• BMB Reports
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.650-660
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• 2005

Proteins accumulated in dry, stratified Arabidopsis seeds or young seedlings, totaled 1100 to 1300 depending on the time of sampling, were analyzed by using immobilized pH gradient 2-DE gel electrophoresis. The molecular identities of 437 polypeptides, encoded by 355 independent genes, were determined by MALDI-TOF or TOF-TOF mass spectrometry. In the sum, 293 were present at all stages and 95 were accumulated during the time of radicle protrusion while another 18 appeared in later stages. Further analysis showed that 226 of the identified polypeptides could be located in different metabolic pathways. Proteins involved in carbohydrate, energy and amino acid metabolism constituted to about 1/4, and those involved in metabolism of vitamins and cofactors constituted for about 3% of the total signal intensity in gels prepared from 72 h seedlings. Enzymes related to genetic information processing increased very quickly during early imbibition and reached highest level around 30 h of germination.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.433-440
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• 2005

Four varieties of perilla(Perilla ocimoids L.) were tested to investigate the ecological adaptation of the crop to variations in sowing time extending from April 25 to July 25 with an interval of 30 days between each of the four sowing. As sowing time was delayed, the plant height, the number of first branches and cluster, the weight of fresh and dried stems, the day to germination and flowering decreased, showing a highly negative correlation between the showing dates and these characteristics, but a highly positive correlation between days to flowering and the required accumulated temperature. With early sowing under low temperature and long day conditions, it took about 132 days from sowing to flowering due to the long period of vegetative growth, but as sowing was delayed, the days to flowering decreased with a minimum period of 57 days. The yield of seeds in each case varied with each variety. Type A(Nonsan var.) and type B(Jinchon var.) had higher yields when sowed earlier. But type C(Namyang var. and Wooljin var.) had its highest yield in the plot sowed on May 25 and the 1000 grain weight showed a tendency to increase as sowing was delayed. In conclusion, the perilla was preyed to be a short-day plant that flowers from the begining to the middle of Sep. regardless of sowing time, so that the sowing time should be decided after due consideration of the length of the vegetative growth periods of the varieties.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.379-387
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• 2007

This research was conducted to evaluate the influence of pre-planting fertilizer levels (PFL) and initiation time of fertigation (ITF) on growth and nutrient contents of tomato plug seedlings. The pre-planting fertilizer levels in a coir+peatmoss+perlite (4:4:2, v/v/v) substrate were adjusted to 0.5X, 1.0X and 1.0X, and initiation time of fertigation was set to 7, 14,21 and 28 days after sowing. Elevated PFL in same ITF increased plant growth such as fresh and dry weights at 35 and 70 days after sowing. Plugs with early feeding among treatments of equal amount of PFL also showed better growth as compared to those of later feeding. In each ITF, 0.5X treatment had the higher tissue $P_2O_5$ contents than 1.0X and 1.5X treatments. Elevated PFL resulted in the decrease of tissue K, Mg and Fe contents and increase of tissue Ca contents. The pH in soil solution of all root substrates except 0.5X treatment at 35 and 70 days after sowing were greater than 7.0, which is too high. This suggests that the amounts and kinds of Ca containing fertilizers should be altered to decrease the pH. The results of this research indicated that fertilizer levels should be increased to 1.5X except Ca fertilizer, and fertigation immediately after moving plug trays from germination room to greenhouse is required to increase crop growth and decrease cropping time.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.240-240
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• 2017

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is one of the ancient crops cultivated in the Andes region at an altitude of 3,500-4000m in Chile and Bolivia from 5000 BC. It contains a large amount of protein, minerals and vitamins in comparison with other crops. The cultivation area has been increasing worldwide because of its excellent resistance to various abiotic stress such as salinity, drought and low temperature. ${\gamma}$-Ray radiation of high dose is often used as a tool to induce mutations in plant breeding, but it has a deleterious effect on organisms. However, the radiation may have a positive stimulatory effect of 'hormesis' in the low dose range. This experiment was carried out to investigate the optimum dose range for creating the quinoa genetic resources and to investigate the hormesis effect at low dose on the quinoa. This experiment was performed for 120 days from November, 2016 to February, 2017 in the greenhouse of Gyeongsang National University. ${\gamma}$-Ray radiation was irradiated to seeds at 0 Gy, 50 Gy, 100 Gy, 200 Gy, 300 Gy, 400 Gy, 600 Gy, 800 Gy and 1000 Gy for 8 hours. (50 Gy) using the low level radiation facility ($Co^{60}$) of Cooperative Research Institute of Radiation Research Institute, KAERI. Fifty seeds were placed on each petri dish lined with wet filter paper and germination rate was measured at a time interval of 2 hours for 40 hrs. The length of the root length was measured one week after germination. Each treatment was carried out in 3 replicates. The growth of seedlings were investigated for 10 days after transplanting of 30 day-old seedlings. The plant height, NDVI, SPAD, Fv/Fm, and panicle weight were measured. The germination rate was highest at 50Gy and 0Gy and the rate of seeds treated with 400Gy or higher rate decreased to 25% of the seeds treated with 50Gy. The emergence rate of seedling in pot experiment was higher at the dose of 200 Gy, 300 Gy and 400 Gy than at 0 and 50Gy. However, the rate was lower at strong radiation higher than 600Gy at which $1^{st}$ leaf was not expanded fully and dead due to extreme overgrowth at 44 days after treatment (DAT). The highest value of panicle weight was observed at 50Gy (6.15g) and 100Gy (5.57g). On the other hand, the weight at high irradiated dose of 300Gy and 400Gy was decreased by about 55% compared to low dose (50 Gy). NDVI measurement also showed the highest value at 50 Gy as the growth progressed. SPAD was the highest at 400 Gy and showed positive correlation with irradiation dose except 0 Gy. Fv/Fm was high at 50 Gy up to 30 DAT and no difference between treatments was observed except for 400 Gy from 44 DAT. The plant height was the highest in 50Gy during the growing period and was higher in the order of 50Dy, 100Gy, 0Gy, 200Gy, 300Gy and 400Gy in 88 DAT. In this experiment, the optimal radiation dose for hormesis was 50Gy and 100Gy, and the optimal radiation dose for mutagenesis seems to be 400 Gy.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.147-155
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• 2013

In this experiment, we report for the first time mass propagation by in vitro mircrotuberization of Codonopsis lanceolata. We first examined the effect of cytokinins on multiple shoot induction. 2.0 $mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ of kinetin not only gave the highest rate of shoot induction (19.1%) but also the elongation of shoot (17.1 mm). Secondly, we investigated the effect of sugars on in vitro microtuberization from nodal segments. The diameter of tuberous roots was enlarged in the half-strength MS medium supplemented with 145.9 mM sucrose. Histological analysis revealed that the number of parenchymatous cell containing starch grains increased in the tuberous roots. In addition, unlike in non-tuberous root, vascular bundles were scattered inner cortex layer. Thirdly, in order to preserve and stimulate the germination, microtubers were stored at $4^{\circ}C$ refrigerator during 9 months and then transplanted to the artificial soils (vermiculrite : peatmoss = 1:1 v/v), resulting that the rates of survival and germination were 75% and 70%, respectively. These results indicated that mass propagation of C. lanceolata was achieved by in vitro microtuber formation, suggesting that this protocol might be applied for not only the propagation of elite clones but also conservation of C. lanceolata germplasm.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.360-369
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• 2016

Background: Cylindrocarpon destructans (Zins) Scholten is an important pathogenic fungus that causes ginseng root rot in many ginseng growing areas in China. Although C. destructans have been studied worldwide, research on its chemotaxis towards ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) root exudates in the rhizosphere remains limited. Methods and Results: In this study, we collected ginseng root exudates with three different polarities from three-year-old ginseng roots, and performed chemotaxis and spore germination assays to investigate the ability of these exudates to induce the response in C. destructans. The results showed that, compared with other conditions, when C. destructans cultivated at $20^{\circ}C$ and a pH of 6 exhibited a strong positive chemotactic response toward $2mg/{\ell}$ aqueous phase, $20mg/{\ell}$ butanol phase, and $0.2mg/{\ell}$ petroleum ether from ginseng root exudates, the chemotactic moving indexes were 0.1581, 0.1638 and 0.1441, respectively. In addition, the spore germination rate with optimal chemotactic parameters were 48%, 53%, and 41% in the aqueous phase, butanol phase and petroleum ether groups, respectiviely, which were significantly higher than that in the control group (23%) (p < 0.05). The mycelial growth rate with optimal chemotactic parameters increased with culture time, and the maximum growth rates in the aqueous phase, butanol phase and petroleum ether groups were 0.425, 0.406 and 0.364 respectively, on the 4th day. The optimal chemotactic parameters were $39.73mg/50mg/{\ell}$, $48.93mg/50mg/{\ell}$, and $31.43mg/50mg/{\ell}$, in aqueous phase, butanol phase and petroleum ether respectively, from ginseng root exudates, compared with $5.5mg/50mg/{\ell}$, in the control group. Conclusions: The present study revealed that certain ginseng root exudates containing chemical attractants act as nutritional sources or signals for C. destructans and support its colonization of ginseng roots.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2019.10a
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• pp.45-45
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• 2019

This experiment was carried out using artificial clay and LED in the plastic film house (irradiation time: 08:00~18:00/day). Seedlings (n = 63 per $3.3m^2$) of ginseng was planted on May 17, 2018. LED was combined with red and blue light in a 3:1 ratio and irradiated with different light intensity. The average air temperature from April to September was $12.3^{\circ}C$ $-26.0^{\circ}C$ and it was the the highest at $26.0^{\circ}C$ in August. The test area where fluorescent lamp was irradiated tended to be somewhat higher than the LED irradiation area. The chemical properties of the test soil are as follows. pH levels was 5.3~5.5, EC levels 0.45~0.52 dS/m and OM levels 33~37%. The total nitrogen content was 0.35~0.47% and the available $P_2O_5$ contents was 13.7~16.0 mg/kg, which was lower than the suitable level of 70~200 mg/kg. Exchangeable cations K and Mg contents were within acceptable ranges, but the Ca contents was $28{\sim}38cmol^+/kg$ levels higher than the permissible level ($2{\sim}6cmol^+/kg$). Germination of ginseng leaves took 8~9 days and the overall germination rate was 70~75%. The photometric characteristics of LED light intensity are as follows. The greater the light intensity, the higher the PAR (Photosynthetic Action Radiation) value, illuminance and solar irradiation. Photosynthetic rate was also increased with higher light intensity was investigated at $1.7{\sim}3.2{\mu}mol\;CO_2/m^2/s$. Leaf temperature ($23.7{\sim}24.8^{\circ}C$) by light intensity was the same trend. The growth of aerial parts (plant height etc.) were generally excellent when irradiated with 3 times the light intensity, the growth of the ginseng aerial parts were excellent as follows. The plant height was 42.6 cm, stem length was 25.2 cm, leaf length was 9.6 cm and stem diameter was 5.0 mm. The growth of underground part (root length etc.) was the same, and the root length was 24.4 cm, the tap root length was 6.0 cm, diameter of taproot was 18.2 mm and the fresh root weight was 17.2 g. There were no disease incidence such as Alternaria blight, Gray mold and Anthracnose. Disease of Damping off occurred 2.2~3.6% and incidence ratio of rusty root ginseng was 14.6~20.7%. Leaf discoloration rate was 13.7~48.9% and increased with increasing light intensity. Ginsenoside content of ginseng by light intensity is under analysis.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.221-226
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• 1990

This experiment was performed to identify and isolate a growth inhibiting compound from Aralia continentalis. In order to isolate the growth inhibiting compound from Aralia continentalis the bioassay test of lettuce seed germination and rice seedling growth were used. Through these bioassays the growth inhibiting compound which was spotted at $R_f$ 0.51 on Tlc was isolated. This compound inhibited the lettuce growth by 79% at the concentration of 1000ppm. When sprayed with $FeCl_3$ reagent, it developed a bule spot. It had UV-absorbance at 217 nm and 342 nm, and $OH^-$ of $3600cm^{-1}$, C=O of $1700cm^{-1}$, C=C of $1600cm^{-1}$, and C-O of $1200cm^{-1}$ on IR spectrum. Through HPLC analysis this compound was identified as a ferulic acid ($C_{10}H_{10}O_4$) having 25 min. retention time.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.65 no.4
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• pp.353-364
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• 2020

Recently in Korea, soybean harvesting has been delayed due to rainfall during the harvesting season, resulting in a reduction in yield and seed quality. This study was conducted to analyze the changes in yield and seed quality during delayed harvest with rainfall treatment using different harvesting methods, including field harvesting and polyethylene film covering after cutting fully-matured soybean plants (PE covering after cutting), with two major Korean soybean cultivars (Glycine max L), Pungsannamulkong and Daewonkong. The shattering rate of Pungsannamulkong, which is higher than that of Daewonkong, increased up to 41.8% when the harvest was delayed for 40 days without rainfall treatment by harvesting with PE covering after cutting. The weight of 100 seeds tended to decrease slightly as harvesting was delayed. When Daewonkong was harvested using the PE covering after cutting method with rainfall treatment, the yield decreased to the lowest level with a 0.8 kg ha^-1 daily reduction rate. Pungsannamulkong showed the lowest yield when harvested using PE covering after cutting without rainfall treatment with a 3.4 kg ha^-1 daily reduction rate. The infected seed rate increased according to the harvest delay in both cultivars, and significant differences were observed according to rainfall treatment and harvesting method. The germination rate was maintained above 95% even after 40 days of delayed harvest if there was no rainfall treatment. However, with rainfall treatment, the germination rate was significantly lowered as harvesting time was delayed. In the field harvesting with rainfall treatment, the germination rate decreased to 77.2% for Daewonkong and 76.5% for Pungsannamulkong after 40 days of harvest delay. For the 100-seed weight, effects of individual treatments and interactions between treatments were not observed. In contrast, the effect of interactions between treatments on the shattering rate was significant in both cultivars, indicating that the shattering rate had the greatest impact on the yield changes during delayed harvest.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.86-93
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• 2018

This present study was conducted to develop the domestic cultivation kit using water celery(Oenanthe Stolonifera DC.) seed. As the result of germination rates in 3 type inbred lines, the IT 232354 had the highest initial germination rate and final germination rate, and was selected as the inbred line to be used in the cultivation kit. The development of the domestic cultivation kit was carried out using the IT 232354 seeds. It was possible to cultivate up to 3 times harvest using the same root in this cultivation kit, though the growth decreased rapidly in the $4^{th}$ cultivation. As a result of investigating the effects of the type of nutrient solution on growth of water celery, the overall growth was the lowest in the nutrient solution for Oenanthe Stolonifera DC.(N.S.D.). The shoot growth was similar to that of nutrient solution for leaves and stem vegetables (N.S.L.S.) and amino acid fermentation by-product liquid (A.F.B.L.), however in the root growth, the N.S.L.S. was more effective than A.F.B.L. When it was harvested 4 times consecutively after 1 time of planting, the last survival ratio of A.F.B.L. was 100% while their ratios were 96.4% and 49.8% each for N.S.L.S. and N.S.D. For the growth by cultivation kit type, the hole type cultivation kit increased slightly compared to the 3 hole type cultivation kit in the $1^{st}$ and $2^{nd}$ harvest, but there was no difference in the $3^{rd}$ and $4^{th}$ harvest. Total yield of one cultivation kits showed the 3 hole type cultivation kit is much higher than the 2 hole type cultivation kit. According to the results of this experiment, it is possible to harvest three times by planting one times if it was cultivated using N.S.L.S. and A.F.B.L. in the 3 hole type cultivation kit.