• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.23-32
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• 1975

In order to study the dally metabolism of sodium chloride and of nitrogen, 24-hour urine samples were collected from 1,593 normal Korean females whose ages varied from 2 to 80 years old. The volume, the concentration of chloride and the osmolality of the urine, add the total nitrogen were determined, along with the resting pulse rate and the blood pressure. The daily urine volume was maintained at $1,000{\sim}1,300\;ml/m^2/day$ in all age groups while the chloride concentration and osmolality of the urine samples were approximately 200 mEq/liter and 600 milliosmoles, respectively, in most of age groups. Hence the daily urinary output of sodium chloride was estimated to be approximately $15g/m^2$/day in adult groups. On the other hand, the daily excretion of total nitrogen amouted to approximately $5{\sim}6g/m^2/day$. These findings indicated that the average Korean females live on low-protein and high-salt diets throughout their life. Despite a known correlation between the incidence of hypertension and the high salt intake, none of the subjects employed in this work showed any sign of hypertension.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.39-51
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• 2011

Objectives: This study was designed to evaluate exposure levels of various chemicals used in wafer fabrication product lines in the semiconductor industry where work-related leukemia has occurred. Methods: The research focused on 9 representative wafer fabrication bays among a total of 25 bays in a semiconductor product line. We monitored the chemical substances categorized as human carcinogens with respect to leukemia as well as harmful chemicals used in the bays and substances with hematologic and reproductive toxicities to evaluate the overall health effect for semiconductor industry workers. With respect to monitoring, active and passive sampling techniques were introduced. Eight-hour long-term and 15-minute short-term sampling was conducted for the area as well as on personal samples. Results: The results of the measurements for each substance showed that benzene, toluene, xylene, n-butyl acetate, 2-methoxy-ethanol, 2-heptanone, ethylene glycol, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid were non-detectable (ND) in all samples. Arsine was either "ND" or it existed only in trace form in the bay air. The maximum exposure concentration of fluorides was approximately 0.17% of the Korea occupational exposure limits, with hydrofluoric acid at about 0.2%, hydrochloric acid 0.06%, nitric acid 0.05%, isopropyl alcohol 0.4%, and phosphine at about 2%. The maximum exposure concentration of propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate (PGMEA) was 0.0870 ppm, representing only 0.1% or less than the American Industrial Hygiene Association recommended standard (100 ppm). Conclusion: Benzene, a known human carcinogen for leukemia, and arsine, a hematologic toxin, were not detected in wafer fabrication sites in this study. Among reproductive toxic substances, n-butyl acetate was not detected, but fluorides and PGMEA existed in small amounts in the air. This investigation was focused on the air-borne chemical concentrations only in regular working conditions. Unconditional exposures during spills and/or maintenance tasks and by-product chemicals were not included. Supplementary studies might be required.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.41-62
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• 1999

Recently the request of the patients to participate in the medical courses has been expanding due to elevated sense of right on the people's health. merchandised medical treatment by mass supply, human right declaration of the patients, generalized medical informations by the mass media and the change of human relation between the medical personnels and the patients. Under these phenomena the accident by the nurses have been increasing by the area of the nurses having been expanded and their independent roles having been increased. Such nursing accidents are the important subject which the professional occupation of the nurses has been facing but legal protective capability of the nurses has been very weak. Therefore this study has examined the degree of the experience of the nursing accident that happens in the clinical nursing scenes in the general hospital to provide the basic materials for the protection and the counter measures of the nursing accidents. The following is the conclusion based by the above examination. 1) The general characters of the subjects of this study is that they are mostly single in their twenties and graduate from nursing college. Their total clinical career is above 5 years$(44.8\%)$ and their current clinical parts' career is between 1-3 years$(40.1\%)$. So these facts suggest that most hospitals has taken the working rotation policy on nurses. 2) The level of nurses' knowledge on the nursing law is accurate partially but isn't it patially. So it is suggested that nurses need the accurate information and education about the nursing law. But the nurses' attitude is very approved of the establishment of a unilateral nursing law. 3) The relation between the demographic characters of the subjects and their attitudes on the nursing law shows that there is no significant differences except the relation between the attitude 6(the sufficient level of education on nursing law in formal education course) and age. total clinical career. 4) The perception of the nurses shows that the cause of the nursing accident has been due to the heavy work$(78.2\%)$. short of professional knowledge and skill$(60.2\%)$, discordance with Doctors. patients and patients' families. They report the accident to the head nurse first$(81.8\%)$ and within 30 minute$(75.1\%)$. The hour of nursing accident frequently happened is regardless of service hour with $49.4\%$ in response rate. the highest rate. and the nursing accident happens in the night more than the daytime. Even though most nurses think that they are themselves responsible for nursing accident. it is found that the chief cause of the nursing accident is due to the nurses' heavy work$(78.2\%)$. So the causes of nursing accidents is analysed. it may be suggested that the endeavor of hospital and nursing organizations to decrease nursing accidents is very important. 5) The coping patterns of patients with nursing accidents are mostly active attitude such as a violent words$(69\%)$. sue or accusation$(36.4\%)$, monetary compensation $(35.6\%)$ except a understanding cases$(38.7\%)$. But the coping patterns of hospitals with nursing accidents are mostly to investigate the accurate cause.

• Journal of Korean Port Research
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.19-37
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• 1991

This work aims to : establish a model of the container physical distribution system of Pusan port comprising 4 sub-systems of a navigational system, on-dock cargo handling/transfer/storage system, off-dock CY system and an in-land transport system : examine the system regarding the cargo handling capability of the port and analyse the cost of the physical distribution system. The overall findings are as follows : Firstly in the navigational system, average tonnage of the ships visiting the Busan container terminal was 33,055 GRT in 1990. The distribution of the arrival intervals of the ships' arriving at BCTOC was exponential distribution of $Y=e^{-x/5.52}$ with 95% confidence, whereas that of the ships service time was Erlangian distribution(K=4) with 95% confidence, Ships' arrival and service pattern at the terminal, therefore, was Poisson Input Erlangian Service, and ships' average waiting times was 28.55 hours In this case 8berths were required for the arriving ships to wait less than one hour. Secondly an annual container through put that can be handled by the 9cranes at the terminal was found to be 683,000 TEU in case ships waiting time is one hour and 806,000 TEU in case ships waiting is 2 hours in-port transfer capability was 913,000 TEU when berth occupancy rate(9) was 0.5. This means that there was heavy congestion in the port when considering the fact that a total amount of 1,300,000 TEU was handled in the terminal in 1990. Thirdly when the cost of port congestion was not considered optimum cargo volume to be handled by a ship at a time was 235.7 VAN. When the ships' waiting time was set at 1 hour, optimum annual cargo handling capacity at the terminal was calculated to be 386,070 VAN(609,990 TEU), whereas when the ships' waiting time was set at 2 hours, it was calculated to be 467,738 VAN(739,027 TEU). Fourthly, when the cost of port congestion was considered optimum cargo volume to be handled by a ship at a time was 314.5 VAN. When the ships' waiting time was set at I hour optimum annual cargo handling capacity at the terminal was calculated to be 388.416(613.697 TEU), whereas when the ships' waiting time was set 2 hours, it was calculated to be 462,381 VAN(730,562 TEU).

• Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.118-128
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• 2005

A cross-sectional study was conducted to examine the prevalence and related factors of musuculoskeletal symptoms in automobile manufacturing, steel processing, electric assembly line, and wood processing industries. A study subjects were 3,434 workers from small and medium scale companies of Incheon. Walk-through surveys were performed from Feb. of 2004 to Oct. of 2004 to investigate various physical work factors. Symptom prevalence rate by related factors was that women worker showed higher rate than man, and married person was higher than single person. For the working year, group of person who were working less than 3 year showed the highest rate. However, the group of person who were working more than 10 hour per day showed the highest rate. For the total subjects, prevalence of symptoms by body area was as follows: shoulder symptoms were the most frequently reported symptoms(253 person, 7.0%), followed by back(155 person, 4.5%), hand or fingers (136 person, 4.0%), lower extremities(131 person, 3.9%), neck(108 person, 3.1%), and elbow symptoms(97 person, 2.8%).

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2022

Purpose : Obesity is a major public health burden in developed countries and a well-known risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Short sleep duration is associated with obesity, as well as diabetes, heart disease and death. In modern society, habitual sleep restrictions seem unavoidable due to social obligations and work schedules along with a tendency toward decreased sleep time. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the effect of differences in sleep time between weekdays and weekends on body mass index (BMI). Methods : This study involved 4,234 Korean adults aged 20 to 64 years based on data obtained from the 7th national health and nutrition examination survey (2016). All subjects were classified into the weekend catch-up sleep group (weekend CUS group). and the non catch-up sleep group (non-CUS group). Results : The longer the average sleep time, the lower was the BMI, and the larger the difference in sleep time between weekdays and weekends, the lower was the BMI. Compared with those with an average sleep time of 8 hours or more, obesity was 1.6-fold higher when the average sleep time was less than 6 hours, and 1.2-fold higher in the case of sleep time of 7 hours or more and less than 8 hours. When the difference in sleep time between weekdays and weekends was 0 or less, more than 0 hours but less than 1 hour, and more than 1 hour and less than 2 hours, the risk of obesity was 1.2-fold, 1.1-fold and 1.1-fold higher, respectively, compared with the risk associated with a sleep time difference of 2 hours or greater between weekdays and weekends. However, the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion : Short sleep duration is positively associated with obesity. In addition, weekend catch-up sleep affects BMI.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.81-95
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• 1995

Now, safety assurance in construction sites should be accomplished by its own organization rather than control of the code or government. It is believed that the safety assurance can be considerably improved by a lecture or an education using the existing theories or literatures up to now, but it is thought that fundamental safety assurance we not able to be accomplished without developing safety devices '||'&'||' equipment or taking fundamental measures, based on the result analyzed from workers behaviors. There are various behaviors of the workers showed in construction site, but only tests for hammerusing works such as form, re-bar, stone workers directly related to the grip strength are mainly performed, investigated and measured here for the study. The above works are similar to power grip, 7th picture on seven items which are categorized for hand grip types(Ammermin 1956 ; Jones ; Kobrick 1958). Measurements of grip strength are commonly taken in anthropometric surveys. They are easy to administer but unfortunately it is rather dubious whether they yield any data that are of interest to the engineer. Very fewer controls of tools are grasped and squeesed studies showed very little overall correlation between grip strength and other measures of bodily strength (Laubach, Kromer, and Thordsen 1972), but hammer-using work which is practically progressed in construction site are mainly influenced with grip strength. According to the investigation on work measurement, it is shown that 77% of form worker are using hammer to be related to grip strength. In this study, it is particularly noticed that wearing safety gloves in construction site is required for workers safety but 20% difference between grip strength with safety gloves and without ones are commonly neglected in the site(Fig. 1). Nevertheless, safety operation with consideration of the above 20% difference is not considered in the construction site. Factors of age, kinds of work, working time, with or without safety gloves are in vestigated '||'&'||' collected at the sites for this study. Test, not at each working hour but at 14 : 00 when the almost all of the workers think the most tired, resulting from the questionaires, also when it is shown on the research report has been performed and compared for main kinds of works : form '||'&'||' re-bar work. Tests were performed with both left SE rightand of the workers simultaneously in construction site using Rand Dynamometer(Model 78010, Lafayette Instrument Co., Indiana, U.S.A) by reading grip strength on the gauge while they are pulling, and then by interviewing on their ages, works, experiences and etc., directly. The above tests have been performed for the dates of 15th march-26th May '95 with consideration of site condition. And even if various factors of ambient temperature on the testing date, working condition, individual worker's habit and worker's condition of the previous ate are concerned with the study. Those are considered as constants in this study. Samples are formwork 53, rebar 62, electrician 5, plumber 4, welding 1 from D construction Co., Ltd, ; formwork 12, re-bar 5, electrician 2, from S construction Co., Ltd, , formwork 78, re-bar 18, plumber 31, electrician 13, labor 48, plumber 31, plasterer 15, concrete placer 6, water proof worker 3, maisony 5 from B construction Co., Ltd. As In the previously mentioned, main aspect to be investigated in this study will be from '||'&'||' re-bar work because grip strength will be directly applied to these two kinds of works ; form '||'&'||' re-bar work, eventhough there are total 405 samples taken. It is thought that a frequency of accident occurrence will be mainly two work postures "looking up '||'&'||' looking down" to be mainly sorted, but this factor is not clarified in this study because It will be needed a lot of work more. Tests has been done at possible large scale of horizontally work-extended sites within one hour in order to prevent or decrease errors '||'&'||' discrepancies from time lag of the test. Additionally, the statistical package computer program SPSS PC＋has been used for the study.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2001.03a
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• pp.65-72
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• 2001

Since Pyoungtaek thermal power plant began using natural gas in 1986, the annual using volume has rapidly increased and reached 12.7 million tons in 1999. When the natural gas is cooled to a temperature of approximately -162$^{\circ}$C at atmospheric pressure, it condenses to a liquid called liquefied natural gas(LNG). LNG has a special characters such as odorless, colorless, non-corrosive, and non-toxic. So, LNG storage tank, tanker ship, transfer pipelines are required the special storage and transportation systems and technology. The presently operating LNG terminals are Pyongtaek and Inchon terminals. A total of 19 above-ground LNG storage tanks(100 thousand ㎘ grade) are currently in operation with a sendout capacity of 4,360tons/hour. To meet the growing domestic demand of LNG supply, the Inchon receiving terminal is expanding(six in-ground tank) and constructing a third LNG terminal at Tongyong. In this paper, case study on seepage analysis and countermeasure against increasing the seepage volume of in-ground LNG storage tank excavation work is reported. The results of an additional seepage analysis are presented to verify the design seepage volume of assumption section and seepage volume after curtain-grouting in the slurry wall.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.383-392
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• 2014

Purpose: In this study, we sought to understand the risk factor for chronic disease of workers by studying the association between occupational standing time and metabolic syndrome(MetS) in full-time 300 male workers. Materials: Data on age, life habit, work related information of the subjects were surveyed using self-reported questionnaire and interview. MetS was identified based on the report of Alberti et al.(2009). As for the data analysis, SPSS 19.0 was used to conduct the descriptive statistic, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple logistic regression analysis. Results: Daily working hour affects on the lifting heavy objects, running and strenuous exercise(r=-0.137, p<0.01), and total physical function decreased with the increase in age(r=-0.145, p<0.01). Also, obese was significantly associated with genuflection and bend over(r=-0.110, p<0.05). On multiple logistic regression analysis for the diagnostic indices of MetS, occupational standing time were significantly associated with waist circumference(odds ratio=0.885, ${\beta}$ value=-0.122, 95% CI=0.797-0.983, p<0.05) and triglyceride (odds ratio=0.873, ${\beta}$ value=-0.136, 95% CI=0.800-0.953, p<0.01). Conclusions: These results suggest that the working posture may be important risk factor in pathogenesis and growing of MetS and cardiovascular disease.

• Advances in materials Research
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.13-22
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• 2015

Concrete suffers strength loss when subjected to elevated temperatures during an accidental event such as fire. The loss in strength of concrete is mainly attributed to decomposition of C-S-H gel and release of chemically bound water, which begins when the temperature exceeds $500^{\circ}C$. But it is unclear about how much strength loss occurs in different stages of heating, retention and cooling regimes. This work is carried out to separate the total strength loss into losses during different stages of heating, retention and cooling. Tests were carried out on both Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) based concrete and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS) blended concrete for $200^{\circ}C$, $400^{\circ}C$, $600^{\circ}C$ and $800^{\circ}C$ with a retention period of 1 hour for each of these temperature levels. Furnace cooling was adopted throughout the experiment. This study reports strength loss contribution during heating, retention and cooling regimes for both OPC based and GGBFS based concretes.