• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.176-190
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• 2011

There seems to be some controversy about the effect of total ginseng saponin (TGS) on the secretion of catecholamines (CA) from the adrenal gland. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine whether TGS can affect the CA release in the perfused model of the adrenal medulla isolated from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). TGS (15-150 ${\mu}g/mL$), perfused into an adrenal vein for 90 min, inhibited the CA secretory responses evoked by acetylcholine (ACh, 5.32 mM) and high $K^+$ (56 mM, a direct membrane depolarizer) in a dose- and time-dependent fashion. TGS (50 ${\mu}g/mL$) also time-dependently inhibited the CA secretion evoked by 1.1-dimethyl-4 -phenyl piperazinium iodide (DMPP; 100 ${\mu}M$, a selective neuronal nicotinic receptor agonist) and McN-A-343 (100 ${\mu}M$, a selective muscarinic M1 receptor agonist). TGS itself did not affect basal CA secretion (data not shown). Also, in the presence of TGS (50 ${\mu}g/mL$), the secretory responses of CA evoked by veratridine (a selective $Na^+$ channel activator (50 ${\mu}M$), Bay-K-8644 (an L-type dihydropyridine $Ca^{2+}$ channel activator, 10 ${\mu}M$), and cyclopiazonic acid (a cytoplasmic $Ca^{2+}$-ATPase inhibitor, 10 ${\mu}M$) were significantly reduced, respectively. Interestingly, in the simultaneous presence of TGS (50 ${\mu}g/mL$) and N${\omega}$-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride [an inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO) synthase, 30 ${\mu}M$], the inhibitory responses of TGS on the CA secretion evoked by ACh, high $K^+$, DMPP, McN-A-343, Bay-K-8644, cyclopiazonic acid, and veratridine were considerably recovered to the extent of the corresponding control secretion compared with the inhibitory effect of TGS-treatment alone. Practically, the level of NO released from adrenal medulla after the treatment of TGS (150 ${\mu}g/mL$) was greatly elevated compared to the corresponding basal released level. Taken together, these results demonstrate that TGS inhibits the CA secretory responses evoked by stimulation of cholinergic (both muscarinic and nicotinic) receptors as well as by direct membrane-depolarization from the isolated perfused adrenal medulla of the SHRs. It seems that this inhibitory effect of TGS is mediated by inhibiting both the influx of $Ca^{2+}$ and Na+ into the adrenomedullary chromaffin cells and also by suppressing the release of $Ca^{2+}$ from the cytoplasmic calcium store, at least partly through the increased NO production due to the activation of nitric oxide synthase, which is relevant to neuronal nicotinic receptor blockade, without the enhancement effect on the CA release. Based on these effects, it is also thought that there are some species differences in the adrenomedullary CA secretion between the rabbit and SHR.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.210-216
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• 1999

TREGRO, a computer simulation model of individual tree growth, was applied to estimate ozone ($\textrm{O}_3$) effects on aspen(Populus tremuloides) growth under ambient and 1.7 times ambient $\textrm{O}_3$ of Seoul in 1996. The three highest $\textrm{O}_3$ (Kuui-dong, Ssangmun-dong, Sungsoo-dong) and the two lowest $\textrm{O}_3$ sites (Mapo-dong, Namgajwa-dong) were evaluated. The current ambient $\textrm{O}_3$ did not affect aspen growth compared to simulation without $\textrm{O}_3$. The only effect was 6.6 percent of total assimilated carbonloss at Ssangmun-dong where the level of $\textrm{O}_3$ was greatest among the 21 sites examined. Decrease as much as 50 percent of total carbon gain was calculated at 1.7 times ambient $\textrm{O}_3$ of the three highest sites. The carbon loss by $\textrm{O}_3$ came from biomass of tissues and total nonstructural cabron (TNC) such as starch and sugar. The most sensitive fraction was TNC and the next was root biomass. Foliage mass was not affected by $\textrm{O}_3$. Structural biomass loss was at best 1 to 3 percent at 1.7 times ambient $\textrm{O}_3$ at the two lowest sites. The daily carbon simulation was affected by $\textrm{O}_3$ mainly during Growth Period 4 (Jul. 21-Oct. 26). Correlations between site, dose, and the simulated responses of aspen (tissue biomass, TNC, respiration, and senescence) ranged from -0.703 to -0.973 depending on the plant responses. The ozone effects on poplar in Seoul are not severe currently, but are probably measurable at Ssangmun-dong. However, severe $\textrm{O}_3$ effects on biomass would occur if $\textrm{O}_3$ levels increase to 1.7 times ambient $\textrm{O}_3$ in Seoul. In addition, v could weaken the trees thus increasing susceptibility to pathogens or insects.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.266-272
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• 2004

This study investigated the effects of soyoligosaccharide consumption on lipid profile of plasma, liver and feces and immune responses in Sprague-Dawley male rats. Sixty male Sprague-Dawley rats 4-wk-old were provided the soyo-ligosaccharide containing diets for 4 weeks (0, 100 g/kg diet); each of these diets was supplemented with either 70 or 200 g fat/kg diet, giving a total of 4 experimental groups. The effect of weight reduction was most significantly observed in the group fed low fat and soyoligosacchairde diet. The plasma total lipid and cholesterol contents were not changed by either fat proportion or soyoligosaccharide supplementation in the diets. Also the plasma triglyceride lowering effect by soyoligosaccharide was not observed in rats fed either low fat or high fat diet. However, the significant decrease in TG contents was found with rats fed high fat diets compared to the control/no soyoligosaccharide diet. Elevation of plasma LDL-cholesterol and reduction of HDL-cholesterol by feeding high fat diet was not altered by supplementing soyoligosaccharide. This was also applied to the liver lipid profiles. The significant increases in liver total lipid, trigly-cerides and cholesterol by high fat diet was not abolished by feeding soyoligosaccharide. However, the desirable effects of feeding soyoligosaccharide were found with total lipid and cholesterol excretion through feces in rats fed high fat diets. Immune organ weights and spleen cell proliferations did not affected by experimental diets. These results de-monstrated that soyoligosaccharide intakes increased the lipid output via feces, especially in rats fed the high fat diet, but more researches are needed on immune responses.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.12-24
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• 2007

Objective : To investigate the effect of Samilshinkihwan(SISKW) on white rats with deteriorated immunity caused by methotrexate. Methods : The test articles were dosed once a day for 14 days by gastric gavage at a dosage 1000, 500 and 250mg/kg/10ml of SISKW from 2 days after last MTX-dosing, and changes in body weight, spleen weight, total blood leukocyte numbers, total lymphocyte numbers, B and T lymphocyte ratio, CD3+CD4+, CD3+/CD8+ and CD4+/CD8+ T lymphocyte ratio in the blood and spleen were measured. In addition, the serum interleukin (IL)-2 levels and the productivity of IL-2 of splenic cells were also demonstrated in this study. Results : The changes on body weight increased significantly in the 1000mg/kgof SISKW group. The changes on the spleen weight, the total blood leukocytenumbers, the total lymphocyte numbers in the blood and spleen, the ratio of T-cell in the blood and spleen and the ratio of CD3+CD4+ T-cell in spleen increased significantly in all SISKW groups as compared with the control group. The ratio of CD4+/CD8+ T-cells in blood increased significantly. The serum IL-2 levels and productivity of IL-2 of splenic cells increased significantly in 1000 and 500mg/kg SISKW groups as compared with the control group. Conclusions : Samilshinkihwanhas an effect of increasing immune responses, especially on cellular immune responses, in white rats with deteriorated immunity caused by methotrexate.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.2407-2410
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• 2016

Background: Response to antiviral therapy has been linked to different genotypes and this impacts on clinical management. Data on general responses to standard interferon (IFN) against HCV infection exists but little is known regarding HCV genotype specific responses. Purpose: Therefore, we attempted to determine genotype specific responses of chronic HCV patients, having different HCV genotypes, to standard IFN and ribavirin combination therapy administered for a period of six months in Kybher Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. Materials and Methods: HCV genotype was determined for all serum samples. Each patient received standard IFN combination therapy with ribavirin administered at dose of 3 MIU three times a week and 800-1200 mg/day, respectively, for a period of six months. After completion of this therapy, PCR was performed for all course completed subjects. Results: Out of total 51 selected patients the most abundant genotypes were 3a (49.0%) and 1a (21.6%) followed by 3b (9.8%), 1b (7.84%), 2a (7.84%) and untypable (3.94%). Moast responsive genotypes were 2a followed by 3a, with end of treatment responses of 77.7%, and 72.2%. Responses for 3b, 1b and untypable were 66.7%, 33.3% and 0%, respectively. Conclusions: IFN response is efficient in case of 2a and 3a genotypes while in case of untypable genotypes, further categorization is required to know about genomic sequences and to adopt some new regimes against these genotypes.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.41-52
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• 1988

The purpose of this study was to investigate the pulpal responses to acid etching of dentine. Total 72 class V cavaties' were prepared on the healthy permanent teeth from 6 dogs, and were divided into 4 groups. These were filled with filling materials after acid etching with each etchant for 1 min. Control group ; ZOE filling without acid etching. Group 1: Zinc Oxide-Eugenol cement filling. Group 2: Drying with hot air and Zinc oxide-Eugenol cement filling. Group 3: Scotchbond application and silux filling. Group 4: Silux filling. The dogs were sacrificed after 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, 5 weeks and 6 weeks following operation. The specimens were routinely prepared and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin. Followings were the results obtained through microscopic examination. 1. There was mostly severe pulpal responses in case of Silux filling after acid etching of dentine. 2. The pulpal responses of Silux filling after acid etching and application of Scotch bond group were more severe compared to Zinc Oxide-Eugenol cement filling group, but less severe compared to Silux filling group after acid etching of dentine. 3. The pulpal responses of Zinc Oxide-Eugenol cement filling group were similar to those of Zinc Oxide-Eugenol cement filling after drying with hot air group. 4. There was slight pulpal responses in early stage in case of Zinc Oxide-Eugenol cement filling group, but recovered to normal state soon after.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.417-427
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• 2008

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of anodizing surface to osseointegration of implant by using of resonance frequency analysis (RFA), quantitative and qualitative assessment of an anodically modified implant type with regard to osseous healing qualities. A total of 96 screw-shaped implants were prepared for this study. 72 implants were prepared by electrochemical oxidation with different ways. 24 (group 1 SP) were prepared at galvanostatic mode in 0.25M sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid. 24 (group 2GC) were prepared at galvanostatic mode in calcium glycerophosphate and calcium acetate and 24 (group 3 CMP (Calcium Metaphosphate) Coating were prepared at galvanostatic mode in 0.25M sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid followed by CMP coating. Rest of 24 (control group were as a control group of RBM surface. Bone tissue responses were evaluated by resonance frequency analysis (RFA) that were undertaken at 2, 4 and 6 weeks after implant placement in the mandible of mini-pig. Group 1 SP (anodized with sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid implants) demonstrated slightly stronger bone responses than control Group RBM. Group 2 GC (anodized surface with calcium glycerophosphate and calcium acetate implants) demonstrated no difference which were compared with control group. Group 3 GMP (anodized and CMP coated implants) demonstrated slightly stronger and faster bone responses than any other implants. But, all observation result of RF A showed no significant differences between experimental groups with various surface type. Histomorphometric evaluation demonstrated significantly higher bone-to-implant contact for group 2 GC. Significantly more bone formation was found inside threaded area for group 2 GC. It was concluded that group 2 GC (anodized surface with calcium glycerophosphate and calcium acetate implants) showed more effects on the bone tissue responses than RBM surface in initial period of implantation. In addition, CMP showed a tendency to promote bone tissue responses.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.43
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• pp.282-313
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• 2008

Advertising is both applauded and criticized for its characteristics and roles on society. Advertising environment is changing and developing. The important changes in advertising are fragmentation of traditional media, growth of new media, and increasing clutter. The major issue in advertising and broadcasting system in Korea is reintroduction of in-program advertising on terrestrial television stations. The purpose of this study is investigate the responses of viewers to in-program advertising. This study considers program genre as mediating variable which may affect the viewers' responses to in-program advertising. Independent variables of this study are the insertion of in-program advertising (insertion/non-insertion) and program genres(news/educational/drama/entertainment program). Dependent variables of this study are viewers' responses, attitude towards broadcasting station and attitude towards advertiser. This study was run as a $2{\times}4$ factorial design with 30 subjects per cell, resulting in a total sample size of 240. This study randomly assigned each subject to 1 of the 8 treatment groups. The result of this study shows that in-program advertising induces negative responses of viewers, attitude towards broadcasting station and advertiser. And this study found that viewers showed the negative responses to in-program advertising regardless of program genre. The findings of this study illustrate the need of consideration and planning of in-program advertising to protect viewers' right.

• Journal of Educational Research in Mathematics
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.1-19
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• 2015

This paper aims to explore what we can improve in the curriculum, teaching-learning, and evaluation on the bases of the analyses of multiple-choice items set in National Assessment of Educational Achievement. For this goal, by using the distribution curves of the responses percentages, we will grasp the features of educational achievement which appear to students through an in-depth analysis about not only item itself but also the contents included in particular distracters. These analyses provide more information than the descriptive statistical values such as the mean of correct answer percentage and the discrimination of whole group and the mean of responses percentages of replies of subgroups. Because the distribution curves of the responses percentages reveal the transition from the lowest to the highest educational achievement very well. From these analyses we acquire the implications about the concept of prime factor or prime factorization, ratio(proportion) such as velocity, linear function, volume of cone, properties of solid figure, and probabilities of empty event and total event.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.37 no.11
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• pp.2000-2007
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• 2024

Objective: The livestock handler attitude and their handling of animals is crucial for improving animal welfare standards, minimizing stress, improving productivity and meat quality. The present study was undertaken to assess the effect of training livestock handlers on behavioral, physiological, and hormonal responses during preslaughter handling in goats. Methods: A total of 6 handlers were divided into trained (trained in basic animal handling practices, animal behavior, and animal welfare), contact trained (not trained directly but interacted and saw the working of trained handlers), and untrained groups (no formal training). The handling experiment was conducted on 18 male goats by following a crossover design. The goats were moved from lairage to slaughter point by trained, contact-trained, and untrained handlers. Various behavioral, physiological, and hormonal parameters were recorded at the lairage before handling and at the slaughter point after handling the goats. Results: The training of livestock handlers had a significant effect on behavioral, physiological, and hormonal responses in goats. The goats handled by untrained and contact-trained handlers were recorded with intense vocalization, significant (p<0.05) increase in heart rate and blood glucose, and catecholamines (adrenaline and nor-adrenaline), thereby indicating stress and poor animal welfare. The trained handlers were observed to use visual interactions (waving of hands or objects, blocking, hand raising, etc), and lower stress responses were recorded in the goats handled by this group. Conclusion: The present study highlights the importance of training to livestock handlers in improving animal welfare and minimizing stress in goats during pre-slaughter stress.