• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.311-336
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• 2015

본 논문은 무인항공기 관련 현행 국제법을 국제항공공법과 국제항공사법의 관점에서 조사하고, 무인항공기관련 현행 호주 국내법과 입법 예고된 호주 국내법을 무인항공기 운항에 따른 위험요소 (민사책임, 안전, 사생활보호)에 중점을 두면서 검토한다. 현재 전체 상업용 비행에서 무인항공기 운항이 차지하는 비율은 미미한 수준이지만, 상업용 목적의 국제무인항공비행은 현실이 될 것이다. 무인기 관련산업이 빠르게 발전하고 있으므로, 빠른 시일 내에 정책적인 해결방안이 연구되어야만, 무인항공기관련 위험요소들이 실제로 일어났을 때 적절하게 대응할 수 있는 법규범이 만들어 질 수 있을 것이다. 호주의 무인항공기관련 성공적인 국내입법에서 보듯이, 국내법적 또는 지역단위의 접근이 무인항공기 관련 문제를 주도하고 있고, 계속해서 주도할 것이다. 안전문제는 호주의 현행 입법 예고된 무인항공기관련 법규에 가장 중요한 요소이고, 국제적으로도 마찬가지이다. 안전관련 법규를 만드는 것은 매우 중요하고, 민사책임 관련법규를 만드는 것보다 선행되어야 한다. 그 이유는 안전관련 법규를 만드는 것이 민사책임 법규가 적용되는 사고의 발생위험 자체를 줄일 수 있기 때문이다. 무인항공기 운항자에 대한 구속력 있는 감항기준이 구비되어 있지 않다는 점은, 운항자의 엄격책임이 적용되는 민사책임 체계가 무인항공기 분야에는 적절하지 않다는 주장을 가능하게 할 수 있다. 이에 대한 해결책으로 ICAO 지침개정과 무인기 안전 및 감항관련 SARPs 개정, 또한 잠재적으로는 민사책임 (참가자, 승객, 지상손해 대상)관련 문제들을 포함하는 SARPs 개정의 필요성을 제안한다. 이러한 ICAO지침은 적절한 절차를 거쳐서 각국의 국내법으로 차용될 수 있을 것이고, 이럴 경우 국제협약을 제정하고 발효까지 필요한 행정적 부담과 시간을 피할 수 있을 것이다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권9호
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• pp.1239-1246
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• 2016

The breeding of yaks is highly seasonal, there are many crucial proteins involved in the reproduction control program, especially in follicular development. In order to isolate differential proteins between mature and immature follicular fluid (FF) of yak, the FF from yak follicles with different sizes were sampled respectively, and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) of the proteins was carried out. After silver staining, the Image Master 2D platinum software was used for protein analysis and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) was performed for differential protein identification. The expression level of transferrin and enolase superfamily member 1 (ENOSF1) was determined by Western blotting for verification analysis. The results showed that 2-DE obtained an electrophoresis map of proteins from mature and immature yak FF with high resolution and repeatability. A comparison of protein profiles identified 12 differently expressed proteins, out of which 10 of them were upregulated while 2 were downregulated. Western blotting showed that the expression of transferrin and ENOSF1 was enhanced with follicular development. Both the obtained protein profiles and the differently expressed proteins identified in this study provided experimental data related to follicular development during yak breeding seasons. This study also laid the foundation for understanding the microenvironment during oocyte development.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.15-25
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• 2024

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the presence of autoantigens in the gastric juices of children. Methods: Gastric juice and serum samples were obtained from 53 children <15 years of age who underwent gastric endoscopy. Among these, 8, 22, and 23 participants were in the age groups 0-5, 6-10, and 11-15 years, respectively. These samples were analyzed using two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE), immunoblot analysis, and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of-flight mass spectrometry. Furthermore, we reviewed the histopathological findings and urease test results and compared them with the results of 2-DE and immunoblot analysis. Results: There were no statistically significant differences in urease test positivity, grades of chronic gastritis, active gastritis, or Helicobacter pylori infiltration of the antrum and body among the three age groups. Three distinct patterns of gastric juice were observed on 2-DE. Pattern I was the most common, and pattern III was not observed below the age of 5 years. Histopathological findings were significantly different among active gastritis (p=0.037) and H. pylori infiltration (p=0.060) in the gastric body. The immunoblots showed large spots at an approximate pH of 3-4 and molecular weights of 31-45 kDa. These distinct, large positive spots were identified as gastric lipase and pepsin A and C. Conclusion: Three enzymes, which are normally secreted under acidic conditions were identified as autoantigens. Further investigation of the pathophysiology and function of autoantigens in the stomach is required.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.270-276
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• 2018

Background: Notoginsenoside Ft1 is a promising potential candidate for cardiovascular and cancer disease therapy owing to its positive pharmacological activities. However, the yield of Ft1 is ultralow utilizing reported methods. Herein, an acid hydrolyzing strategy was implemented in the acquirement of rare notoginsenoside Ft1. Methods: Chemical profiles were identified by ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled with quadruple-time-of-flight and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q/TOF-ESI-MS). The acid hydrolyzing dynamic changes of chemical compositions and the possible transformation pathways of saponins were monitored by ultrahigh-performance LC coupled with tandem MS (UHPLC-MS/ MS). Results and conclusion: Notoginsenoside Ft1 was epimerized from notoginsenoside ST4, which was generated through cleaving the carbohydrate side chains at C-20 of notoginsenosides Fa and Fc, and vinaginsenoside R7, and further converted to other compounds via hydroxylation at C-25 or hydrolysis of the carbohydrate side chains at C-3 under the acid conditions. High temperature contributed to the hydroxylation reaction at C-25 and 25% acetic acid concentration was conducive to the preparation of notoginsenoside Ft1. C-20 epimers of notoginsenoside Ft1 and ST4 were successfully separated utilizing solvent method of acetic acid solution. The theoretical preparation yield rate of notoginsenoside Ft1 was about 1.8%, which would be beneficial to further study on its bioactivities and clinical application.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제25권11호
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• pp.1944-1953
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• 2015

A novel alkaline protease from Streptomyces sp. M30, SapHM, was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, and DEAE-Sepharose chromatography, with a yield of 15.5% and a specific activity of 29,070 U/mg. Tryptic fragments of the purified SapHM were obtained by electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that the gene sapHM contained 1,179 bp, corresponding to 392 amino acids with conserved Asp156, His187, and Ser339 residues of alkaline protease. The first 24 amino acid residues were predicted to be a signal peptide, and the molecular mass of the mature peptide was 37.1 kDa based on amino acid sequences and mass spectrometry. Pure SapHM was optimally active at 80℃ in 50 mM glycine-NaOH buffer (pH 9.0), and was broadly stable at 0-50℃ and pH 4.0-9.0. The protease relative activity was increased in the presence of Ni²⁺, Mn²⁺, and Cu²⁺ to 112%, 113%, and 147% of control, respectively. Pure SapHM was also activated by dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, Tween 80, and urea. The activity of the purified enzyme was completely inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, indicating that it is a serine-type protease. The K_m and V_max values were estimated to be 35.7 mg/ml, and 5 × 10⁴ U/mg for casein. Substrate specificity analysis showed that SapH was active on casein, bovine serum albumin, and bovine serum fibrin.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.255-265
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• 2022

Background: Ginsenoside Rb1, a bioactive component isolated from the Panax ginseng, acts as a remedy to prevent myocardial injury. However, it is obscure whether the cardioprotective functions of Rb1 are related to the regulation of endogenous metabolites, and its potential molecular mechanism still needs further clarification, especially from a comprehensive metabolomics profiling perspective. Methods: The mice model of acute myocardial ischemia (AMI) and oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced cardiomyocytes injury were applied to explore the protective effect and mechanism of Rb1. Meanwhile, the comprehensive metabolomics profiling was conducted by high-performance liquid chromatography and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-Q/TOF-MS) and a tandem liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Results: Rb1 treatment profoundly reduced the infarct size and attenuated myocardial injury. The metabolic network map of 65 differential endogenous metabolites was constructed and provided a new inspiration for the treatment of AMI by Rb1, which was mainly associated with mitophagy. In vivo and in vitro experiments, Rb1 was found to improve mitochondrial morphology, mitochondrial function and promote mitophagy. Interestingly, the mitophagy inhibitor partly attenuated the cardioprotective effect of Rb1. Additionally, Rb1 markedly facilitated the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase α (AMPKα), and AMPK inhibition partially weakened the role of Rb1 in promoting mitophagy. Conclusions: Ginsenoside Rb1 protects acute myocardial ischemia injury through promoting mitophagy via AMPKα phosphorylation, which might lay the foundation for the further application of Rb1 in cardiovascular diseases.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권7호
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• pp.1003-1010
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• 2008

The objective of the present study was to identify differences in the expression levels of liver proteins between healthy and ketotic cows, establish a liver metabolic interrelationship of ketosis and elucidate the metabolic characteristics of the liver during ketosis. Liver samples from 8 healthy multiparous Hostein cows and 8 ketotic cows were pooled by health status and the proteins were separated by two-dimensional-electrophoresis (2D-E). Statistical analysis of gels was performed using PDQuest software 8.0. The differences in the expression levels of liver proteins (p<0.05) between ketotic and healthy cows were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF-TOF) tandem mass spectrometry. Five enzymes/proteins were identified as being differentially expressed in the livers of ketotic cows: expression of 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase type-2 (HCDH), acetyl-coenzyme A acetyltransferase 2 (ACAT) and elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) were down-regulated, whereas that of alpha-enolase and creatine kinase were up-regulated. On the basis of this evidence, it could be presumed that the decreased expression of HCDH, which is caused by high concentrations of acetyl-CoA in hepatic cells, in the livers of ketotic cows, implies reduced fatty acid ??oxidation. The resultant high concentrations of acetyl-CoA and acetoacetyl CoA would depress the level of ACAT and generate more ??hydroxybutyric acid; high concentrations of acetyl-CoA would also accelerate the Krebs Cycle and produce more ATP, which is stored as phosphocreatine, as a consequence of increased expression of creatine kinase. The low expression level of elongation factor Tu in the livers of ketotic cows indicates decreased levels of protein synthesis due to the limited availability of amino acids, because the most glucogenic amino acids sustain the glyconeogenesis pathway; thus increasing the level of alpha-enolase. Decreased protein synthesis also promotes the conversion of amino acids to oxaloacetate, which drives the Krebs Cycle under conditions of high levels of acetyl-CoA. It is concluded that the livers of ketotic cows possess high concentrations of acetyl-CoA, which through negative feedback inhibited fatty acid oxidation; show decreased fatty acid oxidation, ketogenesis and protein synthesis; and increased gluconeogenesis and energy production.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.593-602
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• 2016

The physicochemical characteristics of particulate matter emissions from various vehicle's fuel types were studied at the facility of Transport Pollution Research Center(TPRC), National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER), Korea. Three different types of fuels such as gasoline, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and diesel were tested on the NIER driving mode and the constant speed modes(30, 70, and 110 km/h). Chemical composition of submicron particles from vehicle emissions was measured by the High Resolution Time of Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) during running cycles. Organics were dominant chemical species of particulate matter emissions for all three different vehicles' fuel types. Moreover, regardless of fuel types, emission rate of organics and inorganics decreased as the average speed of vehicle increased. The portion of fully oxidized fragment families of $C_xH_yO_z$ accounted for over 98% of organic aerosol(OA) in LPG and diesel vehicles, while the relatively high fraction of $C_xH_y$ in OA was observed in gasoline vehicle.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.104-108
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• 2008

Background: The compression of 7th cranial nerve by arteries is one of the various causes of hemifacial spasm (HFS). A few previous studies were revealed the relation between the compression of 7th cranial nerve and common trunk anomaly. We evaluated the common trunk anomalies in patients with HFS using MRI and MRA. Methods: From January 2001 to December 2005, 41 consecutive patients (9 men, mean age $54.5{\pm}12.6$) with HFS underwent MRI and MRA. T2 axial images and time-of-flight angiographies were reviewed for identification of the compression at root exit zone by two neuroradiologists and one neurologist. Results: Thirty-seven patients showed neurovascular compression on the lesion side. Twenty patients of them were shown the compression of 7th cranial nerve by anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA), and seventeen patients of them were shown the compression by posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA). Twenty-four patients of the thirty-seven patients had common trunk anomaly. In control, twelve of twenty-one subjects had common trunk anomaly, that the frequencies of common trunk anomaly of two groups were 58.8% in HFS and 57.1% in controls. In the twenty-four patients with common trunk anomaly, eighteen patients had dominant-AICA, and six patients had dominant-PICA. The rate of nerve compression by common trunk anomaly in the HFS with unilateral common trunk, dominant-AICA was 76.5% and dominant-PICA was 100%. Conclusions: This study also revealed that AICA was most common compressive artery. There was no difference between the HFS groups and control groups in frequency of common trunk anomaly. Thus, we could not demonstrate the relationship between common trunk anomaly and HFS.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.485-500
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• 2016

We examined acidity state of inorganic aerosol and oxidation state of organic aerosol by High Resolution Time of Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) at Baengnyeong Super site from Jan 2012 to Dec 2013. Additionally, we carried out the analysis for the aerosol component group of organic matter ($C_xH_y$, $C_xH_yO_1$, $C_xH_yO_z$, $C_xH_yO_zN_p$) and elemental composition to calculate H/C, O/C, N/C, OM/OC and identify the oxidation state. The aerosol chemical composition in this study is dominated by sulfate ($SO_4{^{2-}}$), nitrate ($NO_3{^-}$) plays a smaller role in aerosol acidity. Ammonium ($NH_4{^+}$) was found in a formation of $(NH_4)_3H(SO_4)_2$. However, the binding formations of $NH_4NO_3$ and $NH_4Cl$ increase in the winter. $C_xH_yO_1$ indicating the oxidized state of $PM_{1.0}$ has the highest ratio of 41% while $C_xH_y$ indicating the non-oxidized state has a lower ratio of 36%, meaning that the oxidation level of $PM_{1.0}$ in Baengnyeong Island is high. The ratio between H/C and O/C was 1.33 and 0.78 respectively, showing the characteristic of LV-OOA (Low volatility-Oxygenated Organic Aerosol). Acidic and oxidized aerosols sampled during this field study were largely anthropogenic in origin from Chinese continent and photochemically aged.