• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.593-599
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• 2010

This study was carried out to investigate the level of total glucosinolates in different parts (outer and inner part) of fresh, salted Chinese cabbage ($Brassica$ $campestris$ L. ssp. $Pekinensis$) and Kimchi at different harvesting periods (June-July, August-September, October-November, December-April, and May). For determination of total glucosinolates, Chinese cabbage was used for analytical sample preparation, provided with an anion exchanges column and measured by UV-visible Spectrophotometer. The fresh Chinese cabbage (FCC) that was harvested in June-July contained the highest level of total glucosinolates and was higher in outer part than inner part in all harvesting periods. The salted Chinese cabbage (SCC) that was harvested in May contained the lowest level of total glucosinolates. Total glucosinolates level of SCC in outer part was higher in June-July and August-September. The manufactured Kimchi (K) using harvested Chinese cabbage in June-July and August-September contained the highest level of total glucosinolates while that harvested in May contained the lowest level. The level of total glucosinolates in different parts was higher in inner part than outer part in all harvesting periods except for May. In all harvesting times, the level of total glucosinolates of FCC was higher than processed Chinese cabbage (SCC and K). Based on these results, levels of total glucosinolates are influenced by harvesting periods, parts and processing conditions of Chinese cabbage.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Postharvest Science and Technology of Agricultural Products Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.97.2-98
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• 2003

The main objective of this study was to investigate the patterns of glucosinolates (3-butenyl isothiocyanate, total glucosinolates) in different parts of young seedling and seeds on Korean Chinese cabbages 55 days and Winter pride cultivars. For determination of glucosinolates, two cultivars of Chinese cabbages seeds and different parts of 1-day-old, 3-day-old, 5-day-old, and 7-day-old seedlings were used for analytical sample preparation provided with an anion exchanges column, and measured by GC and UV-Visible Spectrophotometer. 3-Butenyl ITC concentration was the highest in the cotyledon and the hypocotyl parts of 55 days cultivar seedling. In the cotyledon part of Winter pride cultivar seedling, 3-butenyl ITC amount was increase to 3-day-old seedling and then reduced. The cotyledon of 55 days cultivar contained the highest concentration of total glucosinolates while those were increased in the hypocotyl and decreased by degrees in the root. Total glucosinolates amounts were increased to 5-day-old seedling and then decreased in the cotyledon and the hypocotyl parts of seedling on Winter pride cultivar. There was no significant difference in the root part. In the seeds, both of 3-butenyl ITC and total glucosinolates, 55 days cultivar concentration was higher than Winter pride cultivar. The study has shown the variability in 3-butenyl ITC and total glucosinolates concentrations among cultivars, growth stages, and parts.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.365-369
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• 2003

The main objective of this study was to investigate the pattern of glucosinolates, in terms of 3-butenyl isothiocyanate, and total glucosinolates, in different parts of young seedlings and seeds in Korean Chinese cabbages. For determination of glucosinolates, 55 days and Winter pride cultivars of Korean Chinese cabbages seeds and different parts of 1, 3, 5, and 7-day-old seedlings were used for analytical sample preparation provided with an anion exchanges column, and measured by GC and UV-visible Spectrophotometer. The concentration of 3-butenyl ITC was higher in the cotyledon and the hypocotyl parts of 55 days cultivar seedling than those of Winter Pride cultivar. In the cotyledon parts of Winter pride cultivar seedling, 3-butenyl ITC amount was increase to 3-day-old seedling and then reduced. The cotyledon of 55 days cultivar contained the highest concentration of total glucosinolates while those were increased in the hypocotyl and decreased in the root. The level of total glucosinolates was increased to 5-day-old seedling and then decreased in the cotyledon and the hypocotyl parts of seedling in Winter pride cultivar. There was no significant difference of total glucosinolates in the root part. In the seeds, 55 days cultivar concentration was higher than Winter pride cultivar both of 3-butenyl ITC and total glucosinolates. In our study, the levels of 3-butenyl ITC and total glucosinolates depended on cultivars, growth stages, and parts in Korean Chinese cabbage.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.104-109
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• 2010

Korean Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. ssp. pekinensis) is one of the major cruciferous vegetables. Cruciferous vegetables contain a series of relatively unique secondary metabolites of amino acids called glucosinolates. Although glucosinolates do not appear to be bioactive, they are hydrolyzed by plant myrosinase when the cells in plants are damaged, and release biologically active compounds such as isothiocyanates, nitriles, and thiocyanates. The objective of this study was to determine the myrosinase activity and total glucosinolate levels of Korean Chinese cabbages by different salting times (0, 12, 18, and 24 h) and salt concentrations (6, 10, 14%). The total water content, salt content, and pH of brined cabbages decreased with increasing salting time. The myrosinase activity as determined by a glucose kit, decreased with increasing salting time and salt content. The total glucosinolates were purified using an anion exchange column and measured by UV-visible spectrophotometer. The fresh Korean Chinese cabbages contained $25.38{\pm}1.45\;{\mu}mol/g$ dry weight of glucosinolates. However, the total glucosinolates of brined cabbages decreased with increasing salting time and salt concentration. After 24 h of salting time, the total glucosinolates of brined cabbages rapidly decreased by $16.12{\pm}11.09$, $11.25{\pm}10.91$, $9.29{\pm}10.73\;{\mu}mol/g$ in 6%, 10%, and 14% salt solution, respectively. Overall, the total glucosinolate levels of Korean Chinese cabbages were found to vary inversely with salting time and salt concentration.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.612-617
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• 2009

Kimchi is a traditional pickled food using Korean Chinese cabbage(Brassica campestris var. pekinensis) and also containing phytochemicals, glucosinolates. This study was carried out to investigate the changes in the total glucosinolates levels of Kimchi using Korean Chinese cabbage of harvest time(June-July, August-September, October-November, December-April, May) according to storage temperature(4, 10, $15^{\circ}C$) and storage duration(0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, 21 and 28 day). For determination of glucosinolates, 50g of Baechu kimchi was used for analytical sample preparation provided with an anion exchanges column and measured by UV-visible Spectrophotometer. The highest contents of water occurred at August-September during fermentation. At 15, 10, $4^{\circ}C$, the pH in all of seasonal variation of Baechu kimchi declined, especially from 0 to 3 days at $15^{\circ}C$, from 0 to 7 days at $10^{\circ}C$ and from 0 to 14 days at $4^{\circ}C$. At that storage, the total glucosinolates levels in all of seasonal variation of Kimchi declined in storage temperature. Baechu kimchi at August-September showed the highest total glucosinolates levels. Also total glucosinolates levels decreased as storage period increased. Baechu kimchi fermented at $15^{\circ}C$ for 7days decreased rapidly and reached to the lowest at the 1day(ranged from $10.3{\pm}0.70$ to $23.4{\pm}0.37{\mu}mol/g$ dry weight). At $10^{\circ}C$ for 14days were ranged from $12.9{\pm}0.29$ to $33.7{\pm}1.81{\mu}mol/g$ dry weight before fermentation and decreased rapidly at the 3day(ranged from $9.5{\pm}0.54$ to $20.5{\pm}0.61{\mu}mol/g$ dry weight). Total glucosinolates levels of Baechu kimchi fermented at $4^{\circ}C$ for 28days decreased rapidly during 7day(ranged from $9.9{\pm}0.78$ to $21.1{\pm}0.96{\mu}mol/g$ dry weight) and then slowly decreased. Therefore the total glucosinolates levels decreased during storage time and depended on harvest time and storage conditions of Kimchi.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.43-48
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• 1992

Glucosinolates, containing indole glucosinates in Chinese cabbage, cabbage, radish and kale were analyzed as 6, 5, 5 and 2 types of glucosinolates, respectively, Four types of glucosinolates from mustard was identified, but indole glucosinolates were not detectable. In Chinese cabbage, the content of glucosinolates showed higher amount in the bottom, stalk and leaf part in the order, Total amounts of glucosinolates, in dry basis, were higher amount in Chinese cabbage, cabbage, radish, kale and mustard in the Order, and also in processing conditions, showed higher amount in fresh, sun dried, oven dried and cooked samples in the order. During the storage in Chinese cabbage and cabbage, total amounts of glucosinolate decreased gradually as time goes by.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2018

Glucosinolates are one of the important plant secondary metabolites that are produced mainly in Brassicaceae plants. The compounds are primarily involved in defense responses to biotic and abiotic resistance in plants and play important biological roles during plant growth and development. In this study, the glucosinolate profiles in leaves of two different Brassica oleracea populations were compared using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The nine major glucosinolates compounds in cabbage leaves were identified as belonging to the aliphatic and indolic groups. Among them, sinigrin, which belongs to the aliphatic group, was recorded to be 41% whereas glucobrassicin and 4-methoxyglucobrassicin, which belong to the indolic group, were recorded to be 53.8%. In addition, we performed a genetic analysis to identify regions of the genome regulating glucosinolates biosynthesis in the $F_3$ population of Brassica oleracea. A total of 9 glucosinolates were used for the quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis. Out of 9, a total of 3 QTLs were identified and they were associated with sinigrin, glucobrassicin, and 4-methoxyglucobrassicin synthesis located in Chromosome 1 and Chromosome 8, respectively. The results of this study will provide valuable information for the breeding of cabbage containing high glucosinolate content, and our next target is to develop component-specific and tightly linked markers for various glucosinolates.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.11
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• pp.1290-1300
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• 2018

The glucosinolate content, antioxidant activity, and antihypertensive and antidiabetic activities were measured in a crude extract of Dolsan leaf mustard kimchi (DLMK). The glucosinolate content was low at 6.41 and 7.92 mg/g in leaves and stems of DLMK after 21 days of fermentation. The total polyphenol and total flavonoid contents were more than 2 times higher in the leaves (211.7 mg GAE/g, 158.8 mg QE/g) than in the stem (53.7 mg GAE/g, 85.2 mg QE/g) during the fermentation period. The 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity and electron donating ability (EDA) were similar to those of the control group after 14 days of fermentation, while the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) was higher in the leaves after 14 days of fermentation when compared to the control group. The angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity showed similar or higher inhibitory activity in the leaves when compared to the control group (0.01% captopril), and the ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activity was higher in the leaves and stems when compared to the control group (0.05% acarbose). The glucosinolate content and the ABTS, ACE, and ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activity were correlated, as determined by the observed straight line plot with a positive grade. During the fermentation period, the detected glucosinolates were sinigrin, glucobrasicin, glucotropeolin, and progoitrin. The DLMK extract is therefore expected to be valuable as a functional food because of its effective antioxidant, antihypertensive, and antidiabetic activities.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.194-199
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• 1988

The objective of this study was to investigate the technical feasibility of producing toxicant-free rapeseed by germination. To this end, rapeseed(Brassica napus L.)was germinated at $25^{\circ}C$ for 120 hours, and the chemical compositions-glucosinolates and free sugers-were determinated in every 24 hours during germination. The amount of glucosinolates in rapeseed measured by UV method was very close to that measured by GLC method. The glucosinolates were considerably abundant in rapeseed before germination, and the total content was found to be 13.6 mg/g. Rapeseed showed the lowest glucosinolate content in 72 hours during germination, and it gradually increased glucosinolate content from 96 hours. Free suger content in rapeseed before germination was as follows : 3.03 mg/g of fructose, 2.97 mg/g of glucose and 5.63 mg/g of sucrose. Raffinose and stachyose were not detected, and in general free sugars were gradually decreased during germination. However, sucrose was increased in the early period of gremination and decreased in the later period.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.332-342
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• 2022

Kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) is one of the most frequently consumed leafy vegetables globally, as it contains numerous nutrients; essential amino acids, phenolics, vitamins, and minerals, and is particularly rich in glucosinolates. However, the differences in the biosynthesis of glucosinolates and related gene expression among kale cultivars has been poorly reported. In this study, we investigated glucosinolates profile and content in three different kale cultivars, including green ('Man-Choo' and 'Mat-Jjang') and red kale ('Red-Curled') cultivars grown in a vertical farm, using transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses. The growth and development of the green kale cultivars were higher than those of the red kale cultivar at 6 weeks after cultivation. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis revealed five glucosinolates in the 'Man-Choo' cultivar, and four glucosinolates in the 'Mat-Jjang' and 'Red-Curled' cultivars. Glucobrassicin was the most predominant glucosinolate followed by gluconastrutiin in all the cultivars. In contrast, other glucosinolates were highly dependent to the genotypes. The highest total glucosinolates was found in the 'Red-Curled' cultivar, which followed by 'Man-Choo' and 'Mat-Jjang'. Based on transcriptome analysis, eight genes were involved in glucosinolate biosynthesis. The overall results suggest that the glucosinolate content and accumulation patterns differ according to the kale cultivar and differential expression of glucosinolate biosynthetic genes.