• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.222-227
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• 1998

The activities of enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism have been determinated in the host cytosolic and bacteroid fractions of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) nodules formed with B. japonicum I 16 and in roots of nodulated cowpeas. The host cytosolic fraction of the nodules contained the enzymes of glycolytic pathway and the pentose phosphate pathway, whereas the bacteroids had only limited capacity for carbohydrate metabolism and appeared to be insufficient for the complete glycolytic pathway as well as starch synthesis and degradation. In a time-course study, using plants grown in a glasshouse, the acetylene-reducing activity (ARA) of the nodules increased in parallel with the total N content of plants and protein of the nodules until approximately 8 weeks after planting. Subsequently, the weight and size of the nodules and the weight of the plants continued to increase, but there was a sharp decrease in the ARA and the total N content of the plants.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.23-45
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• 1994

It has been recently reported that degenerative diseases are increasing rapidly in many other countries as well as in Korea according to expansion of life expectancy, economic development and dietary patterns. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in lipid metabolism with age, to determine which dietary factors affect the serum lipid profiles, and to compare Korean and western diets. With clinically normal participants(made 60, female 63), this study was carried out in three phases : 1) to analyze blood lipid levels with age, 2) to analyze the effects of different dietary intakes on blood lipid levels according to age, and 3) to compare the effects of different food intakes on blood lipids between eastern and western coutries. The results are follows : 1) Mean serum values of triglyceride and cholesterol reached a peak level at the age of 50-60 years, although men has higher levels than women at earlier ages. LDL cholesterol percentage increased sharply after 50 years and continued to 70 years. 2) Differences of dietary calorie intake including carbohydrate, total fat and animal fat affected serum lipid profiles, such that high intake groups generally showed higher triglyceride and cholesterol values than the lower intake groups. 3) Compared with Americans(45%), Koreans consumed carbodydrates at 65% of their calorie intake. At this carbohydrate level dietary fatty acid P/S and W-6/W-3 ratio were 1.1 and 6, this could make Koreans continue this dietary pattern composed of carbohydrate at 65% of total calorie intake, and P/S ratio of fatty acid at 1 to 2.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 1991

In this study. the importance of body fat distribution as an indicator of metabolic aberrations in diabetics was'evaluated. Skinfold thicknesses at eight sites and circumferences at five sites and total body fat content were measured on 105 diabetics. 1) The waist/thigh girth ratio(WTR) was positively correlated(r=0.38-0.54) to plasma glucose levels during oral glucose loading in diabetic men alone. 2) There was no significant difference in serum total cholesterol of diabetics and nondiabetics. However, HDL-cholesterol was significantly lower(p : 0.000. in male and female) in diabetics(male : 36.31$\pm$ 16.98mg/dl, female: 37.89$\pm$14.67mg/dl) than nodiabetics(male 61.75$\pm$14.08mg/dl, female : 62.29$\pm$12.65mg/dl) and serum triglyceride was significantly higher(p=0.0212) in diabetic women(171.90$\pm$ 76.61mg/dl) than nondiabetic women(111.10$\pm$42.84mg/dl) . 3) In both sexes. anthropometric measurements that significantly correlated to serum triglyceride concentration were percentage of ideal body weight. body mass index(BMI) and waist circumference. Positive and significant correlations were found between serum cholestrol, and BMI(R: 0.31, 0.34) and waist circumference(r=0.29) in diabetic men. Moreover, skinfolds of trunk area(r=0.29~0.32) especially abdomen, were closely associated with serum lipids than other fat deposits. Increasing percentage of total body fat content was accompanied by progressively increasing serum triglyceride concentration(r=0.41) in dieabetic men. This study shows that knowledge of body fat localization may help identify risks of carbohydrate intolerance and hyperlipidemia in diabetics.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.212-218
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• 2008

We extracted red ginseng with various alcohol concentrations and evaluated total carbohydrate, uronic acid, polyphenols compounds and ginsenoside contents, and yields of alcohol extract. The water extraction (0% alcohol extraction) showed a high level of total carbohydrate content. 10% and 20% alcohol extraction showed the highest uronic acid contents (7,978.8 and $7,872.7\;{\mu}g/mL$ of extract, respectively). The efficiency order of the red ginseng extract (RGE) preparations in liberating polyphenols was: $0{\sim}50%$ alcohol${\geq}\;60%$ alcohol> $70{\sim}90%$ alcohol. Solid contents in RGE were decreased with increased alcohol concentration; the same tendency as with the results of total carbohydrate content. Total ginsenoside contents in $20{\sim}50%$ alcohol extracts showed similar levels ($442,962.9{\sim}47,930.8\;{\mu}g/mL$ of extract). Water extraction showed the lowest ginsenoside content ($14,509.4\;{\mu}g/mL$ of extract). The ginsenoside contents at above 60% alcohol were decreased with increased alcohol concentration. Generally, ginsenoside (Rg2, Rg1, Rf, Re, Rd, Rb2, Rc and Rb1) contents were increased with increased alcohol concentrations. However, Rg3 content was decreased with increases in alcohol concentration.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.497-503
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• 1999

Change on the structural carbohydrate(several fiberous components) was determined by vegetables(crown daisy and butterbur)-cultivated in Ulsan, Kyungnam, Korea-as its stage of maturity developed. Samples were separated into leaf and stem, which were dried at 7$0^{\circ}C$ for 24hr, and ground to pass a 1mm screen. They were subjected to moisture, crude protein, crude fat and several dietary fiber-DF(dietary fiber, include unavaible components), NDF(neutral detergent fiber), ADF(acid detergent fiber), lignin, hemicellulose, cellulose and protein corrected NDF(c-NDF), IDF(indigestible fiber, include lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose). In general, structural carbohytrate(several dietary fiber) of vegetable was affected by the growth stage. In case of crown daisy and butterbur, dietary fiber in leaf was higher than DF in stem.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.271-274
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• 2009

Cereal $\beta$-glucans, linked essentially by mixed $\beta$-(1,4/1,3) glycosidic bonds, were extracted, purified, and structurally identified. Previously chemical structure of barley $\beta$-glucans was characterized from 3 varieties of 'Gang', 'Ohl', and 'Gwangan', and the (1,4)/(1,3) linkage ratio of the $\beta$-glucans was identical. In this study, $\beta$-glucans from 1 barley ('Chal') and 3 oat ('Ohl', 'Samhan', and 'Donghan') varieties were structurally scrutinized, and the linkage pattern of total 7 cereal $\beta$-glucans was compared. The amount of 2 major 3-O-$\beta$-cellobiosyl-D-glucose (DP3) and 3-O-$\beta$-cellotriosyl-D-glucose (DP4) from barley and oat accounted for only 66.6-73.3 and 68.12-81.89% of water-extractable $\beta$-glucan fractions, and the (1,4)/(1,3) linkage ratios of both barley and oat $\beta$-glucans were within very narrow range of 2.27-2.31 and 2.38-2.39, respectively, among the cultivars tested. Structural difference in the cereal $\beta$-glucans was evident when DP3:DP4 ratio in the $\beta$-glucan structure was compared. As a result, this ratio was significantly greater for barley $\beta$-glucan (2.26-2.74) than for oat (1.54-1.66). Chal-B had the greatest DP3 to DP4 ratio among the samples, which in turn reflected the least amount of (1,4)-linkages.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.649-654
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• 2009

This study was designed to evaluate the effects of high-carbohydrate (HC) or high-fat (HF) diet with hydroxycitric acid (HCA)-containing Garcinia cambogia in rats. Seventy male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 7 groups and raised with experimental diets containing different HCA levels (0, 1.6, and 3.2%) and calorie sources (carbohydrate, fat) for 8 weeks. Energy intake was significantly reduced in rats fed a HC diet with HCA compared to the HC diet without HCA. Body weight gain was significantly reduced in HCA groups. In the diet groups, plasma total lipid and triglyceride (TG) levels of the HCA groups were significantly lower than those of the group without HCA. There were no significant differences in energy intake and plasma lipid profile in HF groups. These results suggest that HC diet with HCA was more effective in the reduction of energy intake, body weight gain, and plasma lipid contents than those of HF diet with HCA.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.509-516
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• 2014

This study was done to investigate the carbohydrate metabolism related enzyme activities and antioxidative effects of Nelumbo nucifera(N.N) Root in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. The contents of serum glucose, triglyceride (TG) and Total cholesterol were significantly decreaed in N.n treated group compared to the those of STZ-control group. The activity of glucose-6-pase(G-6-Pase) was significantly decreased in N.N treated group. Also the activity of glucokinase(Gk) was significantly increaed in N.N treated group. The content of hepatic glycogen was significantly increaed in N.N treated group, in addition, content of malondialdehyde(MDA) was significanly decreased in N.N treated group. Also, content of glutathione(GSH) was significanly increased in N.N treated froup. whereas, activity of catalase(CAT) was significantly decreaed in N.N treated group compared to the those of STZ-control group. activity of glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px) was inecreaed. In conclusion, these results indicated that ethanol extract of N.N would have carbohydrate metabolism antioxidative effects in STZ-induced diabetic rats.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.315-323
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• 1998

This study was performed to investigate the serum lipid levels and fatty acid composition in middle-aged men and the influence of cardiovscular risk factors on them. Data for dietary intake, anthropometry , blood pressure, and general environmental factors were obtained and their relationship to serum lipid levels and fatty acid composition were analyzed in 303 healthy male subjects with a mean age of 43.8$\pm$6.4 years from June 1 to 22 , 1995. The prevalence of obesity was 26.7% by BMI and 11.2% by WHR criteria . The percentage of hypertensive subjects were 13.5% and 22.4% by systolic and diastolic blood pressure, respectively. Retinol, calcium , and roboflavin intakes were lower than the RDA for Koreans. The ratio of carbohydrate intake to total calories of the subjects was 70%. Ratios of P/M and n-6/n-3 were 1.02/1.05/1.00 and 11.1/1, respectively. The percentage of subjects who had serum TG, TC, LDL-C leves beyond the normal range were 19.5% , 13.5% and 8.6% respectively. Palmitic comprised 26.4% of serum total fatty acids, linoleic acid 19.4% and oleic acid 16.4. The waist circumference and ration of carbohydrate intake were related positively to TG level. Serum cholesterol level had positive relations with waist circumference, DBP, sugar intake, and income. There were positive relationships between SFA and bone fishes and vegetable oil intakes, MUFA and DBP while a negative a negative relationship was observed between PUFA and animal fat intake. Serum n-6 fatty acid was related negatively to carbohydrate intake and hot taste preference. N-3 fatty acid was related positively to fish intake and negatively to egg intake. These results suggest that to maintain adequate serum lipid levels and fatty acid composition, sugar, animal fat, and carbohydrate intakes have to be reduced, while consumption of vegetable oil and fish must be increased. It is also essential to control abdominal fat accumulation and blood pressure.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.155-160
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• 2015

The objective of this study was to develop the classification method of various organic wastes. Specifically, the effects of proximate composition on the biogas production and degradation rates of agricultural by-production was investigated and a new standards for mixture of various organic wastes based on proximate composition combination was developed. Agricultural by-products (ABPs) with medium total carbohydrate, medium crude protein and low fat contents demonstrated the single step digestion process. ABPs with low total carbohydrate, high crude protein and high fat contents demonstrated the two step digestion process of Diauxic growth. The single ABP (Class No. 15) and the mixed ABPs (Class No. 12+18, 6+12+22, 9+12+18) after 10days showed the similar biogas yield pattern. We can use the classification method for the more ABPs and organic wastes from factory and municipal waste treatment plant for the high efficient biogas production.