• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.343-358
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• 2000

Epimedii Herba is an important traditional herb medicine widely used as a tonic. However, the mechanism of action of this drug on the immune system is not well studied. This study was performed to elucidate the effects of the aqueous extract of Epimedii Herba on the production of antibodies in mice. Antibodies in serum were detected in male ICR mice treated with the aqueous extract of Eplmedii Herba (AEEH) at a dosage of 40, 120, and 360mg/kg orally for 2 weeks. Effects of oral administration of AEEH on antibody forming responses were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of immunoglobulin (Ig) levels in serum. The results were as follows; 1. Epimedii Herba slightly decreased body weight gain. 2. Epimedii Herba significantly increased the relative spleen weight. 3. Epimedii Herba significantly increased total serum IgG levels. 4. Epimedii Herba significantly enhanced total serum IgG1 levels. 5. Epimedii Herba significantly increased total serum IgG2a levels. 6. Epimedii Herba markedly increased total serum IgM levels. These findings demonstrate that Epimedii Herba significantly enhances the production of antibodies at therapeutic concentrations, and suggest that administration of Epimedii Herba may prevent the host from immunologic diseases.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.22 no.7
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• pp.281-290
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• 2016

This study examined to verify the influence of environmental factors on conflict and contract intention as perceived by Chinese franchise restaurants, Conflict and Contract Intention. A total of 210 questionnaires were distributed to the consumers and 200 were deemed suitable for analysis after the removal of 10 unusable responses. SPSS 18.0 Statistical Program was employed for frequency analysis, factor analysis, and reliability analysis, correlations, and regression analysis. The results of exploratory factor analysis showed that three factors regarding Chinese franchise environmental factors were extracted from all measurements with KMO of 0.783, and total cumulative variance of 68.853%. In addition, three factors were extracted for regarding conflict with 61.313% of total cumulative variance and 0.763 KMO score. Contract intention was extracted that accounted for total cumulative variance of 63.453% and KMO score of 0.763. All factors were significantly correlated among the variables (p<0.001). Based on the results, thus, the main research hypothesis identifies the relationships among environmental factors, conflict, contract intention. These results can contribute to consider the importance of environmental elements for reducing the conflict and improving the contract intention in context of franchise chinese restaurant.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.21-26
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• 1999

Background: Preoperative blocking of surgical nociceptive inputs may prevent sensitization of central nervous system (CNS) and reduce postoperative pain. The stress responses to surgical trauma consist of increase in catabolic hormones and decrease in anabolic hormones. We studied whether preoperative low dose epidural bupivacaine and morphine could affect postoperative pain, changes plasma cortisol, and serum glucose. Methods: Thirty patients undergoing total abdominal hysterectomy were randomly assigned to one of three groups. General anesthesia was induced in all patients and after that, epidural blocks were done except the control group (n=10) patients. Preoperative block group (n=10) received 0.5% bupivacaine 50 mg and morphine 2 mg epidurally as a bolus before operation and followed by 0.1% bupivacaine $5\;mghr^{-1}$ and morphine $0.2\;mghr^{-1}$ for 10 hours. Postoperative block group (n=10) received the same doses of bupivacaine and morphine under the same method postoperatively. Postoperative pain relief was provided with i.v. fentanyl through Patient-Controlled-Analgesia Pump. Postoperative pain by visual analogue scores (VAS), analgesic requirement (first requirement time, total amounts used), side effects, plasma cortisol level and serum glucose level were compared. Results: Until postoperative 6 hrs, VAS of control group was higher than those of the epidural groups. No difference was observed in VAS between the two epidural groups. First analgesics requirement time and total amounts of used analgesics were not different between the two epidural groups, but first analgesic requirement time of preoperative block group was significantly prolonged compared with control group. Plasma cortisol and serum glucose levels were not different among groups. Conclusions: Low dose preoperative epidural bupivacaine and morphine could not reduce postoperative pain, plasma cortisol level and serum glucose level compared with postoperative block group.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.227-252
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• 2007

Objectives : In order to investigate the effect of Bobitang on SD rats with deteriorated immunity caused by methotrexate. Methods : The test sample were dosed once a day for 14 days by gastric gavage at a dosage 1,000, 500 and $250mg/kg/10m{\ell}$ from 2 days after last MTX-dosing, and the changes on body weight and gains, spleen weight and total blood leukocyte numbers, total lymphocyte numbers, the percentage of B-cell, T-cell, CD3+CD4+ T-cell, CD3+CD8+ T-cell and CD4+/CD8+ T-cell ratios in the blood and spleen were observed. Results : The changes on body weight gains, the spleen weight, the total blood leukocyte numbers, the total lymphocyte numbers in the blood and spleen, the ratio of T-cell in the blood and spleen, the ratio of CD3+CD4+ T-cell in the blood and spleen were increased significantly in BBT Extracts groups as compared with control group. The ratio of B-cell in the blood and spleen was not increased significantly in BBT Extracts groups as compared with control group. The percentage of CD3+CD8+ T-cell in the blood and spleen was decreased significantly in BBT Extracts groups as compared with control group. The ratio of CD4+/CD8+ T-cell in blood and spleen was increased significantly in BBT Extracts group as compared with control group. Conclusions : According to the above results, Bobi-Tang has an effect of increasing immune responses on SD rats with deteriorated immunity caused by methotrexate.

• Journal of East-West Nursing Research
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.5-13
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• 2008

Purpose: The study was to identify the relationship among perceived stress, coping strategies and satisfaction f clinical experience in nursing students and to examine difference of grade. Methods: A total 238 nursing students (second grade: 141 students, third grade: 97 students) from K. Womens' College were provided with self reported questionnaires from July 26, 2006 to July. 30, 2006. Perceived stress was measured using Perceived Stress Scale. Coping was measured using Coping Responses Inventory-Adult form. Satisfaction of clinical experience was measured using Satisfaction Inventory. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA and Pearson's Correlation Coefficient with SPSS 12.0 program. Result: Participants showed that a high level of perceived stress score $2.71{\pm}.47$ of total 4 (2nd grad) and $2.67{\pm}.35$ of total 4 (3rd grade). Approach Coping Scales score of coping strategies was $68.19{\pm}6.06$ (2nd grade), $63.38{\pm}6.69$ (3rd grade) of total 96, then coping mechanism's mean among 2nd grade nursing students was higher than 3rd grade nursing students. Satisfaction score of clinical experience in 2nd grade nursing students was $3.01{\pm}.32$ and higher than 3rd grade ($2.99{\pm}.38$). There was a negative correlation r=-.264 (p=.000) between perceived stress during clinical practice and satisfaction. It was statistically significant. There was a positive correlation r=.154 (p<.05) between satisfaction score of clinical experience in nursing students and approach coping scales score. Conclusion: With these findings, we found that the more approach coping level, the more satisfaction of clinical practice. It is needed to developing effective teaching method and coping strategies for nursing students to improve their coping ability and prepare qualified nursing profession.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.26 no.9
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• pp.1118-1128
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• 1993

This study was undertaken to investigate the acute effect of caffeine consumption on the change of mineral concentration in serum and urinary mineral excretion in healthy young females. On two separate mornings at one week intervals, each subject drank a coffee which contained no caffeine and 3mg/kg body weight caffeine. To obviate dietary effects on mineral concentration in serum and urine, each subject fasted at least ten hours before consuming the test beverage. At one, two, three and four hours, serum and urine production collected seperately for measurement of sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium concentration. The results were as following : 1) Mean age of subjects was 20.6$\pm$0.32, Mean body mass index of subjects was 21.64$\pm$0.89, which was within $\pm$10% of ideal body weight. 2) Total urine volume of caffein groups for 4 hour after caffeine consumption was higher than that of decaffeine one, but urine pH was unchanged after caffeine consumption. Total urinary four hour excretion of creatinine was not affected by caffeine consumption and creatinine clearance also was not different from the control value. 3) In serum, mean three hour content of sodium(p<0.01) and phosphorus was higher in the subject given the caffeine. Mean serum magnesium and calcium contents were lower in caffeine group than that of decaffeine one. Mean serum magnesium content for three hour after caffeine ingestion was affected by caffeine consumption(p<0.001). Mean serum content of potassium was unaffected by caffeine consumption. 4) Total urinary four hour excretion of sodium, increased significantly after caffeine consumption(p<0.05), while total urinary four hour excretion of potassium, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium was unchanged after caffeine intake. Urinary excretion of Na, Ca, P and Mg was greatest at one hour after caffeine consumption, especially urinary sodium and potassium excretion was significantly high(p<0.05, p<0.01). The above results show that only 3mg caffeine per kg body weight increase the urinary macro mineral excretion in healthy young females.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.183-204
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• 2023

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the applicability of ChatGPT in biological nursing science education. Methods: This study was conducted by entering questions about the field of biological nursing science into ChatGPT versions GPT-3.5 and GPT-4 and evaluating the answers. Three questions each related to microbiology and pharmacology were entered, and the generated content was analyzed to determine its applicability to the field of biological nursing science. The questions were of a level that could be presented to nursing students as written test questions. Results: The answers generated in English had 100.0% accuracy in both GPT-3.5 and GPT-4. For the sentences generated in Korean, the accuracy rate of GPT-3.5 was 62.7%, and that of GPT-4 was 100.0%. The total number of Korean sentences in GPT-3.5 was 51, while the total number of Korean sentences in GPT-4 was 68. Likewise, the total number of English sentences in GPT-3.5 was 70, while the total number of English sentences in GPT-4 was 75. This showed that even for the same Korean or English question, GPT-4 tended to be more detailed than GPT-3.5. Conclusion: This study confirmed the advantages of ChatGPT as a tool to improve understanding of various complex concepts in the field of biological nursing science. However, as the answers were based on data collected up to 2021, a guideline reflecting the most up-to-date information is needed. Further research is needed to develop a reliable and valid scale to evaluate ChatGPT's responses.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Dental Administration
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.89-95
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• 2023

Social phobia is a mental disorder that triggers physical reactions, such as cold sweats, headaches, and panic attacks, as a result of anxiety about a particular situation. Individuals with social phobia are thought to be more sensitive to dental anxiety and may have difficulty visiting the dentist as a result. This study aimed to determine the relationship between social phobia and dental fear among college students, who are reported to have a high prevalence of social phobia. A total of 120 survey responses were analyzed. To investigate the variation in dental fear levels based on the level of social phobia, the total social phobia score was divided into two groups: 41 points or more, and 40 points or less. The disparity in dental fear scores was then analyzed using a t-test. The study found that the average score for dental fear was statistically significantly higher in the group with a total social phobia score of 41 points or more compared to the group with a total score of 40 points or less (p<0.05). Furthermore, the group that scored 41 points or higher on the social phobia scale reported experiencing symptoms such as feeling nauseous at the dentist (3.29 points), sweating upon entering the dentist (3.13 points), and feeling afraid when looking at the dentist (3.13 points). The score was high (p<0.05). Therefore, dental patients exhibiting anxiety symptoms require a comfortable treatment environment to alleviate dental fear, and safe, pain-free dental treatment techniques must be employed.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.36 no.12
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• pp.1898-1904
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• 2023

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect of dietary guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) on the growth performance, slaughter traits, myofiber, and adenine nucleotide of meat-type rabbits. Methods: Experimental treatments consisted of control (CON) and GAA addition at 0.04% (T1), 0.08% (T2), and 0.12% (T3) of diet. A total of 240 weaned rabbits (meat-type male Chinese black rabbits) were randomly distributed into four groups with six replicates of ten rabbits each. Results: Results showed that the three doses of GAA increased (p<0.05) final body weight, carcass weight, the density and area of quadriceps femoris fiber; and T3 showed significant effects (p<0.05) on weight gain, feed/gain, and dressing percentage, and the traits of longissimus fiber, compared to CON. Dietary GAA increased (p<0.05) the meat color a^* and b^* in longissimus and quadriceps; and T3 showed the lowest (p<0.05) shear force of longissimus. Furthermore, GAA increased (p<0.05) the contents of adenosine triphosphate and total adenine nucleotide in longissimus and quadriceps. In longissimus adenosine triphosphate, total adenine nucleotide, and adenylate energy charges, T3 treatment was most effective (p<0.05); while T2 and T3 treatment was more effective (p<0.05) than T1 in quadriceps. Additionally, linear or quadratic responses (p<0.05) to the increased doses of GAA were found on body weight gain, meat color, total adenine nucleotide, and adenylate energy charges. Conclusion: It is concluded that GAA can be used in the rabbit diet to improve growth and carcass traits, and these are related to the high levels of muscle adenine nucleotide.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.11-17
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• 1987

KA 101 and Xanthi-Basma were cultivated in Korea and Greece to compare the respective responses to environment and cultivation method on their growth characteristics and some properties of harvested leaves during 1984 and 1985. The contents of clay, calcium, organic matter and pH were higher in the soil of greece than that of Korea. Sunshine hours and precipitation in Greece during harvest and curing season were 8.6 hours per day and 53.3mm compared to that of 3.8 hours per day and 320mm in Korea, respectively. The plant height, leaf size and yield decreased, and days to flower was shorter 8-11 days in greek grown plants. The dehydration and curing process in Greece was linear and rapid due to the constant daily change of temperature and relative humidity with dry weather during curing season during curing season. But those process in Korea was variable and tardy due to rainy weather. Cured leaf ratio increased with upper stalk leaves in Greece but it was rather lower at top stalk position in Korea. The harvested green leaf cultivated in Greece showed higher contents of petroleum ether extract, total nitrogen and nicotine, but lower contents of reducing sugar and lower ratio of protein nitrogen to total nitrogen than in Korea.