• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.89-97
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• 2016

Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) have been used to represent the effects of topography on soil erosion. A DEM of 30 m resolution is frequently used in hydrology and soil erosion studies because the National Water Management Information System (WAMIS) provides a 30 m resolution DEM at national scale on its web site. However, the Ministry of Environment recommends the use of a DEM with 10 m resolution for evaluation of soil erosion due to the fact that soil erosion estimation is to some degree affected by the spatial resolution of DEM. In this regard, a DEM with 5 m resolution was resampled for 10 × 10 m, 20 × 20 m, 30 × 30 m, 50 × 50 m, 70 × 70 m, and 100 × 100 m resolutions, respectively. USLE LS factors and soil erosion values were evaluated using these datasets. Use of a DEM with at least 30 m resolution provided reasonable LS factors and soil erosion values at a watershed.

• 농촌계획
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.9-19
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to analyze the potential soil loss and hazard zone by the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE) for preservation and management of land resources which is the base of ecosystem, and to grasp the relationship between RUSLE factors in the Nakdong River Basin. All thematic maps used in RUSLE are constructed through GIS and spatial analysis method derived from digital topographic maps, detailed soil maps, land-cover maps, and mean annual precipitation of 30 years collected respectively from National Geographic Information Institute, National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, and Ministry of Environment. The slope length of LS-factor that takes much times by the study area's wideness was calculated automatically through AML(Arc Macro Language) program developed by Van Remortel et al.(2001, 2003). The results are as follows; First, according to the soil loss estimation by the RUSLE, it shows that approximately 82% of the study area have relatively lower possibility of soil loss which is the 1 ton/ha in annual soil loss. While, 9.4% ($2,228km^2$) needed intensive and continuous management for soil loss. Because the amount of their annual soil loss was greater than 10 ton/ha that is optimum level suggested by Morgan(1995). For these areas, the author believe that a new approach which can minimize environmental impacts from soil loss through improvement of cultivation process and buffer forest zone should be applied. Second, according to the relationship between the RUSLE factors, topographical(LS-factor) and cover management(C-factor) conditions have a lot of influence on soil loss in case of the Nakdong River Basin. However, because of RUSLE factor's influence that affect to soil loss might be different based on the variety of spatial hierarchy and extent, it is necessary to analyze and evaluate factor's relationship in terms of spatial hierarchy and extent through field observations and further studies.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.14-22
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• 2008

The forest soil sediment disasters occurred in Jinbu-myeon Pyeongchang county were investigated characteristics by the aerial photograph analysis. After digitizing from aerial photographs, forest soil sediment disaster sites were classified into 695 collapsed sites, 305 flowed sites and 199 sediment sites. DEM (Digital Elevation Model) were generated from 1 : 5,000 digital topographic map. Factors of geography, hydrology, biology, and geology were analyzed using DEM, geologic map, and forest stand map with aerial photographs by GIS spatial analysis technique. The forest soil sediment disasters were mainly occurred from southeastern slope to southwestern slope. In collapsed sit es, the average slope degree is $28.9^{\circ}$, the average flow length is 163.5m, the average area of drainage basin is 897$m^2$. In case of flowed sites, the average slope degree, flow length, the area of drainage basin and confluence order is $27.0^{\circ}$, 175m, 2,500$m^2$ and 1, respectively. In sediment sites, the average slope, flow length, the area of drainage basin and confluence order is $12.5^{\circ}$, 2,50m, 25,000$m^2$ and 4, respectively. Also the forest soil sediment disasters were occurred most of collapsed sites in the afforest land after felling and igneous rocks composed of granite.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제61권6호
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• pp.55-65
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• 2019

Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) is to estimate potential soil loss and has benefit in use with its simplicity. The equation is composed of five factors, one of the factors is the slope length and steepness factor (LS factor) that is for topographic property of fields to estimate potential soil loss. Since the USLE was developed, many equations to compute LS was suggested with field measurement. Nowadays the factor is often computed in GIS software with digital elevation model, however it was reported that the factor is very sensitive to the resolution of digital elevation model. In addition, the digital elevation model of high resolution less than 3 meter is required in small field application, however these inputs are not associate with the empirical models' backgrounds since the empirical models were derived in 22.1 meter field measurements. In the study, four equation to compute LS factor and two approaches to determine slope length and steepness were examined, and correction factor was suggested to provide reasonable precision in LS estimations. The correction factor is computed with field area and cell size of digital elevation model, thus the correction factor can be adapted in any USLE-based models using LS factor at field level.

• 한국자원식물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국자원식물학회 2019년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.32-32
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• 2019

The aim of this study was to provide basic guidelines for conservation and management of endangered plants in the national parks of Korea. Iris dichotoma Pall. (Iridaceae), which is a popular garden plant, is considered a second-class endangered species by Korean government and it is listed as a EN (Endangered) species in Red Data Book of Korea. We analyzed ecological conditions of I. dichotoma habitats based on vegetation properties and soil characteristics. This species which is known to inhabit in grassland adjacent to the ocean of lowlands slope and its population was located at an elevation of 8 m to 11 m. In the study sites, the mean of soil organic matter, total nitrogen and soil pH were 6.16%, 0.234% and 5.39 respectively. Additionally, the genetic variation and structure of three populations were assessed using ISSR (Inter Simple Sequence Repeat) markers. The genetic diversity of I. dichotoma (P = 59.46%, H = 0.206, S = 0.310) at the species level was relatively high. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed 82.1% of the total genetic diversity was occurred in within populations and 17.9% variation among populations. Lastly, we developed predicted distribution model based on climate and topographic factors by applying SDMs (Species Distribution Models). Consequently, current status of I. dichotoma habitats is limited with natural factors such as the increase of the coverage rate of the herbs due to ecological succession. Therefore, it is essential to establish in situ and ex situ conservation strategies for protecting natural habitats and to require exploring potential and alternative habitats for reintroduction.

• 한국지형학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.87-103
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the risk of cropland and man-made infrastructures in a landslide-prone area using a GIS-based method. To achieve this goal, a landslide inventory map was prepared based on aerial photograph analysis as well as field observations. A total of 550 landslides have been counted in the entire study area. For model analysis and validation, extracted landslides were randomly selected and divided into two groups. The landslide causative factors such as slope, aspect, curvature, topographic wetness index, elevation, forest type, forest crown density, geology, land-use, soil drainage, and soil texture were used in the analysis. Moreover, to identify the correlation between landslides and causative factors, pixels were divided into several classes and frequency ratio was also extracted. A landslide susceptibility map was constructed using a bayesian predictive model (BPM) based on the entire events. In the cross validation process, the landslide susceptibility map as well as observation data were plotted with a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve then the area under the curve (AUC) was calculated and tried to extract a success rate curve. The results showed that, the BPM produced 85.8% accuracy. We believed that the model was acceptable for the landslide susceptibility analysis of the study area. In addition, for risk assessment, monetary value (local) and vulnerability scale were added for each social thematic data layers, which were then converted into US dollar considering landslide occurrence time. Moreover, the total number of the study area pixels and predictive landslide affected pixels were considered for making a probability table. Matching with the affected number, 5,000 landslide pixels were assumed to run for final calculation. Based on the result, cropland showed the estimated total risk as US $ 35.4 million and man-made infrastructure risk amounted to US $ 39.3 million.

• 한국지형학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.53-67
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to identify the quality of landslide susceptibility in a landslide-prone area (Jinbu-myeon, Gangwon-do, South Korea) by spatial prediction modeling approach and compare the results obtained. For this goal, a landslide inventory map was prepared mainly based on past historical information and aerial photographs analysis (Daum Map, 2008), as well as some field observation. Altogether, 550 landslides were counted at the whole study area. Among them, 182 landslides are debris flow and each group of landslides was constructed in the inventory map separately. Then, the landslide inventory was randomly selected through Excel; 50% landslide was used for model analysis and the remaining 50% was used for validation purpose. Total 12 contributing factors, such as slope, aspect, curvature, topographic wetness index (TWI), elevation, forest type, forest timber diameter, forest crown density, geology, landuse, soil depth, and soil drainage were used in the analysis. Moreover, to find out the co-relation between landslide causative factors and incidents landslide, pixels were divided into several classes and frequency ratio for individual class was extracted. Eventually, six landslide susceptibility maps were constructed using the Bayesian Predictive Discriminant (BPD), Empirical Likelihood Ratio (ELR), and Linear Regression Method (LRM) models based on different category dada. Finally, in the cross validation process, landslide susceptibility map was plotted with a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and calculated the area under the curve (AUC) and tried to extract success rate curve. The result showed that Bayesian, likelihood and linear models were of 85.52%, 85.23%, and 83.49% accuracy respectively for total data. Subsequently, in the category of debris flow landslide, results are little better compare with total data and its contained 86.33%, 85.53% and 84.17% accuracy. It means all three models were reasonable methods for landslide susceptibility analysis. The models have proved to produce reliable predictions for regional spatial planning or land-use planning.

• 한국지형학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.65-80
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• 2020

This paper deals with risk assessment of life in a landslide-prone area by a GIS-based modeling method. Landslide susceptibility maps can provide a probability of landslide prone areas to mitigate or proper control this problems and to take any development plan and disaster management. A landslide inventory map of the study area was prepared based on past historical information and aerial photography analysis. A total of 550 landslides have been counted at the whole study area. The extracted landslides were randomly selected and divided into two different groups, 50% of the landslides were used for model calibration and the other were used for validation purpose. Eleven causative factors (continuous and thematic) such as slope, aspect, curvature, topographic wetness index, elevation, forest type, forest crown density, geology, land-use, soil drainage, and soil texture were used in hazard analysis. The correlation between landslides and these factors, pixels were divided into several classes and frequency ratio was also extracted. Eventually, a landslide susceptibility map was constructed using a logistic regression model based on entire events. Moreover, the landslide susceptibility map was plotted with a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and calculated the area under the curve (AUC) and tried to extract a success rate curve. Based on the results, logistic regression produced an 85.18% accuracy, so we believed that the model was reliable and acceptable for the landslide susceptibility analysis on the study area. In addition, for risk assessment, vulnerability scale were added for social thematic data layer. The study area predictive landslide affected pixels 2,000 and 5,000 were also calculated for making a probability table. In final calculation, the 2,000 predictive landslide affected pixels were assumed to run. The total population causalities were estimated as 7.75 person that was relatively close to the actual number published in Korean Annual Disaster Report, 2006.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제110권4호
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• pp.504-515
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• 2021

세뿔투구꽃의 서식에 영향을 미치는 환경인자들과의 관계를 규명하기 위해 MexEnt 모형을 구동하여 21개의 환경인자를 평가한 결과 0.6 이상의 유의성 있는 AUC값을 가지고 있는 14개의 환경인자는 임령, 임목축적, 임분밀도, 고도, 지형, 지형습도지수, 일사량, 토성, 1월 평균기온, 4월 평균기온, 연평균 기온, 1월 평균 강수량, 8월 평균 강수량, 연평균 강수량이었다. 주요 14개 설명 인자들의 반응 곡선에 의하면 백운산 내 세뿔투구꽃은 해발고도가 600 m 이하의 낮은 지대로 내려갈수록 서식에 적합하다는 결과를 보이고 있었으며, 경사가 서식지에 미치는 영향은 낮았다. 임분 밀도는 밀, 지형은 계곡과 가까운 지역을 선호하였으며, 방위는 북동쪽에 대한 분포 비중이 높았다. 영급은 5영급을 기준으로 낮을수록 출현 확률이 높게 나타났다. 본 연구 지역의 세뿔투구꽃이 선호하는 일사량은 1.2 MJ/m²이며, 지형습도지수 값은 4.5를 기준으로 값이 낮아질수록 출현 확률이 낮아지고 기준 값이 높아질수록 출현 확률이 높아지는 양의 관계가 성립되었는데 임계수치는 7.5였다. 토양환경 분석결과 점토에서 사질양토로 갈수록 세뿔투구꽂의 존재확률이 증가하고 있었고 1월 평균기온이 -4.4℃~-2.5℃, 4월 평균기온이 8.8℃~10.0℃, 연평균 기온은 9.6℃~11.0℃인 지역을 서식에 적합한 주요 서식지로 분류할 수 있었다. 세뿔투구꽃은 연평균 강수량이 1,670~1,720 mm지역으로 8월 평균 강수량이 350 mm 이상 되는 지역에서부터 출현하기 시작했으며, 390 mm까지는 일정 부분 강수량이 높아질수록 선호하는 서식지로서의 가치를 가지고 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 분포적 의미를 갖는 결과 값이 75% 이상인 잠재서식지의 면적은 202 ha로 백운산 연구 대상지의 1.8%였다.

• 지구물리와물리탐사
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.11-20
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• 2014

원주시 저고도 지역에서의 천부 횡파속도($v_s$) 및 부지특성을 파악하기 위해 2013년 2월부터 2013년 9월 사이의 20일간 4.5 Hz 수직 지오폰 12 ~ 24개를 이용하여 원주시계 내의 78 지점에서 레일리파를 기록하였다. 레일리파 분산곡선은 확장된 공간자기상관함수법으로 구하였고, $v_s$를 구하기 위하여 감소최소자승법으로 역산하였다. 이들 1-D 모델로부터 구한 풍화암질 기반암의 깊이($D_b$), 기반암의 횡파속도($v_s^b$), 토양층의 평균 횡파속도($\bar{v}_s^s$), 30 m까지 평균 횡파속도($v_s30$)는 95% 신뢰구간에서 각각 $16.3{\pm}0.7m$, $576{\pm}8m/s$, $290{\pm}7m/s$, $418{\pm}13m/s$로 산출되었다. $v_s30$의 적절한 지시자를 결정하기 위해서 $v_s30$과 지표면 경사도(r = 0.46) 및 고도(r = 0.43)와의 상관계수를 계산하였고, 개별적으로 평가한 $v_s30$과의 상관성을 종합하여 지표면 경사도, 고도, 암상의 가중치를 각각 0.45, 0.45, 0.1으로 하는 선형 경험식을 제시하였다. 그러나 이 경험식과 역산으로 구한 $v_s30$의 상관성이 미약하여(r = 0.50), 적용시에는 상대적으로 큰 오차범위를 고려해야 할 것이다.