• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.110-122
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• 2006

Objective : This study was conducted to quantify chronic lead exposure from various media(ie. working environment, food, ambient air), and to certify the usefulness of exposure assessment using Monte-Carlo simulation in the fields of occupational health. Methods : Data were obtained from Korean Industrial Health Association, Korea Food and Drug Administration, and the Ministry of Environment. Then lead worker's exposure was estimated indirectly from various media and parameters (ie. volume inhaled, body weight, dietary intake, etc.). Uncertainty was analyzed by Monte Carlo simulation with Crystal Ball software. Exposure doses and hazard indices were simulated with various hypothetical scenarios including weekly working hours and respiratory protective equipment. Results : Without respiratory protective equipment, the total exposure dose per kilogram of body weight of lead workers was estimated as $5.45{\times}10^{-3}mg/kg/day$, and hazard index was estimated as 2.26, and exposure contributions were calculated as follows : working environment(82.42 %); foods(17.57 %); and ambient air(0.01 %). But, if working condition has changed - reduction of working hours and using respiratory protective equipment, the total exposure dose per kilogram of body weight was estimated between $1.34{\times}10^{-3}-1.49{\times}10^{-3}mg/kg/day$, and hazard index was estimated between 0.56 - 0.62. Conclusions : This study suggested that occurrence of hazardous impact(ie. increased blood pressure) through lifetime lead exposure would be expected, and that the Monte-Carlo simulation was useful for the fields of occupational health.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.129-144
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• 2012

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate the level of emotional labor and to identify affecting factors on emotional labor among one university hospital employees. Material and Method : This study was based on cross-sectional, self-administered, and Internet-based survey. The survey was conducted from Mar. 2 to Mar. 28. 2011. Total subjects were 812 employees working in one university hospital. Total response rate was 61.5%. Modified evaluation tool was used, which was originally developed by Morris and Feldman, to measure the level of emotional labor among hospital personnel. In order to identify the affecting factors on high level of emotional labor, we conducted logistic regression. The SPSS statistical software package was used to perform the statistical analysis. All statistical tests were 2-sided and a p-value<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results : Average score of emotional labor was 3.06. Employees(3.39) who are working at the emergency department and hemodialysis room indicated the highest level of emotional labor, followed by wards(3.14), department of administration(3.14), department of ambulatory cares(3.06). The factors affecting on the high level of emotional labor were the highest level of schooling, types of department, and types of personality(p<0.05). Conclusion : The survey results showed that there was significant level of emotional labors among hospital employees. Therefore, the efforts to reduce the level of emotional labors are needed.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.55-62
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• 2016

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence of root fusion and C-shaped root canals in maxillary molars, and to classify the types of C-shaped canal by analyzing cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in a Korean population. Materials and Methods: Digitized CBCT images from 911 subjects were obtained in Chosun University Dental Hospital between February 2010 and July 2012 for orthodontic treatment. Among them, a total of selected 3,553 data of maxillary molars were analyzed retrospectively. Tomography sections in the axial, coronal, and sagittal planes were displayed by PiViewstar and Rapidia MPR software (Infinitt Co.). The incidence and types of root fusion and C-shaped root canals were evaluated and the incidence between the first and the second molar was compared using Chi-square test. Results: Root fusion was present in 3.2% of the first molars and 19.5% of the second molars, and fusion of mesiobuccal and palatal root was dominant. C-shaped root canals were present in 0.8% of the first molars and 2.7% of the second molars. The frequency of root fusion and C-shaped canal was significantly higher in the second molar than the first molar (p < 0.001). Conclusions: In a Korean population, maxillary molars showed total 11.3% of root fusion and 1.8% of C-shaped root canals. Furthermore, root fusion and C-shaped root canals were seen more frequently in the maxillary second molars.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.556-565
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• 2018

The age and growth of butter clams Saxidomus purpuratus were estimated using transmitted light on the shells of 364 samples from January 2017 to December 2017 in Jinhae Bay. Based on monthly variation in the marginal index (MI) of the shell, it is assumed that rings are formed once a year during the period from July to August in this species. The relationship between shell length (SL; mm) and shell height (SH; mm) was expressed by the equation SH=0.8053SL-2.9636 ($R^2=0.94$) and between SL and shell width (SW; mm) by the equation SW=0.5648SL-3.7105 ($R^2=0.90$). The relationship between SL and total weight (TW; g) was expressed by the following equation: $TW=0.00009SL^{3.2141}$ ($R^2=0.96$). von Bertalanffy's growth parameters were estimated using the regression wizard in the SigmaPlot computer program (Systat Software, Inc., v. 10.0). The maximum shell length ($SL_{\infty}$) was 126.16 mm, growth rate was 0.2030/year, theoretical age at shell length 0 ($t_0$) was -0.52 years, and asymptotic total weight ($TW_{\infty}$) was 509.17 g. Growth curves for SL and TW fitted to the von Bertalanffy's equation were expressed as follows: $SL_t=126.16(1-e^{-0.2030(t+0.52)})$, $TW_t=509.17(1-e^{-0.2030(t+0.52)})^{3.2141}$.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.139-147
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• 2009

Accurate construction cost estimation in the initial stage of building project plays a key role for project success and for mitigation of disputes. Total construction cost(TCC) estimation of apartment projects in Vietnam has become more important because those projects increasingly rise in quantity with the urbanization and population growth. This paper presents the application of artificial neural networks(ANNs) in estimating TCC of apartment projects. Ninety-one questionnaires were collected to identify input variables. Fourteen data sets of completed apartment projects were obtained and processed for training and generalizing the neural network(NN). MATLAB software was used to train the NN. A program was constructed using Visual C++ in order to apply the neural network to realistic projects. The results suggest that this model is reasonable in predicting TCCs for apartment projects and reinforce the reliability of using neural networks to cost models. Although the proposed model is not validated in a rigorous way, the ANN-based model may be useful for both practitioners and researchers. It facilitates systematic predictions in early phases of construction projects. Practitioners are more proactive in estimating construction costs and making consistent decisions in initial phases of apartment projects. Researchers should benefit from exploring insights into its implementation in the real world. The findings are useful not only to researchers and practitioners in the Vietnam Construction Industry(VCI) but also to participants in other developing countries in South East Asia. Since Korea has emerged as the first largest foreign investor in Vietnam, the results of this study may be also useful to participants in Korea.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.8
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• pp.1134-1140
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• 2018

Objective: Fatty acid composition is one of the most important meat quality traits because it can contribute to functional, sensorial, and nutritional factors. In this study, quantitative trait locus (QTL) analyses for fatty acid composition traits were investigated in thigh and breast meat of Korean native chicken (KNC). Methods: In total, 18 fatty acid composition traits were investigated from each meat sample using 83 parents, and 595 $F_1$ chicks of 20 week old. Genotype assessment was performed using 171 informative DNA markers on 26 autosomes. The KNC linkage map was constructed by CRI-MAP software, which calculated genetic distances, with map orders between markers. The half-sib and full-sib QTL analyses were performed using GridQTL and SOLAR programs, respectively. Results: In total, 30 QTLs (12 in the thigh and 18 in the breast meat) were detected by the half-sib analysis and 7 QTLs (3 in the thigh and 4 in the breast meat) were identified by the full-sib analysis. Conclusion: With further verification of the QTL regions using additional markers and positional candidate gene studies, these results can provide valuable information for determining causative mutations affecting the fatty acid composition of KNC meat. Moreover, these findings may aid in the selection of birds with favorable fatty acid composition traits.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.95-105
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• 2000

Glenohumeral internal and external rotation with shoulder abducted in the frontal plane often causes impingement of the supraspinatus tendon. whereas similar activity in scapular plane does not cause impingement. The Purpose of this study was to determine if assessment among the three positions as 30 degrees, 60 degrees, 90 degrees abduction in the sitting position of the scapular plane could be affected the comparison between intemal and external peak torque, total work, average power. In this study, Isokinetic shoulder rotational strength was evaluated in twenty healthy male university students, using the Cybex NORMTM System (CYBEX Division of LUMEX, Inc., Ronkonkoma, New York). Test data was gathered in the plane of the scapular, 30 degrees of horizontal flexion anterior to coronal plane, and the subjects performed the test with the arm 30, 60, and 90degrees abducted in the sitting position. also, test speed was set at deg/sec. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 7.5 for Windows software and mean and standard deviations were calculated. ANOVA was used to analyze the difference of the values in the three test positions. A paired t-test was used of examining the difference in the means peak torque between external and internal rotation. Not any significant difference was found among three abduction positions in scapular plane, even though there was a consistent pattern of greater strength in the abducted position of 60 degrees. Internal relation strength peak torque and total work were greater than those of external rotation in every test positions.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.231-235
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• 2004

Landsat satellite images were analyzed to study vegetation change patterns of warm-temperate forests from 1991 to 2002 in Wando. For this purpose, Landsat TM satellite image of 1991 and Landsat ETM image of 2002 were used for vegetation classification using ENVI image processing software. Four different forest types were set as a classification criteria; evergreen broadleaf, evergreen conifer, deciduous broadleaf, and others. Unsupervised classification method was applied to classily forest types. Although it was impossible to draw exact forest types in rocky areas because of differences in data detection time and rough resolution of image, 2002 data revealed that total 2,027ha of evergreen broadleaf forests were growing in Wando. Evergreen broadleaves and evergreen conifers increased in total areas compared to 11 years ago, but there was sharp decrease in deciduous broadleaves. GIS-based management system for warm-temperate forest was done using Arc/Info. Geographic and attribute database of Wando such as vegetation, soils, topography, land owners were built with Arc/Info and ArcView. Graphic user interface which manages and queries necessary data was developed using Avenue.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.10-20
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• 2017

The proportion of software in the automotive industry is steadily increasing due to the rapid technological development of automobile E/E parts. Because the automotive E/E technology is now on the basis of intelligent automobile and advanced safety automobile technology. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of organizational capability (organizational resource capability and management capability), process capability (process capability, customer Requirement management capability), performance dimension (motivation, participation level). In this study, we conducted questionnaires and statistical analysis on engineers (members of the Korea Advanced Automotive Technology Association) who perform research and development activities in the R&D organization of the automotive E/E part in South Korea. ANOVA is applied for the verification of the difference in performance measured by organizational capability, process maturity, and motivation participation level according to company characteristics (level of processing : supply chain configuration, annual sales, total SW development ratio). According to the results of this study, in order to improve the performance of ASPICE or ISO 26262-related consulting project, a different consulting approach strategy considering the characteristics of organization and personnel is needed. In summary, the analysis results for the three main treatment levels are as follows. The difference in organizational capacity, process capability and performance was found to be statistically significant according to supply chain configuration and annual sales, but it was found that the difference of response according to the proportion of total SW was not significant.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.713-730
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• 2017

Purpose: This study was a systematic review and meta-analysis designed to evaluate the effects of breastfeeding intervention on breastfeeding rates. Methods: Based on the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA), a systematic search was conducted using eight core electronic databases and other sources including gray literature from January 9 to 19, 2017. Two reviewers independently select the studies and assessed methodological risk of bias of studies using the Cochrane criteria. The topics of breastfeeding interventions were analyzed using descriptive analysis and the effects of intervention were meta-analyzed using the Review Manager 5.2 software. Results: A total of 16 studies were included in the review and 15 were included for meta-analysis. The most frequently used intervention topics were the importance of good latch-on and frequency of feeding and determining adequate intake followed. The pooled total effect of breastfeeding intervention was 1.08 (95% CI 1.03~1.13). In the subgroup analysis, neither pre-nor post-childbirth intervention was effective on the breastfeeding rates at 1, 3, and 6 months, and neither group nor individual interventions had an effect. Only the 1 month breastfeeding rate was found to be affected by the individual intervention with the persistent strategies 1.21 (95% CI 1.04~1.40). Conclusion: Effective breastfeeding interventions are needed to help the mother to start breastfeeding after childbirth and continue for at least six months. It should be programmed such that individuals can acquire information and specific breastfeeding skills. After returning home, there should be continuous support strategies for breastfeeding as well as managing various difficulties related to childcare.