• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.198-208
• /
• 1998

The purpose of this study was to develop a 'Korean Child Rearing Attitudes Inventory', in order to understand the effects of parents rearing attitudes on social phobia. The total subjects were 392 high school students in Seoul. The scales wwereadministered to the subjects and we examined the reliability and validity. The results were as follows. According to the factor analysis, six factors abstracted from the father's rearing attitudes：rejection, high expectation, anxious, control, emotional care and overconcern of other's opinion. By the method of reliability analysis and factor analysis, finally selected items were 60. The reliability of the factors ranged from .76 to .90 by Cronbach ${\alpha}$. Five factors abstracted from the mother's rearing attitudes：anxious, high expectation, rejection, emotional care and overconcern of other's opinion. And total selected items of mother's rearing attitudes were 61. The reliability of the factors ranged from .72 to .91 by Cronbach ${\alpha}$. The construct validity and reliability of this inventory were supported.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• v.3 no.3
• /
• pp.95-106
• /
• 1983

The probability of failure is used to analyze the reliability of three dimensional slope failure, instead of conventional factor of safety. The strength parameters are assumed to be normal variated and beta variated. These are interval estimated under the specified confidence level and maximum likelihood estimation. The pseudonormal and beta random variables are generated using the uniform probability transformation method according to central limit theorem and rejection method. By means of a Monte-Carlo Simulation, the probability of failure is defined as; $$P_f$$=M/N N: Total number of trials M: Total number of failures some of the conclusions derived from the case study include; 1. If the strength parameters are assumed to be normal variated, the relationship between safety factor and the probability of failure is fairly consistent, regardless of the procedures of analysis and dimensions of assumed rupture surfaces. 2. However if the strength parameters are beta variated, general relationship between $F_s$ and $P_f$ is hardly found.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
• /
• v.34 no.1
• /
• pp.82-89
• /
• 2019

The importance of aviation safety has been emphasized recently due to the development of aviation industry. Despite the efforts of each country and the improvement of screening equipment, screening tasks are still difficult and detection failures are frequent. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of feedback on improving signal detection performance applying a Simulated Baggage Screening Program(SBSP) for improving aviation safety. SBSP consists of three parts: image combination, option setting and experiment. The experimental images were color-coded to reflect the items' transmittance of the x-rays and could be combined as researchers' need. In the option, the researcher could set up the information, incentive, and comments needed for training to be delivered on a number of tasks and times. Experiment was conducted using SBSP and participant's performance information (hit, missed, false alarms, correct rejection, reaction time, etc.) was automatically calculated and stored. A total of 50 participants participated and each participant was randomly assigned to feedback and non-feedback group. Participants performed a total of 200 tasks and 20(10%) contained target object(gun and knife). The results showed that when the feedback was provided, the hit, correct rejection ratio and d′ were increased, however, the false alarms and miss decreased. However, there was no significant difference in response criteria(${\beta}$). In addition, implications, limitations of this study and future research were discussed.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
• /
• v.30 no.1
• /
• pp.36-43
• /
• 2020

Background: Tacrolimus, a calcineurin inhibitor, is an immunosuppressant used in post-transplantation maintenance therapy. The drug has a narrow therapeutic range and requires periodic therapeutic drug monitoring. Although many studies have reported the effects of intrapatient variability of tacrolimus on survival, rejection, and complications in renal transplant recipients, very few studies have reported these effects in liver transplant recipients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of intrapatient variability of tacrolimus on clinical outcomes after liver transplantation. Methods: Intrapatient variability was calculated using individual, averaged tacrolimus concentrations. Patients were divided into two groups according to their median variability value: high-variability and low-variability groups. The rate of deviation from the therapeutic range, incidence of acute rejection, post-transplant diabetes, incidence of infection, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) after transplantation were compared between the groups. Results: Of the total patients (n=82), the high-variability group (n=41) exhibited significantly greater deviation from the therapeutic range (65.92% vs. 56.84%; p<0.001). There was no significant difference in acute rejection or post-transplantation diabetes incidence or eGFR; however, the number of infection in the first 6 months was significantly lower in the low-variability group (0.4 vs. 0.9 times; p=0.039). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the number of infection significantly increased as intrapatient variability increased (p=0.015). Conclusion: High intrapatient variability in tacrolimus concentrations was strongly associated with an increased frequency of deviation from the suggested therapeutic range and an increased number of infection.

• Membrane Journal
• /
• v.19 no.4
• /
• pp.317-323
• /
• 2009

In this study the nanofiltration (NF) membrane treatment of a nitric acid waste solutions containing $Pb^{+2}$ heavy metal ion discharging from the etching processes of an electronics and semiconductors industry has been studied for the purpose of recycling of nitric acid etching solutions. Three kinds of NF membranes (General Electric Co. Duraslick NF-4040 membrane, Dow Co. Filmtec LP-4040 membrane and Koch Co. SelRO MPS-34 4040 membrane) were tested for their separation efficiency (total rejection) of $Pb^{+2}$ ion and membrane stability in nitric acid solution. NF experiments were carried out with a dead-end membrane filtration laboratory system. The membrane permeate flux was increased with the increasing storage time in nitric acid solution and lowering pH of acid solution because of the enhancing of NF membrane damage by nitric acid. The membrane stability in nitric acid solution was more superior in the order of Filmtec LP-4040 < Duraslick NF-4040 < SelRO MPS-34 4040 membrane. The total rejection of Pb+2 ion was decreased with the increasing storage time in nitric acid solution and lowering the pH of acid solution. The total rejection of $Pb^{+2}$ ion after 4 months NF treatment was decreased from 95% initial value to 20% in the case of Duraslick NF-4040 membrane, from 85% initial value to 65% in the case of SelRO MPS-34 4040 membrane and from 90% initial value to 10% in the case of Filmtec LP-4040 membrane. These results showed that SelRO MPS-34 4040 NF membrane was more suitable for the treatment of an acidic etching waste solutions containing heavy metal ions.

• The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.91-99
• /
• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the frequency and status of mentally ill patients who registered in a community health center (CHC) but they could not be accessed. Methods: A total of 233 mentally ill individuals who were registered to a CHC in B Metropolitan City participated in this survey. Data were collected from December 1 to 31, 2010 and analyzed. Results: There were 140 (60.1%) community dwelling mentally ill patients who had been registered to that CHC but were not accessible. The major reasons of this inaccessibility were patients' rejection to be accessed (27.1%) and the wrong or missing address in hospital's discharge note (22.9%). The nursing problems of the subjects were rejection of medication (93.4%); poor personal hygiene (85.8%); violence including harassment of family member(s), assault, property destruction, threat with weapon (38.7%); and so on. Among 159 cases of referrals and requests for help immediate action with patient's compliance were only 8.8%. Conclusion: The findings show that mentally ill patients who had registered to the CHC but were not able to be accessed failed to be managed properly. This would become risk factors of social problems which threat to the community as well as individuals. Thus, we need to prepare programs for this population to make them take medicine at a minimum.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.9 no.5
• /
• pp.1193-1200
• /
• 2008

This paper describes a developed 5Watt power amplifier module fer mobile communication system using Gallium Nitride (GaN) devices. Three amplification stages such as pre-amplifier, driver amplifier, and power amplifier have been fabricated and measured separately in advance for incorporating the total power amplifier module and estimating the performances. In addition, a defected ground structure is combined with the output stage of the power amplifier module for improving harmonic rejection and adjacent channel power (ACP) characteristics. The measured performances of the GaN power amplifier module include 58dB,min of gain, 37dBm,min of output power, 50dBc,min of harmonic rejection, 35dBc,min of IMD3 for 2-tone input, and 35dBc,min of ACP at 2.1GHz frequency band.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
• /
• v.8 no.4
• /
• pp.43-52
• /
• 2008

The paper presents the problem definition of video placement and efficient methods for placing video data on a cluster of video servers. The video placement is to place each of video replicas on one of the servers where the number and location of the servers are already determined. The rejection ratio of user requests is one of most important user-perceive performance measures, so it has been used as a performance criteria in many researches on the VOD system. The objective of our video placement is to achieve the load balancing among servers and the minimization of total network loads. To our experiment, the presented methods show better performance in terms of the rejection ratio of user requests than the methods for video placements in which only either server load balancing or network load minimization is considered. Also, it is observed that considerations on server load balancing is especially important in video placement. To our survey, little research has been published on video placement in which server and network load are considered together in a video server cluster environment.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
• /
• v.27 no.6
• /
• pp.771-778
• /
• 2013

Gas hydrate (GH) process is a new desalination technology, where GH is a non- stoichiometric crystalline inclusion compounds formed by water and a number of gas molecules. Seawater GH is produced in a low temperature and a high pressure condition and they are separated from the concentrated seawater. The drawback of the GH process so far is that salt contents contained in its product does not meet the fresh water quality standard. This means that the GH process is not a standalone process for seawater desalination and it needs the help of other desalting process like reverse osmosis (RO). The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of GH process on energy saving for RO process in seawater desalination. The GH product water quality data, which were obtained from a literature, were used as input data for RO process simulation. The simulation results show that the energy saving effect by the GH process is in a range of 68 % to 81 %, which increases as the salt removal efficiency of the GH process increases. Boron (B) and total dissolved solids (TDS) concentrations of the final product of the hybrid process of GH and RO were also investigated through the RO process simulation to find relavant salt rejection efficiency of the GH process. In conclusion, the salt rejection efficiency of the GH process should exceed at least 78% in order to meet the product water quality standards and to increase the energy saving effect.

• Korean Membrane Journal
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.26-32
• /
• 2008

The Gongji stream water of Chuncheon city was filtrated by 2 kinds of tubular alumina ceramic MF membranes with periodic $N_2$-back-flushing. $N_2$-back-flushing time (BT) was changed in $0{\sim}50$ sec at fixed filtration time (FT), or back-flushing period, of 4 min for NCMT-5231 membrane ($0.05\;{\mu}m$). Then, FT was changed in $0{\sim}32$ min at fixed BT of 40 sec for NCMT-7231 $0.1{\mu}m)$). In the viewpoints of total permeate volume ($V_T$), dimensionless permeate flux ($J/J_0$) and resistance of membrane fouling ($R_f$), the optimal $N_2$-BT was 50 sec, which was the longest BT, at 4 min FT for NCMT-5231. It means the longest BT was the most effective to minimize the membrane fouling, and we could acquire the most $V_T$. But the optimal FT for NCMT-7231 was 16 min in the viewpoint of $V_T$, and was 8 min in the viewpoints of $J/J_0$ and $R_f$ at fixed BT of 40 sec. The rejection rates were excellent as $80.6{\sim}96.6\;%$ for turbidity, $35.2{\sim}58.4%$ for $NH_3$-N, $16.3{\sim}45.2%$ for T-P and $16.3{\sim}45.2%$ for $COD_{Mn}$. However, the rejection rate of T-N was very low as $2.7{\sim}13.4%$ and it of TDS below 6.1%.