• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.617-626
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• 2021

The study examines the existence of twin deficit in two emerging economies (Turkey and Iran) and also investigates the relation of twin deficit with specific macroeconomic indicators such as the GDP, money supply, foreign direct investment, and the interest rate both in short and long-run periods. The twin-deficit concept refers to a situation where the current account deficit and budget deficits exist in the same corresponding period of an economy. This study employs the Bound Test Autoregressive lag distributed (ARDL) model on time-series quarterly secondary data of Turkey and Iran from 1992 to 2019. The stationarity of variables has been ensured through the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test at the level and the first difference. The results reveal the existence of a twin deficit in both the short and long-run periods only in Iran. Its existence could not be observed in the Turkish economy. The findings suggest a positive relationship between twin deficit and GDP, and a negative relationship between twin deficit and FDI and M2. At the same time, the relationship of the twin deficit with interest rate could not be found in the Iranian economy. The findings may be helpful for economic managers of both countries in executing their economic policies.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.325-334
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• 2011

In this paper we consider the discrete time delayed renewal risk model. We investigate what will happen when the distribution function of the discounted proper deficit is asymptotic in the initial surplus. In doing this we establish several lemmas regarding some related ruin quantities in the discrete time delayed renewal risk model, which are of significance on their own right.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.1-19
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• 2018

Objective: The goal of this study were (1) to examine the type of parental time, (2) to investigate the family's characteristics that affect the parental time types. (3), to identify the differences in time satisfaction and time deficit according to the types of parental time of mothers with preschool children. Methods: The data source for this research was the 2014 Time Use Survey conducted by the Korea National Statistical Office(391 time diaries). Data were analyzed using K-means cluster analysis, multinominal regression, and ANOVA. Results: The results can be summarized as follows. First, parental time was classified into four groups; non-participation, play-centered, physical care-centered, unspecified group. Second, the characteristics of each type depended on children's age, mother's education level, mother's income, and dual earner families. Third, time deficit showed significant differences between play-centered and non-participation type. Conclusion/Implications: Based on the results, implications for policy regarding child care and labor were suggested.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.97-111
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to explore the typology of child care, investigate the characteristics of child care types, and analyze the differences in time deficit as well as time satisfaction by the types of child care for dual-earner couples with preschool children. The data source for this research was the 2009 Time Use Survey conducted by the Korea National Statistical Office. Dual-earners aged 20 to 59 years completed 1,568 time diaries, which were analyzed using chi-square, cluster analysis, and ANOVA analysis. Child care time was classified into three types in the three categories of child care, household work sharing and leisure sharing for both males and females respectively. Three types for husbands were named "vulnerable", "household work child care predominant" and "leisure predominant". The three types for wives were named "vulnerable", "household work child care oriented" and "household work child care". The characteristics of each type depended on age, education, weekly working hours, gender role of husbands and age, weekly working hours of wives. The vulnerable type of wives showed the highest level of time deficit. Based on the results, implications for Public policy on child care and various types of education as well as programs were suggested.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.741-750
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• 2021

The budget deficit is closely related to expansionary fiscal policy as a fiscal instrument to encourage economic growth. This study aims to apply optimal control theory in the Keynesian macroeconomic model for the economy, so that optimal growth can be found. Macroeconomic variables include GDP, consumption, investment, exports, imports, and budget deficit as control variables. This study uses secondary data in the form of time series, the time period 1990 to 2018. Performing optimal control will result in optimal fiscal policy. The optimal determination is done through simulation, for the period 2019-2023. The discrete optimal control problem is to minimize the objective function in the form of a quadratic function against the deviation of the state variable and control variable from the target value and the optimal value. Meanwhile, the constraint is Keynes' macroeconomic model. The results showed that the optimal value of macroeconomic variables has a deviation from the target values consisting of: consumption, investment, exports, imports, GDP, and budget deficit. The largest deviation from the average during the simulation occurs in GDP, followed by investment, exports, and the budget deficit. Meanwhile, the lowest average deviation is found in imports.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.9
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• pp.251-261
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• 2020

The paper examines the role of some determinants of economics, politics and institutions on the budget deficit volatility in some countries of the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) such as Indonesia, Thailand and Vietnam. The paper uses the fixed effects model (FEM) and the random effects model (REM) to investigate panel data of these countries in the period of 1990-2018. Moreover, the study also explores ordinary least square (OLS) to analyze time-series data for each country in the same period to make comparison among them. The economic data is collected from international financial statistics and world development indicators. The data on political variables are collected from International Country Risk Data Guide (ICRG). The empirical results both confirm that corruption and political stability are important indicators of budget deficit. Besides, the paper suggests authorities should pay more attention on improving the institutional setup of the economy in order to avoid high and unstable deficit. The findings offer new insight on the budget deficit in essence and suggest that the most important thing need to be done ahead is to strongly implement anti-corruption actions. By doing so, the status of budget deficit would be remarkably improved immediately.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.55 no.12
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• pp.1021-1030
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• 2022

Currently, South Korea implements water resources management policies focusing on integrated water quantity, quality and hydro-ecology management. In particular, rehabilitation of natural rivers has become a major issue. As for reservoir operation during non-flood season, efforts have been made continuously to apply the Deficit Supply Method that can maximize water supply to address droughts and increase in water demand. When Deficit Supply Method is applied, the water supply capacity of reservoir can be maximized. However, downstream water flow would remain constant. In consideration that a natural stream, a long-time-created hydro-ecology, can be significantly influenced by flow variability, the Deficit Supply Method-based reservoir operation can generate effective water supply. Still, it may trigger adverse effects from the aspects of natural rehabilitation and hydro-ecology recovery. The main objective of this study is to analyze impacts on downstream flow duration through reservoir simulation by comparing the Firm Supply Method, the Deficit Supply Method and the Selective Deficit Supply Method, and examining each method's effects on reservoir operation. This study found that the Firm Supply Method could maintain water flow variability, but could not maximize water supply capacity. When the Deficit Supply Method was applied, water supply capacity could be increased while remaining vulnerable regarding water flow variability, as a difference between average flow and low flow was negligible at downstream. In comparison, the Selective Deficit Supply Method was found to sustain time-based reliability at 95% or higher, whereas downstream flow duration could be maintained at a level similar to the level generated by the Firm Supply Method.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.11 no.10
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• pp.731-736
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• 2013

Recently attention deficit of children has caused various social problems. Those children who has symptoms like ADHD (Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder) has to be provided with methods which can enhance their attention level in a child-friendly way such as 3D games. This paper shows a research on how to measure the level of attention for attention deficit children using their favorite 3D games. Firstly, we speculated on the methods about attention measurement used in the medical area. And then we searched measurement variables which can effectively evaluate the level of attention during a game play time. Secondly, we have conducted experiment whether there exists difference about the value of the measurement variables between the two groups, normal children group and attention deficit children group. Those variables are omission error, commission error, average response time, and standard deviation of response time. Though our experiment has only been limited to visual attention level, four measurement variables revealed mutual differences.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2001.06e
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• pp.661-667
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• 2001

This paper is concerned with the effects of periodically approaching upstream wakes on cascade-flow and loss. The reduced frequency of the periodic wakes was varied in the narrow range from 0.5 to 0.7. According to a wake-passing through the cascade, two velocity deficits appear near the boundary layer contour in the downstream from about 60% chord-length. The first velocity deficit is caused by a periodic wake and the second one appears after some delayed time. The second velocity deficit may be interpreted as the results of reattachment of flow-separation. The higher reduced frequency decreases the duration time of separation appearance and the lesser loss of aerofoil is resulted.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.197-204
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• 2004

In this study analyzed the reliability indices against the water supply ability of Andong dam. The water supply analysis of Andong dam used the HEC-5 model. So Andong dam simulated planed water-supply capacity of Andong dam as increase and decrease +5% ～ -5% of water supply quantity. Water-supply capacity of Andong dam estimated, deficit occurrence, deficit quantity, deficit period. As the results estimated reliability(occurrence based, time based, quantity based) and resiliency vulnerability and with water supply capacity evaluation indices of Andong dam. Also reliability(occurrence based, time based, quantity based), resiliency, vulnerability and resiliency indices are estimated to evaluated the performance of water supply on Andong dam, and their relationships are evaluated.