• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.47-60
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• 2019

Purpose: Regional public hospitals have implemented functional reinforcement projects, and the facilities to accommodate them have increased in size. Nevertheless users in hospital are concerned about space shortage and area imbalances. Therefore I will trace the factors and trends that influence the size, and derive the relationship between these and the uses' critical opinion. Methods: Among the indicators for determining the size of medical facilities, the number of beds and total floor area are the essential indicators that directly affect the composition of space and allocation of area inside the medical facility. The purpose of this study is to investigate the change and the factors of change on the these two indicators in regional public hospitals and analyze the trend of changes. Results: In accordance with support undertaking, regional public hospitals have been increased the number of chronic-based beds and expanded additional facilities such as O.P.D specialized centers, emergency centers and funeral homes for reflecting the needs of the regions and times. However, as a result of analyzing the area, regional public hospitals are growing in size mainly on the ward and O.P.D is only expanded the scope of functional reinforcement division but total area level of O.P.D is lower than the recent level. In addition, the levels of D&T, Supply, mechanical/electrical equipment area related to medical support and control environment quality are very low. This is because the functional reinforcement projects have been done without concerning diagnose the whole facility. Implications: If functional reinforcement projects are conducted, to cope with problems of space shortage and imbalance of area, it is judged that an architectural planning that comprehensively analyzes existing facilities and related departments should be included.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.41-48
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• 2010

This study shows how the water space outside the housing impacts the indoor thermal environment. CFD simulation was used for this experiment to analyze the interior environment focusing on the effect of temperature control and the thermal comfort. A shape of perfect square, which creates the very basic space formation, was used and the simulation was processed looking at the size, distance, and the location of the water space. The results of the experiment are as follows. Firstly, introducing a water space with the same floor area size of the simulation model decreased the indoor temperature by 1 Celsius (3.72%). It was determined the interior environment was considered as a comfort zone when the water space was greater than 70% of the floor area. Secondly, there was not much influence to the level of thermal comfort of the interior environment when the distance to the water space from the housing was greater than 2 meters. Lastly, interpreting the location of water space, the effect of controlling the total areas' temperature was the greatest following with the surrounding of the formation. There barely was any change to the temperature considering the side and the rear of the area.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.233-240
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• 2015

Purpose: This study investigated maxillary third molars and their relation to the maxillary sinus using panoramic radiography and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) Materials and Methods: A total of 395 maxillary third molars in 234 patients were examined using panoramic radiographs and CBCT images. We examined the eruption level of the maxillary third molars, the available retromolar space, the angulation, the relationship to the second molars, the number of roots, and the relationship between the roots and the sinus. Results: Females had a higher frequency of maxillary third molars with occlusal planes apical to the cervical line of the second molar (Level C) than males. All third molars with insufficient retromolar space were Level C. The most common angulation was vertical, followed by buccoangular. Almost all of the Level C molars were in contact with the roots of the second molar. Erupted teeth most commonly had three roots, and completely impacted teeth most commonly had one root. The superimposition of one third of the root and the sinus floor was most commonly associated with the sinus floor being located on the buccal side of the root. Conclusion: Eruption levels were differently distributed according to gender. A statistically significant association was found between the eruption level and the available retromolar space. When panoramic radiographs showed a superimposition of the roots and the sinus floor, expansion of the sinus to the buccal side of the root was generally observed in CBCT images.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.1-9
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• 2015

The purpose of this paper is to analysis on periodical changes of rural houses of Korean-Chinese people residing in Yanbian area, China focused on periodical changes of floor plans according to Chinese government's policies and regulations influencing on rural houses. Changes of floor plans are classified into four periods; immigrating settled period, 1960-1970s, 1980-1990s, and after 2000. Total number of 67 cases were analyzed that data was collected 48 cases of literature studies and 19 cases of field study in Yanbian, China. The results are as followings. In immigrating settled period, floor plans of the rural houses have tended to be continued the pattern of the Korean traditional rural houses. Nevertheless China was changed socialism system, rarely floor plans were influenced by the system during this period. From 1960s to 1970s, the livestock and rural mechanization are influenced by the "People's Commune" policy. The "Barn" and "Mill" were converted into "warehouse". The residential part consists of one Jeongji (space mixed dinning and kitchen) and one to three of Ondolbang (room). From 1980s to 1990s influenced by the policies of "Cultural Revolution", "Birth Control" and "Chinese Economic Reform", the Korean traditional customs like "elders first" and "distinction between the male and female have been gradually vanished. Meanwhile, spaces of the rural houses have consisted of Jeongji, big Utppang (room), and warehouse. Each space is opened and mutual. Since 2000, influenced by the policy of a "new Socialist Countryside Construction", the bathroom and kitchen are added in interior spaces, the life style in rural houses has been changed as for both the sedentary style and western style.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.739-746
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• 2016

A total of 152 pig farms were randomly selected from the five provinces in South Korea. During the experiment, the average temperature and relative humidity was $24.7^{\circ}C$ and 74% in summer and $2.4^{\circ}C$ and 53% in winter, respectively. The correlation between floor space allowance (FSA) and productivity index was analyzed, including non-productive sow days (NPD), number of weaners (NOW), survival rate (SR), appearance rate of A-grade pork (ARA), and days at a slaughter weight of 110 kg (d-SW) at different growth stages. The objectives of the present study were i) to determine the effect of FSA on the pig productivity index and ii) to suggest the minimum FSA for pigs based on scientific baseline data. For the pregnant sow, NPD could be decreased if pregnant sows were raised with a medium level (M) of FSA (3.10 to $3.67m^2/head$) while also keeping the pig house clean which improves hygiene, and operating the ventilation system properly. For the farrowing sows, the NOW tended to decrease as the FSA increased. Similarly, a high level of FSA (H) is significantly negative with weaner SR of farrowing sows (p-value = 0.017), indicating this FSA tends to depress SR. Therefore, a FSA of 2.30 to $6.40m^2/head$ (very low) could be appropriate for weaners because a limited space can provide a sense of security and protection from external interruptions. The opposite trend was observed that an increase in floor space (> $1.12m^2/head$ leads to increase the SR of growing pigs. For the fattening pigs, H level of FSA was negatively correlated with SR, but M level of FSA was positively correlated with SR, indicating that SR tended to increase with the FSA of 1.10 to $1.27m^2/head$. In contrast, ARA of male fattening pigs showed opposite results. H level of FSA (1.27 to $1.47m^2/head$) was suggested to increase productivity because ARA was most affected by H level of space allowance with positive correlation ($R^2=0.523$). The relationship between the FSA and d-SW of fattening pigs was hard to identify because of the low $R^2$ value. However, the farms that provided a relatively large floor space (1.27 to $1.54m^2/head$) during the winter period showed d-SW was significantly and negatively affected by FSA.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.87-95
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• 1992

This study attempts to fix an appropriate quantity of space evaluation, focusing on important furniture room visual environment elements. The major results of the study can be summarized as follows; 1. The degree of satisfaction in the living room is affected by an evaluational factor among factors of space evaluation. 2. In the space estimation for the furniture, the wall furniture is important in the living room because the arragement and occupying proportion of the wall furniture varies widely. 3. In the living room of the APT siza for the common people an appropriate quantity of furniture is classified into 3 types of the occuppying proportion. As the floor occupancy proportion supporting furniture is 13~19%, wall furniture is 10~16% and total furniture which combined both the supporting furniture and the wall furniture is 23~34%. Second, the proportion occupying the wall is 6~9% for the supporing furniture, 9~20% for the wall furniture, and 21~31% for the total furniture. Finaly the proportion occupying the space is 6~9% for the supporting furniture, 9~20% for the wall furniture, and 21~31% for the total furniture. Finaly the proportion occupying the space is 6~9% for the supporting, 6~10% for the wall furniture, and 11~16% for the total furniture.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.33-43
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• 2002

The purpose of this paper is to develop a space program of the new community center in multi-family housing. The community center defined in this study is a communal facility which integrate cultural and welfare facilities and activity programs into a complex. Through the analysis of the community programs and spaces for multi-family housing community, a new community center program is proposed. And basic area guidelines are proposed through the making of the space modelling of the important area of the center. According to the guidelines, more spaces compared to the present standards and conditions are needed for a new community center. However, the adjustment of area regulation is essential, considering the fast changing trend of resident's social needs. A new regulation system that controls the total area of function spaces of a community center, rather than controlling each function and area, is required. This kind of system makes it possible to decide programs freely within the limit of total floor area regulation by neighborhood's characteristics and residents'preference.

• Proceeding of Spring/Autumn Annual Conference of KHA
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.386-391
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• 2006

Though a variety of demands for an green dwelling, it is hard to diffuse a wooden house due to high construction cost. So this study aims to diffuse to propose a space modular for production and supply. Therefore the result of investigation to the space modular of each room through the survey of width and depth in the type of dwelling in korea is as follows. 1) Investigated the mixture of magnitude on the total width and depth, the survey is showed commonly 3.6m and 4.2m. 2) Once the depth is 3.6m, a living room and inner room, room's width is 3.9m, 4.5m. Once the depth is 4.2m, those width is 4.8m. 3) By use of a survey, the post distances consisted of all rooms are 3.6m, 3.9m, 4.2m, 4.5m, 4.8m. The result of investigation to possibility for mixture applied to six level types invested post modules to the wooden house of post & Beam method is as follows. 1) With the regularity of depth and simplicity of width, It is potential to compound floor plan in korea. 2) It is possible to plan an informal shape of kitchen+dining room which is a spare space available for the merit changeable space after arranged main rooms. 3) It is possible to plan a space through a variety of mixture method at bathroom. Thus, it is possible for a variety of floor formations to build a low-cost wooden house through five types of post distance.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Structure & Construction
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.155-164
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• 2020

This research used Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP) to analyze the importance and priority of functional space and evaluation factors of each functional space of the military dining facility. Dining in the military is an important factor in restoring combat power and promoting morale. The military dining facility serves as a not only for meals, but also for watching TV, education and club activities. Workers working in dining facility spend most of their work hours in dining facility, perform tasks such as cooking, dishwashing, and leftover disposal, and take breaks. As such, the military dining facility is a space where various functions are performed, and space planning should take into account these various functions when planning the building of the dining facility. However, the criteria for defense and military facilities, which are the basis for planning the space of military dining facility, are calculated only by simply analyzing the standard floor plan to match the size of the person-to. Therefore, when there is space to be reduced in the total area, there are side effects such as leaving visible table space without consideration for priority or functional space, unseen office space, and adjusting the entire area through reduction of the lounge. Accordingly, based on the priority of the space that the staff of the military dining facility considers important, this research aims to analyze the characteristics of each functional space through classification according to its unique function. This can be an indicator that can be used as a basis for future revision of the building floor area standards of the defense and military facilities standards, and it can improve usability with an efficient space plan that takes into account the characteristics of the Korean military and the satisfaction of its workers. Furthermore, efficient use of the defense budget through rational building plans can contribute to budget reduction.

• Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.123-128
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• 2004

A tree structure model has been proposed for representing the unequal-area facility layout. Each facility has a different rectangular shape specified by its area and aspect ratio. In this layout problem, based on the assumption that the shop floor has enough space for laying out the facilities, no constraint is considered for a shop floor. Objectives are minimizing total part movement between facilities and total rectangular layout area where all facilities and dead spaces are enclosed. Using the genetic code corresponding to two kinds of information, facility sequence and branching positions in the tree structure model, a genetic algorithm has been applied for finding non-dominated solutions in the two-objective layout problem. We use three kinds of crossover (PMX, OX, CX) for the former part of the chromosome and one-point crossover for the latter part. Two kinds of layout problems have been tested by the proposed method. The results demonstrate that the presented algorithm is able to find good solutions in enough short time.