• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• 제36권10호
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• pp.1307-1313
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• 2007

In order to evaluate the utilization of immature green wheat kernels as food processing material, these experiments were carried out to analyze general composition, free sugars, free amino acids, mineral content and color of 3 wheat varieties according to their heading dates. Contents such as moisture, crude protein, crude lipid and ash were gradually decreased according to the days after heading of 3 wheat varieties, while crude fiber and starch were gradually increased. Maltose and maltotriose contents in immature green wheat kernels were high but its rapidity decreased by closing to ripeness. Contents of free amino acids showed a tendency to decrease, among which alanine content was the highest around 25 days after heading, and then glutamic acid, GABA, glycine in order. Contents of total free amino acid were decreased by closing to ripeness. Among 3 wheat varieties, its contents of Guru wheat was the highest. As wheat matured, ${\beta}-glucan$ contents were decreased from 1.5% to 0.28% on 43 days after heading. Mineral contents of 3 wheat varieties were generally increased by closing to ripeness after coming into ears, and K, Mg were especially prominent. As wheat matured, lightness was decreased, while redness and yellowness were increased. Considering chemical composition and color, the immature green wheat were produced through blanching the spikes harvested before the yellow ripe stage. The harvested green wheat cereals is able to eat raw wheat or cook it as food processing material.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 1976

One of the most common needle leaf species used in planting in Korea is korean pine (Pinus koraiensis S. et Z.), and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) is one of the test species for suitability. The relation of nursery bed density of 2-1 korean pine and 1-1 jack pine was studied at the Kwang Nung Nursery, Central Branch Station of Forest Research Institute, and about 40km north of Seoul. Nursery bed density of 2-1 korean pine, which ranged from 36 to 324 trees per square meters and of 1-1 jack pine, which ranged from 25 to 169 trees per square meters, had a marked effect on caliper, height, dry weight and percent and amount of plantable stock. The soil physical and chemical properties is silt plus clay, 50.55 percent; organic matter, 2.09 percent; total nitrogen, 0.13 percent; available phosphorus, 253.25 ppm; exchangeable potash, 0.46 m.e/100g; and pH, 5.58. As the density of the nursery seedling stand of 2-1 korean pine increases, the average tree height increases (Fig. 1A), but in 1-1 jack pine density do not affect to increase or decrease the average tree height. As the density of nursery bed increases, the average stem caliper (at 2cm above ground line) and dry weight decrease (Fig. 1B), but the decreasing rate is more seriously in 1-1 jack pine than 2-1 korean pine (Fig.5). As increasing the density of nursery bed, the T/R ratio of trees of the test species increase. Also the dry weight of leaf, stem and root parts are decreasing in proportion to the increase of stand density, but the drop rate of jack pine is more rapid than korean pine (table. 1) The patent facts of difference of growth characteristics between 2-1 korean pine and 1-1 jack pine were studied. These facts should be used to select the scale of stand density at the nursery bed or the plantable site. Korean pine is demanded high density, on the other hand in jack pine low density are more suitable to manage the stand density. Stands of comparatively low density had the greatest percentage of high-quality stock, and the stands of high density had less than the high quality trees of low density. An important criterion of the best density is percent and number of high-quality trees produced per square meter of bed area. Stem caliper and stem height of seedling is used in most public nurseries to sort seedling into plantable grades. The stock grade standard has set at 4.5mm caliper and 16cm height of 2-1 korean pine as the minimum desired stem caliper and height. By the result studies, the plantable stock grade standards of 2-1 korean pine used at stem height 16cm and stem caliper 4.5mm from public nurseries should be reformed to stem height 18cm and stem caliper 4.0mm by the growth characteristics and the tree distribution of stem height and caliper of relation to density. For the 2-1 korean pine, best density should be about 160 to 200 trees per square meter according to soil fertility. For the 1-1 jack pine, the suitable standard of plantable stock should be at stem height 25cm and caliper 6mm (at 2cm above ground line) and best density was about 100 to 120 trees.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• 제51권6호
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• pp.779-797
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• 2016

A calibrated hydrological model is a useful tool for quantifying the impacts of the climate variations and land use/land cover changes on sediment load, water quality and runoff. In the rainy season each year, the Xe Bang Fai river basin is provisionally flooded because of typhoons, the frequency and intensity of which are sensitive to ongoing climate change. Severe heavy rainfall has continuously occurred in this basin area, often causing severe floods at downstream of the Xe Bang Fai river basin. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the climate change impact on river discharge using a Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model based on future climate change scenarios. In this study, the simulation of hydrological river discharge is used by SWAT model, covering a total area of $10,064km^2$ in the central part of country. The hydrological model (baseline) is calibrated and validated for two periods: 2001-2005 and 2006-2010, respectively. The monthly simulation outcomes during the calibration and validation model are good results with $R^2$ > 0.9 and ENS > 0.9. Because of ongoing climate change, three climate models (IPSL CM5A-MR 2030, GISS E2-R-CC 2030 and GFDL CM3 2030) indicate that the rainfall in this area is likely to increase up to 10% during the summer monsoon season in the near future, year 2030. As a result of these precipitation increases, the SWAT model predicts rainy season (Jul-Aug-Sep) river discharge at the Xebangfai@bridge station will be about $800m^3/s$ larger than the present. This calibrated model is expected to contribute for preventing flood disaster risk and sustainable development of Laos

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.129-135
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• 1992

Characteristics of ten glutinous maize hybrids developed at the Genetics and Breeding Lab. of Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Chungnam National University were compared. Inbred lines used in the development of the ten hybrids were all originated from the Korean local maize lines which were collected in 1980s and they were developed by ear-to-row method. All the inbreds used had very unique plant characteristics such as plant height, ear height, ear length, ear diameter, 100 kernel weight and kernel color. The highest inbred in plant height was Jewon and the Jewon was also highest in ear height. While the ear of Jewon inbred was slender and slimmy, the ear of Dangjin inbred was rather short and promp. 100 kernel weight of the Bosung inbred was highest and the kernel weight of Chilbo was lightest. Kernel color of Jewon, Bosung and Danyang was white and the kernel color of Yunghee and Chilbo was purple. Dangjin had yellow kernel color. A total of 11 hybrids including one check hybrid developed by the Crop Experiment Station, ADR were included in performance trial. The hybrids which showed high grain yield were Dangjin/Bosung, Sosung/Dangjin and Dangjin/Chilbo. These hybrids were about 10% higher than the check in yield capacity. Each hybrid had also unique characteristics such as plant height, ear height and flowering date.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.491-503
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• 2014

This study was performed to investigate the community structure and health assessment of macrobenthic assemblages in Garorim Bay, West Coast of Korea. Macrobenthos were collected by van Veen grab sampler at May(spring) and July(summer) 2012. A total of 247 species occurred and mean density was $1,625\;ind.\;m^{-2}$, both of which were dominated by annelid polychaetes(120 species and $1,241m^{-2}$). Dominant species were the polychaetes Ampharete arctica, Lumbrineris longifolia, Mediomastus californiensis and Euclymene oerstedi, with a density of 445(${\pm}1,837\;ind.\;m^{-2}$), 103(${\pm}148\;ind.\;m^{-2}$), 55(${\pm}83\;ind.\;m^{-2}$) and 50(${\pm}104\;ind.\;m^{-2}$), respectively. The study area was divided into 3 station group based on the cluster analysis and nMDS ordination. These assemblage were : 1)the group 1 and 2 were associated with coarse sediment dominated stations and 2)the group 3 was connected with a mixed and fine sediment dominated stations group. The BPI and AMBI index were applied to assess the benthic ecological status. The ecological status of the Garorim Bay was "good status(slightly polluted)" to "high status(normal)" at most sampling stations during spring and summer. In conclusion, the two marine biotic index calculated shown that the Garorim Bay had a good ecological status.

• Journal of the Korean Geophysical Society
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.269-280
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• 2000

Rail vibration in city zone is becoming a serious environmental problem. In order to make a reduction plan for rail vibration, the research was conducted in which many experiments to measure actual rail vibration along the railroad through the central Deajeon area. A digital vibration level meter was used to measure rail vibration. Vibration levels of Z-axis were measured at every second for the duration of the train passing. The measuring station was placed at every 5m for the distance of 55m. A total of 353 different sets of vibration level were obtained. The signals were processed to get $L_{10}$ value and analyzed in terms of distance, train velocity, and number of trains. As a result, it has been found that rail vibration exceed the allowable vibraton limit of 60 dB, at the point of 25 m far from the railroad center, which is regulated by the las of vibration and noise. Train velocity was found to affect a little for vibration level within the zone. It was also found that a trench installed along a railroad could reduce vibration level up to approximately 10 percent. A model test was conducted to investigate the influence of the location and size of trench, on the transfer of vibration. A heavy steel ball was used to generate vibrations. On the basis obtained from this study, it could be concluded that the application of distance-attenuation and the installment of a trench along railroad could be applied as a reduction plan for rail vibration. Because limitions might exist to depend on the effect of distance attenuation, trenchs excavated along a railroad might be suggested as the most efficient solution to reduce railroad vibration.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.193-202
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• 2012

'Joseong', a winter forage triticale cultivar (X Triticosecale Wittmack), was developed by the breeding team at the Department of Rice and Winter Cereal Crop, NICS, RDA in 2010. The cultivar 'Joseong' was selected from the cross FAHAD_5/RHINO1R.1D 5+10 5D'5B'//FAHAD_5 by CIMMYT (Mexico) in 1992. Subsequent generations were handled in pedigree selection program at Mexico from 1993 to 1998, and a line 'CTSS92Y-A-4Y-0M-5Y-0B' was selected for earliness and good agronomic characteristics. After preliminary and advance yield test in Korea for 2 years, the line designated as a line name of 'Iksan26'. The 'Iksan26' was subsequently evaluated for earliness and forage yield in 7 different locations such as Jeju, Iksan, Cheongwon, Yesan, Naju, Daegu, and Jinju from 2008 to 2010 and finally named as 'Joseong'. The cultivar 'Joseong' has characteristics of dark green leaf, yellow culm and spike, and large grain of yellowish brown color. The heading date of cultivar 'Joseong' was April 24, which was 5 days earlier than that of check cultivar 'Shinyoung'. It showed better tolerance or resistance to lodging, wet injury, powdery mildew, and leaf rust than those of the check cultivar 'Shinyoung'. The average forage dry matter yield of cultivar 'Joseong' at milk-ripe stage was 14.5 MT $ha^{-1}$, which was lower than 16.5 MT $ha^{-1}$ of the check cultivar 'Shinyoung'. The silage quality of 'Joseong' (5.3%) was lower to the check cultivar 'Shinyoung' (6.0%) in crude protein content, while was 2.1% superior to the check cultivar 'Shinyoung' (61.9%) in TDN (total digestible nutrients). It showed 5.1 MT $ha^{-1}$ of grain yield, which was 40% higher than that of the check cultivar 'Shinyoung' (3.65 MT $ha^{-1}$). This cultivar is recommended for fall sowing crop in the area where daily minimum mean temperatures are averaged higher than $-10^{\circ}C$ in January, and as a winter crop using whole crop forage before planting rice in around Korea.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.203-208
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• 2012

Pyeongangok, a new single cross variety, is an yellow dent maize hybrid (Zea mays L.) developed by the maize breeding team at the National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), RDA in 2011. This hybrid, which has a high yield of grain and dry matter, was produced by crossing two inbred lines, KS160 and KS155. KS160 is the seed parent and KS155 is the pollen parent of Pyeongangok. Silking date of Pyeongangok is 2 days earlier than that of check hybrid, Jangdaok, and equal to that of another check hybrid, Kwangpyeongok. Plant height of Pyeongangok is longer than that of Jangdaok and similar to that of Kwangpyeongok. Ear numbers per 100 plants of Pyeongangok is more than that of Jangdaok. Ear length of Pyeongangok is shorter than that of Jangdaok. 100 seeds weight of Pyeongangok is lighter than that of Jangdaok. Ear rate of Pyeongangok is lower than that of Kwangpyeongok. Stay-green of Pyeonganok is not greatly different with that of Kwangpyeongok. It has moderately resistance to southern corn leaf blight (Bipolaris maydis), black streaked dwarf virus (BSDV) and corn borer. It has strong resistance to northern corn leaf blight (Exserohilum turcicum). It has resistance to lodging. Pyeongangok was evaluated for the yields of grain and dry matter at four locations from 2009 to 2011. The yield of Pyeongangok in grain was 7.66 ton/ha. The yield of Pyeongangok in dry matter was 19.80 ton/ha. The yield of Pyeongangok in total digestible nutrient (TDN) was 13.32 ton/ha. Seed production of Pyeongangok has gone well due to a good match during crossing between the seed parent, KS160, and the pollen parent, KS155, in Yeongwol.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.288-292
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• 2008

This study was conducted to identify the effects of irrigation amount to produce high quality melon fruit in fertigation culture. Irrigation amount of during fruit harvesting period was doubled at the low irrigation point ($(-45{\sim}50\;kPa$) treatment as 115 mm as than that of the high irrigation point ($-20{\sim}25\;kPa$) treatment. The plant growth rates such as stem length, leaf weight and plant height were a little diminished at the low irrigation point ($-45{\sim}50\;kPa$) than those of the other treatments. Internode length was however not affected by irrigation amount. Fruit weight was lighter at the low irrigation point ($-45{\sim}50\;kPa$) than that of at the high irrigation point and fruit height was shorter, but fruit diameter was not affected by irrigation amount. Fruit soluble solid was $0.9^{\circ}Bx$ higher at the low irrigation point ($-45{\sim}50\;kPa$) than at the high irrigation point ($-20{\sim}25\;kPa$) and net index was higher. Total marketable yield was highest by 3,937 kg/10a at the high irrigation point ($-20{\sim}25\;kPa$), but the excellent marketable yield was highest by 2,531 kg/10a at the low irrigation point ($-45{\sim}50\;kPa$). Inorganic contents of the soil N, K, Ca and Mg were not affected by irrigation amount. It was therefore thought that optimum irrigation point to produce high quality melon fruit by fertigation culture was $-45{\sim}50\;kPa$ at ripening stage.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.195-200
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• 2015

The objective of this study was to evaluate the toxicities of permeable cryoprotectants and finally to establish the cryopreservation method of surplus embryos obtained during assisted reproductive technology (ART). Toxicities of permeable cryoprotectants, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ethylene glycol (EG), Glycerol, and 1,2-PROH were investigated using a murine embryo model. Female $F-{_1}$ mice were stimulated with gonadotropin, induced ovulation with hCG and mated. Two cell embryos were collected and cultured after exposure to among DMSO, EG, Glycerol, and 1,2-PROH. Embryo development was evaluated up to the blastocyst stage. The total cell count of blastocysts that were treated with DMSO and Glycerol at the 2-cell stage was significantly lower than that were treated with EG ($81.1{\pm}15.1$), 1,2-PROH ($88.0{\pm}21.1$) or the control ($99.9{\pm}21.3$) (p<0.001). On comparison of four cryoprotectant treated groups, the DMSO and Glycerol treated group showed a decreased cell count compared with the EG and 1,2-PROH treated group (p<0.05). Both DMSO ($14.7{\pm}1.3$), EG ($12.1{\pm}1.1$), Glycerol ($15.2{\pm}1.8$), and 1,2-PROH ($11.5{\pm}1.3$) treated groups showed higher apoptosis rates of cells in the blastocyst compared with the control ($6.5{\pm}0.7$, p<0.0001). In addition, the DMSO or Glycerol treated group showed more apoptotic cells than the EG or 1,2-PROH treated group (p<0.001). The potential toxicity of cryoprotectants was uncovered by prolonged exposure of murine embryos to among DMSO, EG, Glycerol, and 1,2-PROH at room temperature. When comparing four permeable cryoprotective agents, EG and 1,2-PROH appeared to be less toxic than DMSO and Glycerol at least in a murine embryo model.