• 한국인구학
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.45-64
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• 2011

자녀를 기르는 일은 돈, 시간, 에너지를 필요로 한다. 최근 자녀양육에 투입되는 시간의 중요성에 대해 많이 논의되고 있다. 이 논문은 1999년과 2009년 생활시간조사자료를 이용하여 자녀돌보기에 투입한 시간의 변화 추이와 교육수준에 따른 차이를 살펴보았다. 서구의 결과들과 마찬가지로 부모가 자녀양육에 투입하는 시간은 증가하였다. 과거에 비해 남성과 여성의 자녀양육 시간이 수렴하는 경향성을 보이는 서구와는 달리, 여성이 자녀양육에 투입하는 시간의 증가폭이 남성에 비해 커서 성별 격차가 심해지는 경향을 보이는 것이 주목할 만하다. 서구의 결과와 마찬가지로 부모의 교육수준이 높아질수록 자녀양육시간이 길어진다. 특히 미취학 아동의 경우는 신체적 돌보기와 놀아주기 시간이 교육수준에 따라 유의미한 차이를 보이고 취학 아동의 경우는 공부 봐주기 시간이 부모의 교육수준에 따라 차이가 있다. 1999년과 비교할 때 2009년에는 돌봄 노동시간, 이동시간, 개인유지 시간은 늘어난 반면 경제활동과 여가 시간은 감소한 경향을 보였다. 가사노동 시간은 아버지의 경우는 미미하게 늘어났으나 어머니의 경우는 감소하였다. 부모의 교육수준에 따라 자녀에게 투입하는 시간의 차이가 어떤 결과를 가져올 수 있을지 지속적인 연구가 필요하다.

• 한국경제지리학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.192-202
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• 2008

통행수요예측을 위한 기간의 활동기반모형은 통행자가 어떠한 활동에 무슨 교통수단을 이용하여 도달하고, 어떻게 시간을 소비하고 누구와 같이 활동을 하는지에 대한 물음에 답하기 위해 여객 중심으로 진행되었으며, 활동기반 혹은 통행기반 가구통행실태 조사 자료가 분석에 사용되었다. 본 연구는 여객이 아닌 화물차 운전자를 연구 대상으로 하며, 하루 동안 화물관련 활동이 기록된 자료가 사용된다. 여객의 통행이 통행자의 주관이 강하게 반영된 의사결정의 결과물이라면, 화물의 경우 화주와 운송업체의 영향이 크게 반영된 스케줄의 결과물이라는 차이가 있다. 본 연구는 여객의 활동기반 통행분석의 기법을 적용하여 대형 화물차의 통행사슬을 분석한다. 본 연구는 2005년에 수행된 제3차 전국물류현황조사 자료 중 8톤 이상 대형 화물자동차 운행다이어리 자료를 이용하였으며, 분석에 사용된 자료의 특징은 화물차 운전자가 하루 동안 통행한 운행 일지를 기록한 것으로 적재능력, 적재품목, 적재상태, 도착지, 도착시간 등이 기록된 것이다. 분석 결과, 영업용과 자가용 별로 도착지, 도착지유형, 적재품목 시퀀스에서의 차이를 확인할 수 있었으며, 이들을 통합한 다차원 시퀀스 역시 차이가 있음을 확인하였다.

• 한국문헌정보학회지
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.155-178
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• 2010

Assessment of information credibility is a ubiquitous human activity given that people constantly make decisions and selections based on the value of information in a variety of information seeking and use contexts. Today, people are increasingly engaging in diverse online activities beyond searching for and reading information, including activities such as creating, tagging and rating content, shopping, and listening to and watching multimedia content. The Web 2.0 environment presents new challenges for people because the burden of information evaluation is shifted from professional gatekeepers to individual information consumers. At the same time, however, it also provides unprecedented opportunities for people to use tools and features that help them to make informed credibility judgments by relying on other people's ratings and recommendations. This paper introduces fundamental notions and dimensions of credibility, and contends that credibility assessment can be best understood with respect to human information behavior because it encompasses both the level of effort people exert as well as the heuristics they employ to evaluate information. The paper reports on a survey study investigating people's credibility judgments with respect to online information, focusing on the constructs, heuristics, and interactions involved in people's credibility assessment processes within the context of their everyday life information activities. Using an online activity diary method, empirical data about people's online activities and their associated credibility assessments were collected at multiple points throughout the day for three days. The results indicate that distinct credibility assessment heuristics are emerging as people engage in diverse online activities involving more user-generated and multimedia content. A heuristic approach suggests that people apply mental shortcuts or rules of thumb in order to minimize the amount of cognitive effort and time required to make credibility judgments. The paper discusses why a heuristic approach is key to reaching a more comprehensive understanding of people's credibility assessments within the information-abundant online environment.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제26권5D호
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• pp.709-716
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• 2006

최근 들어 싱글족, 맞벌이 부부 증가 등 가구구성 체계에 많은 변화가 발생하였고, 이로 인한 개인들의 일상적인 업무수행의 변화는 통행행태에도 지대한 영향을 미치게 되었다. 이 중 중요한 특징 중의 하나는 예를 들어 출근 중에 자녀들을 등교시키거나, 퇴근 길에 구매 또는 여가활동을 수행하는 다수의 통행목적을 하나의 out-going 통행으로 처리되는 비중이 늘고 있다는 것이다. 따라서 통행을 하나의 목적을 수행하기 위하여 독립적으로 발생하는 것이 아닌 하루 동안 개인이 다양한 활동을 수행하기 위하여 장소를 이동한 activity-based 개념의 통행고리의 형태로 파악하고 이에 기반 한 통행발생 모형의 필요성이 높다. 본 논문은 통행발생 모형에 있어서 직업, 승용차 보유여부 등을 기준으로 "유사한 통행특성"을 갖는 집단을 분류하고, 집단별 구성원들의 평균적인 1일 중 activity diary를 분석하여 업무수행 순서, 통행고리별 발생시간, 이용 교통수단 등 통행특성에 의하여 총 통행량을 추정하는 모형을 개발하였다. 실증적인 검증으로서 공주시 가구통행실태조사를 수행하여 "유사통행행태" 집단의 분류, 집단별 통행행태의 특성과 이에 기초한 교통지구 별 통행발생량을 추정하였다. "유사통행행태" 집단의 구분은 통행발생에 있어서 유의성이 높은 설명인자인 직업과 승용차의 보유여부, 학생인지의 여부를 기준으로 하였다. 분석결과 이와 같은 구분기준이 기존 국내 교통계획모형에서 일반적으로 적용되고 있는 산업군 분류기준에 비하여 비교적 통행특성을 잘 반영하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 집단별 통행고리 특성에 기반 한 통행발생 추정 결과 교통지구별 통행발생량들이 교통지구별 인구, 직장인수, 자동차 보유율과 인구유입시설 등의 각종 사회 경제지표의 특성 등도 잘 반영하는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.157-166
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• 2017

Objectives: Exposure to hazardous air pollutants could be affected by sociodemographic factors such as age, gender and more. Information on time spent in microenvironments has a critical role in exposure assessment. The purpose of this study was to analyze the exposure pathways which influence personal exposure through time-activity patterns and sociodemographic factors. Methods: A total of 379 subjects were collected from the second term of the Korean National Environmental Health Survey. A questionnaire survey in relation to sociodemographic factors and a time-activity diary were carried out for personal exposure to toluene. Focusing on personal exposure to toluene, factors affecting personal exposure were analyzed using multiple regression analysis. Results: Participants spent their time in an indoor house for $16.8{\pm}4.0hr$, workplace or school $2.3{\pm}3.5hr$, and other indoor $2.1{\pm}2.2hr$. Sociodemographic factors were significantly different among each personal exposure and microenvironment. Time of staying at an office turned out to be a main factor from point of exposure in exposure pathway using multiple regression analysis. As a result, this means that exposure may be different according to the time of staying in each microenvironment. Conclusions: Personal exposure to air pollutants might be decided by time-activity pattern indicating when, where, and which activities people pursue, as well as individual sociodemographic factors.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.422-432
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• 2009

Purpose: In this study rest-activity rhythm, sleep pattern and quality of life of patients with restless legs syndrome were compared with those of a normal group. Methods: The participants in this study were 36 patients with restless legs syndrome diagnosed by a neurologist and 36 participants in the normal group. An actigraph, sleep diary, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and Insomnia Severity Index scale were used as measurement tools for the study. Chi-square test, Lamda test, t-test and Kendall's correlation with SPSS 12.0 program were used to analyze the data. Results: Patients with restless legs syndrome had a higher rest-activity rhythm curve of Least 5 hr's activity(L5) and Most 10 hr's activity(M10) than those of normal group and sleep problems included decreased sleep efficiency and increased sleep latency, wake time and number of awakenings. The scores for the subscales of quality of life in patients with restless legs syndrome were lower than the normal group for general health, physical functioning, role limitations due to emotional problems, role limitation due to physical problems, social functioning, bodily pain, vitality and mental health. Conclusion: The results suggest that further studies are needed to identify rest-activity rhythm according to symptom severity and to develop nursing interventions which consider rest-activity rhythm.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.79-90
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• 2005

This study was performed to estimate serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and to evaluate the relationship between serum 2S-hydroxyvitamin D level and associated factors. The subjects were 61 premenopausal working women aged 30 - 49 y in Busan. The serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level was measured by radioimmunoassay. Data for physiological characteristics, lifestyle factors, physical activity and nutrient intake were assessed by questionnaire including information about outdoor activity time, daily activity diary and 24 hr recall method. The mean vitamin D intake was 3.12 ug, which corresponded to $62.5\%$ of the Korean RDA. The mean level of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D was 31.0 ng/mL. Low 25-hydroxyvitamin D (<25 nmol/L) was not found in the subjects. The serum 2S-hydroxyvitamin D level showed positive significant correlations with exercise hours, daily energy expenditure, hours of outdoor activity per weekdays (p < 0.001, P < 0.05, P < 0.05). Exercise hours were found to be the most important determinant of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level. Therefore nutritional education for increasing hours of physical activity including indoor and outdoor exercise, is needed for premenopausal working women to increase vitamin D status.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.120-128
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• 2015

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the relative impact of seasonal differences and age on dietary vitamin D intakes, outdoor activity time and serum vitamin D status among Korean postmenopausal women. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 164 free-living postmenopausal women (mean age=55.4 years) in Daegu, Korea. Dietary intake, daily physical activity patterns and fasting blood samples were collected during summer and winter. We compared the results from 75 women during summer and 89 women during winter. Dietary intake of vitamin D was assessed by 24-hour recall method. Daily outdoor activity time was derived from physical activity diary. Results: The average dietary intake of vitamin D of the participants was $3.7{\mu}g$ during summer, $3.3{\mu}g$ during winter, showing no significant difference between the two seasons. The average time spent on outdoor activities was not significantly different between summer ($=35.1{\pm}75.0min/d$) and winter ($=48.5{\pm}76.8min/d$). The average serum 25-(OH) vitamin D concentrations of participants was $17.5{\pm}7.5ng/mL$ in the summer and $13.4{\pm}4.3ng/mL$ in the winter, showing no significant differences by season. Dietary intake of vitamin D was not related to age. When total subjects were divided into two groups by age, the average serum 25-(OH) vitamin D concentration was significantly higher in older group (p=0.047) and time spent on outdoor activities was also (p=0.018) significantly higher in the older group. Conclusions: In order to improve the current vitamin D status of Korean postmenopausal women, nutrition education programs should focus more on adequate intake of vitamin D, while maintaining enough outdoor activities over the season.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제39권7호
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• pp.649-660
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• 2006

This study was performed to estimate serum 2S-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) level in wintertime and to evaluate the relationship between serum 25-OHD level and associated factors in 50 premenopausal working women aged 30-49 y in Busan. The serum 25-OHD level was measured by radioimmunoassay. Data for physiological characteristics, lifestyle factors, physical activity and nutrient intake was assessed by questionnaire including information about outdoor activity time, daily activity diary and 24hr recall method. The mean vitamin D intake was $4.24{\mu}g$, which corresponded to 84.9% of the Korean RDA. The mean level of serum 25-OHD was 25.7 ng/mL. Vitamin D deficiency (25-OHD < 7nmol/L) and toxicity $(25-OHD{\geq}75\;nmol/L)$ were not found in the subjects. However, the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency (25-OHD < 15 nmol/L) and hypovitaminosis D (25-OHD < 30 nmol/L) were 12% and 60% respectively. The serum 25-OHD level showed positive significant correlations with the duration of outdoor activity per weekdays (p < 0.05). Our findings suggest that hypovitaminosis D was common in the subjects in wintertime. So nutritional education for increasing outdoor activities is needed for premenopausal working women to increase vitamin D status in wintertime.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제48권6호
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• pp.43-56
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• 2010

This study explored time-use patterns of young children and compared the patterns according to mother's employment status. Using 6718 time diaries of 3359 children under age 5, as reported by their mothers, this study examined (1) the proportion of children who spent time on certain activities and the amount of time they spent on each activity for a weekday and a weekend day and (2) the proportion and the amount of time that children spent with certain adults. Compared to children with unemployed mothers, children with employed mothers spent more time during weekdays in child care centers and less time sleeping. These children also spent more time on education during weekends. The proportionate and actual times children spent with various adults also differed by the mother's employment status. Those with employed mothers spent less time with their mothers and more time with other relatives or teachers on weekdays. These results indicate that maternal employment corresponds with differing timeuse patterns from children's early life stages.