First, the perceived value of visitors in green tea farms seemed to have effective relations with satisfaction. Second, the perceived value of visitors in green tea farms seemed to have effective relations with revisit intention. Empirical evidence is obtained for both regional economy and industry and the development of tourism products. Specially, findings from this study suggest that perceived value are strong predictors of revisit intention to green tea farms in Hadong-gun. Several implications for the research result and actual application practices are discussed.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.18-29
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• 2008

This study is to investigate the cognition and usage of traditional wedding food in Seoul & Gyeonggi area. It provides the basic suggestions for developing the best wedding culture, upholding the great wedding tradition. People usually prepared traditional wedding food only because they had to do since they thought it was a formal way to do it at a wedding ceremony. However, there should be more important things to be considered. Firstly, to understand the real meaning of traditional wedding food, we need to inform its meaning by starting campaigns on wedding culture or making booklets of traditional wedding food. Secondly, to prepare the right selections of traditional food, we need to simplify traditional wedding food and consider the modern sense of the products. Thirdly, to improve traditional wedding food, we need to develop diverse menu. By doing it, we can efficiently reduce the cost of wedding food.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.21 no.2 s.86
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• pp.125-138
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• 2005

The purposes of this study were to determine what kinds of food university students had, how often they were eating out and how much they consumed. A questionnaire survey was conducted on 597 university students (male $40.9\%$, female : $51.9\%$). The students who spent under 200 thousand won per month had regular meals at breakfast, lunch and dinner. The students with personal monthly spending over 300 thousand won, both male and female, ate out more than others. The female students had more protein foods than the male students. Consumption of milk and milk products increased with rising monthly spending for female students. Regardless of monthly spending, the male students ate seaweeds low in 1-2 time per a week. Consumption of rice decreased with rising monthly spending for male and female students.