• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.128-137
• /
• 2011

This study aims to examine each space characteristics of unit plans for brand apartments. Through construction companies' web-sites and real estate web-sites, all the apartment unit plans with $66m^2{\sim}164m^2$ unit among the brand apartments were analyzed. On the analysis of the apartment unit plans($66m^2{\sim}164m^2$) provided by top 8 construction companies from March 2004 to December 2008. The remarkable changes compared to existing apartments include an increase in the number of bays; front side allocation of bedrooms beside the main bedroom; installation of a vestibule, a dressing room, and a powder room; installation of built-in closets in bedrooms beside the main bedroom; and installation of a receipt spot on the sidewall in the balcony. Besides, as for minor opinions there were opinions of front side allocation of kitchen/dining room, back side allocation of the main bedroom, and installation of dressing room in bedrooms beside the main bedroom. Therefore, construction companies should pay attention to research result about the unit area ranges of apartment unit plans, and reflect it positively to develop apartment unit plans to satisfy consumers.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.25 no.3
• /
• pp.142-149
• /
• 1982

Use efficiency of top-dressed labelled nitrogen(30% at ear formation stage) ranged 23 to 61%(five fields) with no clear difference between varieties. In high yield soil the use efficiency of top-dressed nitrogen was higher and more than 50% of fertilizer nitrogen in plant seemed to be taken up after ear formation, $^{15}N$ excess was greatest in grain indicating that top-dressed nitrogen translocates easily to grain. The difference of $^{15}N$ excess between grain and straw was greater in Tonsil line than in the local indicating faster nitrogen translocation in Tangil. Percent nitrogen derived from top-dressed nitrogen ranged 14 to 27% in aerial part. Two 3-hill plots per treatment could be enough for $^{15}N$ experiment under field condition if there is specific care.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.35 no.5
• /
• pp.306-313
• /
• 2002

The investigation was conducted to find out amounts and ratios of N, P and K fertilizers applied on summer Chinese cabbage in 58 farmers' fields of highland area. The application levels of N, $P_2O_5$, $K_2O$, livestock manure and lime fertilizers were 444, 188, 390, 9,920 and $2,160kg\;ha^{-1}$, respectively, for summer Chinese cabbage. The ratios of basal dressing were 48% in N, 46.6% in $K_2O$. The frequencies of top dressing both N and K were 1.7 times. The kinds of compound fertilizers were in the order of 11-10-10+3+0.3 > 11-6-6+4+13+17 > 12-9-11+3+0.3 in basal application and 18-0-18+0.3 > 13-0-13+1+0.3 > 18-0-15+0.3 in top dressing. From the surveyed results, we could estimate that total 4,347 tons of N, $P_2O_5$, and $K_2O$ fertilizers were over used for summer Chinese cabbage by farmers in highland.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.27-32
• /
• 1971

In 1969, a pot experiment with four replications of 10 treatments including control(without potash) was carried out in order to study the effect of potash top-dressings in the condition of heavy nitrogen application on rice. The results obtained may be summarized as follows. 1. When potash was applied 70% as basic dressing and 30% as top-dressing at ear-formation stage, a considerable increase of the yield of paddy was obtained as compared to the treatment of the whole amount of potash as basic dressing. 2. The antagonism phenomenon of $K_2O$ contents with N contents in the plants appeared to be severe at the maximum reduction division stage and ear-formation stage is next. 3. $K_2O/N$ ratio gave a positive correlation with the yield components before heading and specially, $K_2O/N$ ratio at heading stage was considerably correlated with ripening percentage.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.45 no.5
• /
• pp.749-759
• /
• 2012

A field experiment was conducted to selection of ground-based remote sensor and reflectance indices to estimate rice production, estimation of suitable season for ground-based remote sensor and N top dressing fertilizer application rate in 2010. Fertilizer application was determined by "Fertilizer management standard for crops" (National Academy of Agricultural Science, 2006). Four levels of N-fertilizer were applied as 0%, 70%, 100% and 130% by base N-fertilizer application and were fertilized as 70% of basal dressing and 30% as top dressing. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) of Chucheong and Joonam (Korean cultivar) were planted on May 22, 2010 in sandy loam soil and harvested on October 6, 2010. Reflectance indices were measured 7 times from July 5 to August 23 by Crop circle-amber and red version and GreenSeeker-green and red version. Remote sensing angle from the sensor head to the canopy of rice was adjusted to $45^{\circ}$, $70^{\circ}$ and $90^{\circ}$ degree because of difference in the density of plant and the sensing angle. The reflectance indices obtained ground-based remote sensor were correlated with the biomass of rice at the early growth stage and at the harvest with $70^{\circ}$ and $90^{\circ}$ degree of sensor angle. The reflectance indices at the 52th Day After Transplanting (DAT) and the 59th DAT, critical season, were positively correlated with dry weight and nitrogen uptake. Specially NDVI at the 59th was significantly correlated with the mentioned parameters. Based on the result of this study, rNDVI by GreenSeeker on $70^{\circ}$ degree of angle at the 59th DAT in Chucheong and rNDVI by Crop Circle on $70^{\circ}$ degree of angle and gNDVI by GreenSeeker on $70^{\circ}$ degree of angle at the 59th DAT in Joonam can be useful for estimation of dry weight and nitrogen uptake. Moreover, sufficiency index estimated by reflectance index at the 59th DAT can be useful for the estimation of N-fertilizer level application and can be used as a model for N-top dressing fertilizer management.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.81-91
• /
• 1968

To investigate the effects of foliage clipping time, degree, and nitrogen top-dressing after clipping on the growth and the agronomic characteristics, rice plants grown under ordinary cultural practices were clipped at the maximum tiller stage, 10 days prior to, and after that stage, respectively, with varying clipping, height, as 0, 1/3, 1/2, and 2/3 of plant height. And nitrogen was top-dressed at the rate of 0, 2, 4, 6 kg per 10 are immediately after clipping. The variety used was ＂Jinheung＂. The results obtained are outlined as follows: 1. Effect of clipping on the growth of rice plant: The subsequent growth was quite rapid during 10 days after clipping, and resulted, on the whole, in nearly complete recovery of defoliation by 20 days after clipping. a) Generally, the later the clipping time, the more growth accelerated. Rice plants clipped before the differentiation of ear primordia nearly recovered the damage, and in certain cases exceeded non-clipped plants in height. But the height of the rice plant clipped after the differentiation of ear primordia was somewhat smaller than that of non-clipped. b) Growth rate was rather rapid in the case of severe cutting, and the height of slightly clipped plants was taller than that of non-clipped plants. However, rice plants clipped to the extent of 2/3 of plant height did not fully recover the damage of defoliation compared to non-clipped plants. c) Nitrogen dressing was effective to rapid recovery of defoliation, the effect increasing with the increasing amount of application. d) Ear-heading was delayed in clipped plots, and this tendency was more apparent with later clipping time, more severe clipping, and increased amounts of nitrogen application after cutting. The range was 6 days at maximum. 2. Effect of defoliation on the yield and its components of rice plants: The yield response to clipping varied somewhat with its time, degree, and nitrogen application after cutting: yield increase of about 10% and decreasement of about 25% at maximum compared to the control plot. Grain yield of most plots was decreased. a) Clipping before the differentiation of ear primordia did not much affect the agronomic characteristics of rice plants. However, clipping after that growth stage decreased culm length, number of panicles, number of spikelets per panicle, and maturing rate of grain to some extent. Consequently this treatment resulted in decrease of about 10% in grain and straw production in spite of increase in panicle length and effective tillering rate. b) Slight, clipping decreased number of spikelets per panicle a little, and the yield of grain and straw by 4-5%, although effective tillering rate was somewhat increased. With severe clipping, panicle kngth, number of panicles, and number of spikelets per panicle decreased more, and the yield of grain and straw decreased about 10%. c) Nitrogen dressing after clipping at the rate of 2 kg per 10 are was effective in increasing grain yield. Nitrogen application over the rate of 4 kg per 10 are increased culm length, number of spikelets per panicle, and straw production, but this decreased the maturing rate, and the 1, 000-grains weight to some extent and resulted in decrease of grain yield.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
• /
• v.5 no.2
• /
• pp.81-86
• /
• 1991

The sludge, a waste of brewery industries, was examined for potentials as a natural organic fertilizer (or soil conditioner) for lawn. Trial products were measured for changes of physical, chemical properties in laboratory and seed germination and seedling growth in green house were also tested. The results are as the following:1The sludge from distilled liquor brewery contained high quantity of organic matter which had proper physical and chemical properties for lawn fertilizer (natural organic fertilizer, soil conditioner, top-dressing mix) . It showed good characteristics in handling and capabilities to be developed as commercial products for golf courses. 2.Sludge from beer company needs proper treatment to improve physical properties for futher degradiation. It is because aggregation of the sludge particles prevented microbial activities and changing to soluble form. 3.Green carbon can be used as carbon source for organic fertilizer production using brewery sludge, but it should not contain wood extract which inhibit seed germination and seedling growth.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.21 no.2
• /
• pp.269-276
• /
• 1976

This experiment was conducted to find out how to increase efficiency of fertilizer nitrogen and how to change the weed population with different methods of nitrogen application. Mudball deep placement, at 10-12cm soil depth, produced significantly the highest grain yield within the application methods with same amount of nitrogen (60kg N/ha). It produced also same grain yield with conventional application methods, timely split application method, with 90kg N/ha. Basal application of nitrogen increased weed population and it showed higher dry weight of weed than top dressing methods at early growth stage of rice.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
• /
• v.6 no.4
• /
• pp.271-276
• /
• 1998

This experiment was carried out to determine the effects of topping time and fertilizer split application on the growth and root yield of Scutellaria baicalensis G. In case of stem cutting at 25cm above the soil surface early in July and middle in August, plant height was reduced by 37cm compared with nontreatment, but stem diameter, the number of branch per plant and the growth of root increased. Topping treatment twice produced the highest dry root yield (182kg/10a) of all, 15% higher than nontreatment. When nitrogen and potassium were applied by the basal dressing with 60% and by the top dressing early in July and middle in August with 20% in each time, the growth of plant (both top and root) increased. The dry root yield per 10a in top dressing twice was 12% higher than once.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.1 no.1
• /
• pp.61-71
• /
• 1968

1. In pot exreriments, the leaf blades of rice plants grown on Akiochi soil were weakened and the leaves dropped noticeably. This phenomenon could be prevented with application of silicate materials such as potassium silicate, Wallastonite and silicate slag (normally used silicate fertilizer in Korea). 2. Grain yield was increased by application of all the silicate materials. The effect of wollastonite was not lower than the effect of silicate slag. 3. Basal application of wollastonite gives a higher effect on the grain yield than top dressing. With higher wollastonite application, the nitrogen effect on the grain yield increases. This increase in nitrogen effect becomes more pronounced when the nitrogen level is higher. 4. Silica content in the plant waas increased by application of silicate materials to the soil. The increase in silica content in the plant was most noticeable with wollastonite. Basal application of wollastonite proved to be more effective than top dressing. Iron and nitrogen content in the plant decreased by application of the silicate materials. 5. The application of the silicate materials to Akiochi soil increases the resistance of rice to leaf blast, neck blast and Helminthosporium leaf spot. Among the silicate materials, wollastonite was most effective. 6. Damage by leaf blast increased proportionally with the nitrogen level, but decreased clearly with increase in wollastonite level. This phenomon was most pronounced for late transplanting time. 7. Damage by Helminthosporium leaf spot was also proportionally reduced by wollastonite application.