• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.43-50
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• 2021

On the construction of new roads, the cut slope is inevitable and thus has been widely applied in the mountainous area. Particularly, the retaining wall with the precast concrete panel is often selected for its higher stability and mostly constructed in bottom-up method. However, the bottom-up method results in steeper slope as 1:0.05 before constructiong retaining wall and thus causes poor compaction at backfill which may induce instability during or after the construction. To overcome this problem, precast concrete panel retaining wall was attached in-situ ground (so called top-down). This paper presents the evaluation of drainage capacity of top-down method which has impermeable layer between panel and mortar being used to increase the ability of attachment of the precast concrete panel.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.87-99
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• 2009

The top-down method for SOA delivery is recommended as a best way to take advantage of SOA. The core step of SOA delivery is the step of service modeling including service analysis and design based on ontology. Most enterprises know that the top-down approach is the best but they are hesitant to employ it because it requires them to invest a great deal of time and money without it showing any immediate results, particularly because they use well-defined component based systems. In this paper, we propose a service identification method to use a well-defined components maximally as a bottom-up approach. We assume that user's inputs generates events on a GUI and the approximate business process can be obtained from concatenating the event paths. We first find the core GUIs which have many outgoing event calls and form event paths by concatenating the event calls between the GUIs. Next, we adapt sequential pattern mining algorithms to find the maximal frequent event paths. As an experiment, we obtained business services with various granularity by applying a cohesion metric to extracted frequent event paths.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2005.10a
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• pp.1223-1230
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• 2005

The dynamic nature of the A/E/C industry, rapidly changing global market environments, and lowest cost competitive bidding make it difficult to survive in global design markets. To understand the global design markets, a case study has been undertaken. The top 150 global design firms represented in the ENR (Engineering News Record) from 1995 to 2003 are classified into three groups for the case study. First group is the firms which advanced in rank from 1995. Second group is the firms which maintained its rank from 1994 until 2003. Third group is the firms which went down in rank from 1995 until 2003. However, finding key factors and changing business strategies of successful top design firms are the fundamental goals in this paper. After examinations of case studies, this paper concludes and suggests that professionalization, M&A strategies, patrons of the government, and academic support are needed to be successful in the global design & engineering industry.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.126-136
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• 2008

Tobacco plants grown in pots by sand culture for 70 days after transplanting were used to evaluate the sensing distance and measurement efficiency of ground-based remote sensors. The leaf distribution of tobacco plant and sensing distance from the sensors to the target leaves were controlled by two removal methods of leaves, top-down and bottom-up removal. In the case of top-down removal, the canopy reflectance was measured by the sensor located at a fixed position having an optimum distance from the detector to the uppermost leaf of tobacco every time that the higher leaves were one at a time. The measurement of bottom-up removal, a the other hand, was conducted in the same manner as that of the top-down removal except that the lower leaves were removed one by one. Canopy reflectance measurements were made with hand held spectral sensors including the active sensors such as $GreenSeeker^{TM}$ red and green, $Crop\;Circle\;ACS-210^{TM}$ red and amber, the passive sensors of $Crop\:Circle^{TM}$, and spectroradiometer $SD2000^{TM}$. The reflectance indices by all sensors were generally affected by the upper canopy condition rather than lower canopy condition of tobacco regardless of sensor type, passive or active. The reflectance measurement by $GreenSeeker^{TM}$ was affected sensitively at measurement distance longer than 120 cm, the upper limit of effective sensing distance, beyond which measurement errors are appreciable. In case of the passive sensors that has no upper limit of effective distance and $Crop\;Circle^{TM}(ACS210)$ that has the upper limit of effective sensing distance specified with 213 cm, longer than that of estimated distance, the measurement efficiency affected by the sensing distance showed no difference. This result suggests that it is necessary to use the sensor specified optimum distance. The result revealed that active sensors are more superior than their passive counterparts in establishing between the relative ratio of reflectance index and the dry weight of tobacco treated by top-down removal, and in the evaluation of biomass. $The\;Crop\;Circle\;ACS-210^{TM}$ red was proved to have the highest efficiency of measurement, followed by $Crop\;Circle^{TM}(ACS210)$ amber and $GreenSeeker^{TM}$ red, $Crop\;Circle^{TM}$ passive, $GreenSeeker^{TM}$ green, and spectroradiometer, in descending order.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.233-236
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• 2003

In this paper, we propose a method to search the evidence such as a knife found in the crime scene based on GHT from an image database Such objects like knives are simitar in shape. The proposed method utilizes the small shape differences among objects as much as possible to distinguish an object from similar shaped objects. It consists of the GHT based candidate generation and top-down candidate verification. For the fast generation of the candidate 1ist, the GHT operation is performed un the down sampled edge list. The test results show that it can retrieve the correct object even with a pan of object in reasonable time.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.38 no.4 s.114
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• pp.445-453
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• 2005

Relative importance between bottom-up and top-down controls on phytoplankton dynamics was investigated in the Juam Reservoir, Chonnam based on the results from statistical analyses including regression and artificial neural network (ANN) modeling. Effects of nutrients on size-structured phytoplankton dynamics were explored by simple linear regression analysis and relative importance between bottom-up and top-down controls was estimated based on results from the artificial neural network analyses. Although there is a limitation in determining direct grazing effects since chlorophyll a : pheopigments ratios, indirect index for grazing activity rather than grazing rates or herbivores biomass were used, the results from regression analysis showed that nutrients especially orthophosphates were positively correlated with the phytoplankton biomass and chlorophyll a : pheopigments ratios were also positively correlated with the phytoplankton biomass at lower coefficient of determination ($r^2$) compared to orthophosphates. The simulation results from ANN suggested that the bottom-up mechanisms including water temperature and availability of nutrients, especially orthophosphates were more important than top-down mechanisms such as grazing in the phytoplankton dynamics.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.177-212
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• 1993

My research is based on the parser for ill-formed input by Mellish in a paper in ACL 27th meeting Proceedings. 1989. My system is composed of two parsers:WFCP and IFCP. When WFCP fails to give the parse tree for the input sentence, the sentence is identified as ill-formed and is parsed by IFCP for error detection and recovery at the syntactic level. My system is indendent of grammatical rules. It does not take into account semantic ill-formedness. My system uses a grammar composed of 25 context-free rules. My system consistes of two major parsing strategies:top-down expection and bottem-up satisfaction. With top-down expectation. rules are retrieved under the inference condition and expaned by inactive arcs. When doing bottom-up parsing. my parser used two modes:Left-Right parsing and Right-to-Left parsing. My system repairs errors sucessfully when the input contains an omitted word or an unknown word substitued for a valid word. Left- corner and right-corner errors are more easily detected and repaired than ill-formed senteces where the error is in teh middle. The deviance note. with repair details, is kept in new inactive arcs which are generated by the error correction procedure. The implementation of my system is quite different from Mellish's. When rules are invoked. my system invokes all rules with minimal inference. My bottom up parsing strategy uses Left-to-Right mode and Right-to-Left mode. My system is bottom-up-parsing-oriented like the chart parser. Errors are repaired in two ways:using top-down hypothesis, and using Need-Chart which keeps the information of expectation and complection of expanded goals by rules. To reduce the number of top-down cycles. all rules are invoked simultaneously and this invocation information is kept in Need-Chart. This idea will be extended for the implementation of multiple error recovery system.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.431-438
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• 2007

This study was to test algal removal efficiency by top-down fish biomanipulation experiments in the laboratory during Agust${\sim}$September 2000. We selected eight candidate fishes for the biomanipulation. We set up the experiments of eight fish-treatment tanks (3${\sim}$6 fishes) with initial chlorophyll-${\alpha}$ concentrations (CHL-${\alpha}$) of $100{\sim}120{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ and one control tank including no fish with the same initial CHL-${\alpha}$. All tanks were maintained water quality of dissolved oxygen $(5.3{\sim}8.2mg\;L^{-1})$ and pH $(7.4{\sim}8.1)$ in the tests. During the biomanipulation, DO and pH in the treatments were lower than those of the control, while conductivity increased gradually in the treatments. Biomanipulation experiments showed that CHL-${\alpha}$ increased 13% and 0% (mean values of 8 fishes) in the controls and treatments, respectively. These results indicate that algal growth was maintained in the control and fish treatments, but the rate of CHL-${\alpha}$ in the treatments was lower than that of the control. The removal rates of bluegreens algae decreased 32% in the control, and 20% in treatments (mean values of 8 fishes) respectively, In other words, bluegreen algae showed greater growth rate in the fish treatments than the control and this was due to higher nutrients supplied from fish excretions. Overall, simple fish biomanipulation on algal control was not effective at all in these laboratory tests.

• Journal of Korean Theatre Studies Association
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• no.40
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• pp.307-344
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• 2010

Cultural Studies built on the critical mind of New Left exposes the relationship between culture and power, and investigates how this relationship develops the cultural convention. It has achieved the new perspective that could make us to think culture and art in terms of political correctness. However, the critical voices against the theoretical premises of Cultural Studies have been increased as its heyday in 1980s was nearly over. For instance, Terry Eagleton, a former Marxist literary critic, declared in 2003 that the golden age of cultural theory is long past. This essay, therefore, intends to show the weak foundations on which the approaches of cultural studies to theatre rest and to clarify the general problem of their introduction to theatre studies. The approach of cultural studies to theatre takes the form of 'top-down inquiry' as it applies a theory to a particular play or historical period. In other word, from the theory the writer moves to the particular case. The result is not an inquiry but rather a demonstration. This circularity can destroy the point of serious intellectual investigation as the theory dictates answers. The goal-oriented narrow viewpoint as a logical consequence of 'top-down inquiry' makes the researcher to favor the plays or the parts of a play that are proper to test a theory. As a result it loses the fair judgment on the artistic value of a play, and brings about the misinterpretation. The interpreter-oriented reading is the other defect of cultural studies as it disregards the inherent meaning of the text, distorting a play. The approach of cultural studies also consists of a conventionality as it arrives at a stereotyped interpretation by using certain conventions of reasoning and rhetoric. The cultural theories are fundamentally the 'outside theories' that seek to explain not theatre but the very broad features of society and politics. Consequently their application to theatre risks the destructive criticism, disregarding the inherent experience of theatre. Most of, if not all, cultural theories, furthermore, are proven to be lack of empirical basis. The alternative method to them is a 'cognitive science' that proves scientifically our mind being influenced by bodily experience. The application of cultural materialism to Shakespeare's is one of the cases that reveal the limits of cultural studies. Jonathan Dollimore and Water Cohen provide a kind of 'canonical study' in this application that is imitated by the succeeding researchers. As a result the interpretation of has been flooded with repetitive critical remarks, revealing the problem of 'top-down inquiry' and conventional reasoning. Cultural Studies is antipodal to theatre in some respect. It is interested chiefly in the social and political reality while theatre aims to create the fiction world. The theatre studies, therefore, may have to risk the danger of destroying its own base when it adopts cultural studies uncritically. The different stance between theatre and cultural theories also occurs from the opposition of humanism vs. antihumanism. We have to introduce cultural theories selectively and properly not to destroy the inherent experience and domain of theatre.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.61 no.4
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• pp.367-378
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• 2023

With the recent development of computer-aided design-computer-aided manufacturing technology and 3D printing technology, and the introduction of various digital techniques, the accuracy and efficiency of top-down definitive prosthetic restoration are increasing. In this clinical case, stable occlusion support was obtained through the placement of a total of 9 maxillary and mandibular posterior implants in patient with anterior-posterior crossed occlusion. The edentulous area of the maxillary anterior teeth, which showed a tendency of high resorption of the residual alveolar bone, was restored with a Kennedy Class IV implant assisted removable partial denture to restore soft tissue esthetics. Computed tomography guided surgery was used to place implants in the planned position, double scan technique was used to reflect the stabilized occlusion in the interim restoration stage to the definitive prostheses, and metal 3D printing was used to manufacture the coping and framework. This clinical case reports that efficient and predictable top-down full mouth rehabilitation was achieved using various digital technologies and techniques.