• 공업화학
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.251-254
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• 2007

실온에서 베니어에 ammonium chloride, ammonium sulfate, monoammonium phosphate, 그리고 diammonium phosphate와 같은 암모늄염으로 도포하고, 도포된 베니어의 난연성을 조사하였다. 암모늄염으로 도포된 베니어판은 미처리된 순수 베니어판에 비하여 $CO/CO_2$비를 증가시켰다. 이것은 정도에 따라 독성에 영향을 미치는 것으로 생각된다. 암모늄염이 베니어의 난연제로 사용되었을 때, 도포된 암모늄염은 베니어의 난연성을 향상시켰다. 또한 ammonium sulfate와 ammonium chloride로 도포된 베니어는 미처리된 순수 베니어에 비해 양쪽 모두 낮은 총연기방출율과 낮은 총연기량을 나타내었다.

• Advances in environmental research
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.189-202
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• 2017

This study examines the concentrations of particulate-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and gas-phase PAHs in sidestream cigarette smoke. Sixteen PAHs were determined for four brands of cigarettes. The volume of the experimental room is approximately $66m^3$. The air samples in the room were collected before and after smoking. The median total of particulate-phase and gas-phase PAH concentrations before smoking $3.13ng/m^3$and $48.0ng/m^3$, respectively. The median concentrations of them after smoking were $10.0ng/m^3$ and $79.6ng/m^3$. The median increases in the total of 16 PAH concentrations per cigarette during smoking were 271 ng for the particulate-phase PAHs and 1960 ng for the gas-phase PAHs. According to the relationship between particulate-phase and gas-phase PAHs after smoking, the two- to four-ring gas-phase PAHs and the higher molecular weight particulate-phase PAHs were probably formed from similar precursors. The relationship between the total suspended particulate (TSP) concentration and the increase in the total particulate-phase concentration of the 16 PAHs per cigarette during smoking were significantly positive. The increase in the total gas-phase concentration of the 16 PAHs tended to increase as the TSP concentration increased. This may indicates that decreasing the amount of TSP produced inhibit the production of PAHs during smoking.

• 공업화학
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.469-474
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• 2010

목재는 연소성이 높은 본질적인 결함을 가지고 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 자연 건조된 굴참나무와 느티나무의 연소성질을 시험하였다. 열방출율과 CO/$CO_2$ 발생과 연기차폐와 같은 연기지수를 콘칼로리미터(ISO 5660-1)를 이용하여 측정하였다. $50kW/m^2$의 외부 열유속하에서 굴참나무의 총 방출열량, THR ($140.2MJ/m^2$)은 느티나무의 THR ($85.7MJ/m^2$) 과 비교하여 높게 나타났다. 그리고 굴참나무의 총 연기발생량, $TSP3.50m^2$는 느티나무의 $TSP0.65m^2$에 비하여 높게 나타났다. 이들 결과는 시험목의 체적밀도에 의존함을 보여준다. CO/$CO_2$ 발생비는 굴참나무와 느티나무가 각각 0.053, 0.043을 나타내었다. 또한 느티나무가 굴참나무에 비해 숯생성으로 인한 증대된 연소 억제성을 보여주었다.

• 한국화재소방학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국화재소방학회 2008년도 춘계학술논문발표회 논문집
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• pp.303-307
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• 2008

본 연구에서는 영동지역의 대표 수종인 소나무와 떡갈나무를 대상으로 주요 부위별 열적 특성을 고찰하고자 콘칼로리미터 시험(ISO 5660-1)을 수행하여 총연기발생량과 연기온도, 연소에 따른 산소소모량을 분석하였다. 소나무의 낙엽과 생엽은 연소초기에 급격하게 연기방출량이 증가하면서 가지와 수피에 비하여 총연기방출량이 약 8.3배 정도 높은 것으로 나타났으며 떡갈나무의 가지와 수피는 소나무보다 가지는 14.4배 정도, 수피는 7.2배 정도 높은 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 연기발생 최고온도는 $338.35{\sim}353.25\;K$ 사이로 나타남을 알 수 있었으며 산소소모량은 낙엽, 가지, 수피는 큰 차이는 없는 것으로 나타났으나 함수율이 높은 생엽의 경우 산소소모량이 가장 작게 나타남을 알 수 있었다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.258-264
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• 2015

To evaluate the influence of 3A zeolite on the flame retardant properties of poplar plywood. Ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and 3A zeolite were used as flame retardants to prepare plywood samples. The combustion properties, such as heat release rate (HRR), total heat release (THR), mean CO and $CO_2$ yield, smoke production rate (SPR), and total smoke production (TSP), were characterized by a cone calorimeter. A synergistic effect was observed between 3A zeolite and APP on reducing the HRR and mean CO yield. The probable flame retardation mechanism was proposed.

• 공업화학
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.627-631
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• 2010

본 연구에서는 암모늄염 처리에 의하여 리기다 소나무를 바탕으로한 재료의 난연성을 시험하였다. 실온에서 3종류의 암모늄염 즉, ammonium sulfate, monoammonium phosphate, 그리고 diammonium phosphate의 20 wt% 수용액에 각각 리기다 소나무를 함침시켜 건조시킨 후 콘칼로리미터(ISO 5660-1)를 이용하여 그들의 연소성을 조사하였다. 암모늄염으로 처리한 시험편들은 미처리된 시험편에 비하여 연소억제성을 향상시켰다. 그러나 CO의 발생량은 증가하여 정도에 따라 독성 영향을 미치는 것으로 보여졌다. 또한 미처리된 순수 시험편에 비해 총연기방출율과 총연기량이 모두 낮은 값을 나타내었다. 처리된 시험편 중 diammonium phosphate로 처리된 것이 가장 연소억제 효과가 강한 것으로 판단되었다.

• Advances in nano research
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.127-140
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• 2024

Upon direct/indirect exposure to flame or heat, composite structures may burn or thermally buckle. This issue becomes more important in the natural fiber-based composite structures with higher flammability and lower mechanical properties. The main goal of the present study was to obtain an optimal eco-friendly composite system with low flammability and high thermal buckling resistance. The studied composite consisted of polypropylene (PP) and short abaca fiber (AF) with eggshell powder (ESP) and halloysite clay nanotubes (HNTs) additives. An optimal base composite, consisting of 30 wt.% AF and 70 wt.% PP, abbreviated as OAP, was initially introduced based on burning rate (BR) and the Young's modulus determined by horizontal burning test (HBT) and tensile test, respectively. The effects of adding ESP to the base composite were then investigated with the same experimental tests. The results indicated that though the BR significantly decreased with the increase of ESP content up to 6 wt.%, it had a very destructive influence on the stiffness of the composite. To compensate for the damaging effect of ESP, small amount of HNT was used. The performance of OAP composite with 6 wt.% ESP and 3 wt.% HNT (OAPEH) was explored by conducting HBT, cone calorimeter test (CCT) and tensile test. The experimental results indicated a 9~23 % reduction in almost all flammability parameters such as heat release rate (HRR), total heat released (THR), maximum average rate of heat emission (MARHE), total smoke released (TSR), total smoke production (TSP), and mass loss (ML) during combustion. Furthermore, the combination of 6 wt.% ESP and 3 wt.% HNT reduced the stiffness of OAP to an insignificant amount by maximum 3%. Moreover, the char residue analysis revealed the distinct differences in the formation of char between AF/PP and AF/PP/ESP/HNT composites. Afterward, dilatometry test was carried out to examine the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of OAP and OAPEH samples. The obtained results showed that the CTE of OAPEH composite was about 18% less than that of OAP. Finally, a theoretical model was used based on first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT) to predict the critical bucking temperatures of the OAP and OAPEH composite plates. It was shown that in the absence of mechanical load, the critical buckling temperatures of OAPEH composite plates were higher than those of OAP composites, such that the difference between the buckling temperatures increased with the increase of thickness. On the contrary, the positive effect of CTE reduction on the buckling temperature decreased by raising the axial compressive mechanical load on the composite plates which can be assigned to the reduction of stiffness after the incorporation of ESP. The results of present study generally stated that a suitable combination of AF, PP, ESP, and HNT can result in a relatively optimal and environmentally friendly composite with proper flame and thermal buckling resistance with no significant decline in the stiffness.