• 대한가정학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.83-101
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• 1981

Under the full consideration of the growing need and importance of population education in the field of home economics in Korea, the study was carried out to verify and assess the following facts on the current issues of population education of home economists who are presently engaging in teaching professions as the teachers of middle and high school and professors of college and universities by setting its primary objectives of the study as followings; 1) to assess the degree of general knowledge and attitudes of home economists toward population education in the field of home economics, 2) to verify the problems encountered in implementing population education by home economists in its field, 3) to find an existing status of previous trainings received and other activities of population education of home economists aimed at utilizing these findings as a part of reference materials when the population education is conducted in the field of home economics. In order to attain these objectives described above, the questionnaire was carefully designed to house a total of 40 questions with good combination of multiple-choice and the simple answer questions. The mail questionnaire survey was conducted by establishing teachers of home economics at middle/high schools and college/universities as Senior Home Economists(SHE) who are from public, private liberal arts and vocational schools. The rate of response observed during the survey was 45.6 percent and the findings of the survey research are as follows: 1) Examining the status of the respondents by residence and religion, it was found that 45 percent of middle & high school teachers ar.d 59. 1 percent of college professors are residing in Seoul city area and that the largest percent of them are christian in their religion. Analyzing respondents by their ages, 56 percent of middle/high school teachers are in their 30s, 45 percent of college professors are in their 40s, and 37 percent of college teachers are in their 30s. In addition, 13 percent of the total respondents are found to be unmarried. The study also revealed that 71 percent of the college professors finished Master Degree course and 82 percent of middle/high school teachers are graduated from college level lasting 4 years. Looking over the status cf major fields of respondents, 68.4 percent of middle/high school teachers are specialized in home economic education and the college professors, on the other hand, show relatively even prortion by specializing in the order of food & nutrition science, clothes & textile science and home managerial science. As far as the length of teaching experience is concerned, a relatively longer period of teaching experience is observed in the college professors in comparison with that of middle/high school teachers. In other words, 33.3 percent of middle/high school teachers are experienced in teaching from 6 to 10 years on average while 43.9 percent of college professors show more than 16 years of experience. 2) Examining the status of existing number of children cf the respondents, one boy and one daughter pattern is predominant, showing 28.5 percent in middle/high school teachers and 21.1 percent in college professors. As for the desired number of children of unmarried respondents, it is observed that 43.8 percent of middle/high school teachers desire to have one boy and one girl, and 31.3 percent of college professors want to have one child regardless of the sex. By assessing the degree of awareness of the population education through their students, it is observed that 53 percent of middle/high school teachers and 50 percent of college professors are aware of population education in some extent and that a majority of respondents took the positive attitudes toward an inclusion of family planning components into the formal school education. Another noteworthy to observe is that a total of 84.8 percent out of middle/high school teachers pointed that the population education currently conducted at schools as a part of home economics are less sufficient than it should be. 3) Analyzing the tendency as to whether the respondents were experienced in receiving population education during the time when they were students, 75 percent of college professors and 59 percent of middle/high school teachers responded negative answers in the survey. In the mean time, a total of 50 percent of the respondents replied that they began to acknowledge the importance of population education mainly through the participation of some sort of population-education orientend seminars, experienced by 40 percent of college professors and 80 percent of middle/high school teachers. 4) What it calls attention in this study was to find that 96.5 percent of middle/high school teachers and 72 percent of college professors conduct population education to some extent during their lecture hours and that more than 80 percent of them are never experienced in teaching population and family planning contents in their regular classes. It is, on the other hand, found that no more than once was the response of those who believe themselves that they are experienced in teaching these relevant components to their students. Analyzing the contents of the subjects being taught in the class, a large percent of them are found to be consisted of population and family planning contents. According to this study, the current population education through the formal school is quite inactive. Analyzing the facts, 44.9 percent of the college professors responded that the population and family planning components are quite apart from their specialization which eventually generates lack of interest in the field. 5) It is also noticed through the study that the degree of frequency of commenting on population and family planning contents during the classes was depending significantly on their specializations which means that the degree of frequency varies from a major to another. Those who majored in home managerial science was the first one, as compared to others who majored in different specializations. Glancing over the status of correlations between ages of the respondents and numbers of seminar paticipation, it is quite clear that the aged group participated more than the younger group did, and that the most highest number of participations made by college professors were those who are in 50s. In addition, it is also found that those who are aged 20s and 60s of the respondents were the group who comments least on the contents of population and family planning at their classes. The suggestions and recommendation made through this survey research are as follows. 1) No one denies that the rapid increase of population, as compared to the limited size of land and resources, will certainly affect adversly to an enhancement of individual life quality which will, eventually, bring forth the poverty of the nation. This is the reasson why we are insisting that the world population be controlled up to an optimum level with a matter of global concerns. It is our understading that the primary aim for reducing number of population is believed to be attained only by conducting the systematic and comprehensive population education through the formal schools. Therefore, the role of home economists in the field of population/family planning education is considered very importment due to the fact that an ultimate goal of population education is placed in elevating the quality of family life by having optimum number of children through family planning program. 2) It is quite clear that home economists as teachers of formal school in all level are invited to pay their attention on redefining the ultimate goal of education and that of population education. We also understant that the primary objective of population education is to change the norm and value of the clients by replenishing the students with pertinent knowledge and attitudes on population and its related problems through a sort of education in order to attain the ultimate goal for enhancing the quality of life. There is no exception in the theory of home economics. An altimate goal of home economics is to elevate the general quality of life through an establishment of value existed in daily life. Considering the relations between population education and home economics, it is quite indespensable to bandle population components as an integral part in the field of home economics. We believe, therefore, that the senior home economists positive participation in the effort population control is more needed than it has been. 3) It is also strongly urged that population education should be a part of instructor training course for home economics. In other words, the teacher of home economics should be well aware of population and its problems by teaching interrelationship between population education and home economics, needs, contents and methods of population education during the instructor training courese for home economics. In addition, the senior home economists should be encouraged through positive participation on the short term training by types of domestic and international seminar, workshop, etc. 4) We certainly believe that the population education can not sustain itself without any backing-up of information and findings' of various and comprehensive researches of natural and social sciences. Accordingly, every senior home economist is invited to exert their maximum effort to conduct systematic study with an aim to utilize these findings and information at best in population education in the field of home economics. Therefore, we consider that the development of training material is imminent in order to provide effective and efficient population education through the for training of home economies. It should be noted that these training materials must be carefully designed, tailored and developed to meet the different classes of trainees under the considerations as to whether it is easily adaptable and infusable into the curricula of every field of home economics, and it is acceptable in the degree of difficulty and quality in its contents. 5) It is true that there are many domestic and international research rapers, reports and findings in the field of population education and family planning. However, there is a tendency that the most of research papers are heavily relying on the authors intension and preferences in its expression and publication. Under these circumstances, it is urged that the home economists should aware of the growing need of the technical training in order to keep these available information and research findings reprocessed and redesigned to insure the practical application into the population education in the field of home economics in Korea.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.3361-3394
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• 1974

The purpose of this thesis is to disclose some characteristics of water consumption in relation to the quantities of dry matters through the growing period for two statured varieties of paddy rice which are a tall statured variety and a short one, including the water consumption during seedling period, and to find out the various coefficients of evapotranspiration that are applicable for the water use of an expected yield of the two varieties. PAL-TAL, a tall statured variety, and TONG-lL, a short statured variety were chosen for this investigation. Experiments were performed in two consecutive periods, a seedling period and a paddy field period, In the investigation of seedling period, rectangular galvanized iron evapotranspirometers (91cm${\times}$85cm${\times}$65cm) were set up in a way of two levels (PAL-TAL and TONG-lL varieties) with two replications. A standard fertilization method was applied to all plots. In the experiment of paddy field period, evapotanspiration and evaporation were measured separately. For PAL-TAL variety, the evapotranspiration measurements of 43 plots of rectangular galvanized iron evapotranspirometer (91cm${\times}$85cm${\times}$65cm) and the evaporation measurements of 25 plots of rectangular galvanized iron evaporimeter (91cm${\times}$85cm${\times}$15cm) have been taken for seven years (1966 through 1972), and for TONG-IL variety, the evapotranspiration measurements of 19 plots and the evaporation measurements of 12 plots have been collected for two years (1971 through 1972) with five different fertilization levels. The results obtained from this investigation are summarized as follows: 1. Seedling period 1) The pan evaporation and evapotranspiration during seedling period were proved to have a highly significant correlation to solar radiation, sun shine hours and relative humidity. But they had no significant correlation to average temperature, wind velocity and atmospheric pressure, and were appeared to be negatively correlative to average temperature and wind velocity, and positively correlative to the atmospheric pressure, in a certain period. There was the highest significant correlation between the evapotranspiration and the pan evaporation, beyond all other meteorological factors considered. 2) The evapotranpiration and its coefficient for PAL-TAL variety were 194.5mm and 0.94∼1.21(1.05 in average) respectively, while those for TONG-lL variety were 182.8mm and 0.90∼1.10(0.99 in average) respectively. This indicates that the evapotranspiration for TONG-IL variety was 6.2% less than that for PAL-TAL variety during a seedling period. 3) The evapotranspiration ratio (the ratio of the evapotranspiration to the weight of dry matters) during the seedling period was 599 in average for PAL-TAL variety and 643 for TONG-IL variety. Therefore the ratio for TONG-IL was larger by 44 than that for PAL-TAL variety. 4) The K-values of Blaney and Criddle formula for PAL-TAL variety were 0.78∼1.06 (0.92 in average) and for TONG-lL variety 0.75∼0.97 (0.86 in average). 5) The evapotranspiration coefficient and the K-value of B1aney and Criddle formular for both PAL-TAL and TONG-lL varieties showed a tendency to be increasing, but the evapotranspiration ratio decreasing, with the increase in the weight of dry matters. 2. Paddy field period 1) Correlation between the pan evaporation and the meteorological factors and that between the evapotranspiration and the meteorological factors during paddy field period were almost same as that in case of the seedling period (Ref. to table IV-4 and table IV-5). 2) The plant height, in the same level of the weight of dry matters, for PAL-TAL variety was much larger than that for TONG-IL variety, and also the number of tillers per hill for PAL-TAL variety showed a trend to be larger than that for TONG-IL variety from about 40 days after transplanting. 3) Although there was a tendency that peak of leaf-area-index for TONG-IL variety was a little retarded than that for PAL-TAL variety, it appeared about 60∼80 days after transplanting. The peaks of the evapotranspiration coefficient and the weight of dry matters at each growth stage were overlapped at about the same time and especially in the later stage of growth, the leaf-area-index, the evapotranspiration coefficient and the weight of dry matters for TONG-IL variety showed a tendency to be larger then those for PAL-TAL variety. 4) The evaporation coefficient at each growth stage for TONG-IL and PAL-TALvarieties was decreased and increased with the increase and decrease in the leaf-area-index, and the evaporation coefficient of TONG-IL variety had a little larger value than that of PAL-TAL variety. 5) Meteorological factors (especially pan evaporation) had a considerable influence to the evapotranspiration, the evaporation and the transpiration. Under the same meteorological conditions, the evapotranspiration (ET) showed a increasing logarithmic function of the weight of dry matters (x), while the evaporation (EV) a decreasing logarithmic function of the weight of dry matters; 800kg/10a x 2000kg/10a, ET=al+bl logl0x (bl>0) EV=a2+b2 log10x (a2>0 b2<0) At the base of the weight of total dry matters, the evapotranspiration and the evaporation for TONG-IL variety were larger as much as 0.3∼2.5% and 7.5∼8.3% respectively than those of PAL-TAL variety, while the transpiration for PAL-TAL variety was larger as much as 1.9∼2.4% than that for TONG-IL variety on the contrary. At the base of the weight of rough rices the evapotranspiration and the transpiration for TONG-IL variety were less as much as 3.5% and 8.l∼16.9% respectively than those for PAL-TAL variety and the evaporation for TONG-IL was much larger by 11.6∼14.8% than that for PAL-TAL variety. 6) The evapotranspiration coefficient, the evaporation coefficient and the transpiration coefficient and the transpiration coefficient were affected by the weight of dry matters much more than by the meteorological conditions. The evapotranspiratioa coefficient (ETC) and the evaporation coefficient (EVC) can be related to the weight of dry matters (x) by the following equations: 800kg/10a x 2000kg/10a, ETC=a3+b3 logl0x (b3>0) EVC=a4+b4 log10x (a4>0, b4>0) At the base of the weights of dry matters, 800kg/10a∼2000kg/10a, the evapotranspiration coefficients for TONG-IL variety were 0.968∼1.474 and those for PAL-TAL variety, 0.939∼1.470, the evaporation coefficients for TONG-IL variety were 0.504∼0.331 and those for PAL-TAL variety, 0.469∼0.308, and the transpiration coefficients for TONG-IL variety were 0.464∼1.143 and those for PAL-TAL variety, 0.470∼1.162. 7) The evapotranspiration ratio, the evaporation ratio (the ratio of the evaporation to the weight of dry matters) and the transpiration ratio were highly affected by the meteorological conditions. And under the same meteorological condition, both the evapotranspiration ratio (ETR) and the evaporation ratio (EVR) showed to be a decreasing logarithmic function of the weight of dry matters (x) as follows: 800kg/10a x 2000kg/10a, ETR=a5+b5 logl0x (a5>0, b5<0) EVR=a6+b6 log10x (a6>0 b6<0) In comparison between TONG-IL and PAL-TAL varieties, at the base of the pan evaporation of 343mm and the weight of dry matters of 800∼2000kg/10a, the evapotranspiration ratios for TONG-IL variety were 413∼247, while those for PAL-TAL variety, 404∼250, the evaporation ratios for TONG-IL variety were 197∼38 while those for PAL-TAL variety, 182∼34, and the transpiration ratios for TONG-IL variety were 216∼209 while those for PAL-TAL variety, 222∼216 (Ref. to table IV-23, table IV-25 and table IV-26) 8) The accumulative values of evapotranspiration intensity and transpiration intensity for both PAL-TAL and TONG-IL varieties were almost constant in every climatic year without the affection of the weight of dry matters. Furthermore the evapotranspiration intensity appeared to have more stable at each growth stage. The peaks of the evapotranspiration intensity and transpiration intensity, for both TONG-IL and PAL-TAL varieties, appeared about 60∼70 days after transplanting, and the peak value of the former was 128.8${\pm}$0.7, for TONG-IL variety while that for PAL-TAL variety, 122.8${\pm}$0.3, and the peak value of the latter was 152.2${\pm}$1.0 for TONG-IL variety while that for PAL-TAL variety, 152.7${\pm}$1.9 (Ref.to table IV-27 and table IV-28) 9) The K-value in Blaney & Criddle formula was changed considerably by the meteorological condition (pan evaporation) and related to be a increasing logarithmic function of the weight of dry matters (x) for both PAL-TAL and TONG-L varieties as follows; 800kg/10a x 2000kg/10a, K=a7+b7 logl0x (b7>0) The K-value for TONG-IL variety was a little larger than that for PAL-TAL variety. 10) The peak values of the evapotranspiration coefficient and k-value at each growth stage for both TONG-IL and PAL-TAL varieties showed up about 60∼70 days after transplanting. The peak values of the former at the base of the weights of total dry matters, 800∼2000kg/10a, were 1.14∼1.82 for TONG-IL variety and 1.12∼1.80, for PAL-TAL variety, and at the base of the weights of rough rices, 400∼1000 kg/10a, were 1.11∼1.79 for TONG-IL variety and 1.17∼1.85 for PAL-TAL variety. The peak values of the latter, at the base of the weights of total dry matters, 800∼2000kg/10a, were 0.83∼1.39 for TONG-IL variety and 0.86∼1.36 for PAL-TAL variety and at the base of the weights of rough rices, 400∼1000kg/10a, 0.85∼1.38 for TONG-IL variety and 0.87∼1.40 for PAL-TAL variety (Ref. to table IV-18 and table IV-32) 11) The reasonable and practicable methods that are applicable for calculating the evapotranspiration of paddy rice in our country are to be followed the following priority a) Using the evapotranspiration coefficients based on an expected yield (Ref. to table IV-13 and table IV-18 or Fig. IV-13). b) Making use of the combination method of seasonal evapotranspiration coefficient and evapotranspiration intensity (Ref. to table IV-13 and table IV-27) c) Adopting the combination method of evapotranspiration ratio and evapotranspiration intensity, under the conditions of paddy field having a higher level of expected yield (Ref. to table IV-23 and table IV-27). d) Applying the k-values calculated by Blaney-Criddle formula. only within the limits of the drought year having the pan evaporation of about 450mm during paddy field period as the design year (Ref. to table IV-32 or Fig. IV-22).

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.1-8
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• 1985

The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70$\pm$1.32mmHg/min)compared to CF dialyzers(4.32$\pm$0.55mmHg/min)(p<0.05). However, there was no observable difference in the UFR between the two dialyzers. Neither APD nor UFR showed any significant increase with an increasing number of reuses for up to more than 20reuses. A substantial number of failures observed in APD(larger than 20mmHe/min)on the reused dialyzers(2 out of 40 CP and S out 26 C-DAK) were attributed to the Possible damage on the fibers. The CF 15-11 HFDs which failed APD test did not show changes in the UFR compared to normal dialyzers indicating that APD is a more sensitive test than UFR test to evaluate the integrity of the fibers. 30527 T00401030527 ^x For quantitative measurement of reflected light from a clinical diagnostic strip, a prototype old reflectance photometer was designed. The strip loader and cassette were made to obtain more accurate reflectance parameters. The strip was illuminated at 45˚c through optical fiber and the intensity of reflected light was determined at rectanguLat angle using a photodiode. The kubelka-munk coefficient and reflection optical density were determined ar four different wavelengths(500, 550, 570 and 610nm) for blood glucose strip. For higher concentration than 300mg/41 about glucose, a saturation state of abforbance was observed at 500, 550 and 570nm. The correlation between glucose concentration and parameters was the best at 610nm. 30535 T00401030535 ^x Radiation-induced fibrosarcoma tumors were grown on the flanks of C3H mice. The mice were divided into two groups. One group was injected with Photofrin II, intravenously (2.5mg/kg body weight). The other group received no Photofrin II. Mice from both groups were irradialed for approximately 15 minutes at 100, 300, or 500 mW/cm2 with the argon (488nm/514.5 nm), dye(628nm) and gold vapor (pulsed 628 nm) laser light. A photosensitizer behaved as an added absorber. Under our experimental conditions, the presence of Photolfrin II increased surface temperature by at least 40% and the temperature rise due to 300 mW/cm2 irradiation exceeded values for hyperthermia. Light and temperature distributions with depth were estimated by a computer model. The model demonstrated the influence of wavelength on the thermal process and proved to be a valuable tool to investigate internal temperature rise. 30536 T00401030536 ^x We investigated the structural geometry of thirty-eight Korean femurs. The purpose of this study is to identify major geometrical differences between Korean femurs 3nd others that we believe belong to Caucasians so that we would be able to get insights into the femoral component design that fits Asians including Koreans. We utilized computerized tomography (CT) images of femurs extracted from cadavers. The CT images were transformed into bitmap data by using a film scanner, and then analyzed by using a commercially available software called Image v.1.0 and a Macintosh IIci computer.The resulting data were compared with already published data. The major results show that the geometry of the Korean femurs is significantly different from that of Caucasians: (1) the anteversion angle and the canal flare index are greater by the amount of approximately 8˚ and 0.5, respectively, (2) the shape of the isthmus cross section is more round, and (3) the distance between the teaser trochanter and the proximal border of the isthmus is shelter by about 15 mm. The results suggested that the femoral component suitable for Asians should be different from the currently-used components designed and manufactured mostly by European or American companies. 30537 T00401030537 ^x It is well known that nonlinear propagation characteristics of the wave in the tissue may give very useful information for the medical diagnoisis. In this paper, a new method to detect nonlinear propagation characteristics of the internal vibration in the tissue for the low frequency mechanical vibration by using bispectral analysis is proposed. In the method, low frequency vibration of f0( = 100Hz) is applied on the surface of the object, and the waveform of the internal vibration x (t) is measured from Doppler frequency modulation of silmultaneously transmitted probing ultrasonic waves. Then, the bispectra of the signal x (t) at the frequencies (f0, f0) and (f0, 2f0) are calculated to estimate the nonlinear propagation characteristics as their magnitude ratio, w here since bispectrum is free from the gaussian additive noise we can get the value with high S/N. Basic experimental system is constructed by using 3.0 MHz probing ultrasonic waves and the several experiments are carried out for some phantoms. Results show the superiority of the proposed method to the conventional method using power spectrum and also its usefulness for the tissue characterization. 30541 T00401030541 ^x This paper describes the implementation of a computerized radial pulse diagnosis by aids of a clinical expert. On this base, we composed of the radial pulse diagnosis system in korean traditional medicine. The system composed of a radial pulse wave detection system and a radial pulse diagnosis system. With a detection system, we detected Inyoung and Cheongu radial pulse wave and processed it. Then, we have got the characteristic parameters of radial pulse wave and also quantified that according to the method of Inyoung-Cheongu Comparison Radial Pulse Diagnosis. We defined the jugement standard of radial pulse diagnosis system and then we confirmed the possibility for realization of automatic radial pulse diagnosis in korean traditional medicine. 30545 T00401030545 ^x Microspheres are expected to be applied to biomedical areas such as solid-phase immunoassays, drug delivery systems, immunomagnetic cell separation. To synthesize microspheres for biomedical application, "two stage shot growth method" was developed. The uniformity ratio of synthesized microspheres was always smaller than 1.05. And the surface charge density (or the number of ionizable functional groups) of the microspheres synthesized by "two stage shot growth method" was 6~13 times higher than that of the microspheres synthesized by conventional seeded batch copolymerization. As a previous step for biomedical application, adsorption experiments of bovine albumin on microspheres were carried out under various conditions. The maximum adsorbed amount was obtained in the neighborhood of pH 4.5. Isoelectric point of bovine albumin is pH 5.0, so experimental result shows that it shifted to acid area. The adsorption isotherm was obtained, the plateau region was always reached at 2.Og/L (bulk concentration of bovine albumin).The effect of the kind and the amount of surface functional group was also examined. 30575 T00401030575 ^x A medical image workstation was developed using multimedia technique. The system based on PC-486DX was designed to acquire medical images produced by medical imaging instruments and related audio information, that is, doctors' reporting results. Input information was processed and analyzed, then the results were presented in the form of graph and animation. All the informations of the system were hierarchically related with the image as the apex. Processing and analysis algorithms were implemented so that the diagnostic accuracy could be improved. The diagnosed information can be transferred for patient diagnosis through LAN(local area network). 30592 T00401030592 ^x In the conventional infrared imaging system, complex infrared lens systems are usually used for directing collimated narrow infrared beams into the high speed 2-dimensional optic scanner. In this paper, a simple reflective infrared optic system with a 2-dimensional optic scanner is proposed for the realization of medical infrared thermography system. It has been experimentally proven that the intfrared thermography system composed of the proposed optic system has the temperature resolution of 0.1˚c under the spatial resolution of lmrad, the image matrix size of 256 X 240, and tile imaging time of 4 seconds. 30593 T00401030593 ^x In this paper, MIIS (Medical Image Information System) has been designed and implemented using INGRES RDBMS, which is based on a client/server architecture. The implemented system allows users to register and retrieve patient information, medical images and diagnostic reports. It also provides the function to display these information on workstation windows simultaneously by using the designed menu-driven graphic user interface. The medical image compression/decompression techniques are implemented and integrated into the medical image database system for the efficient data storage and the fast access through the network. 30594 T00401030594 ^x In this paper, computerized BEAM was implemented for the space domain analysis of EEG. Trans-formation from temporal summation to two-dimensional mappings is formed by 4 nearest point inter-polaton method. Methods of representation of BEAM are two. One is dot density method which classify brain electrical potential 9 levels by dot density of gray levels and the other is colour method which classify brain electrical 12 levels by red-green colours. In this BEAM, instantaneous change and average energy distribution over any arbitrary time interval of brain electrical activity could be observed and analyzed easily. In the frequency domain, the distribution of energy spectrum of a special band can easily be distinguished normality and abnormality. 30608 T00401030608 ^x Laboratory information system (LIS) is a key tool to manage laboratory data in clinical pathology. Our department has developed an information system for routine hematology using down-sized computer system. We have used an IBM 486 compatible PC with 16MB main memory, 210 MB hard disk drive, 9 RS-232C port and 24 pin dot printer. The operating system and database management system were SCO UNIX and SCO foxbase, respectively. For program development, we used Xbase language provided by SCO foxbase. The C language was used for interface purpose. To make the system use friendly, pull-down menu was used. The system connected to our hospital information system via application program interface (API), so the information related to patient and request details is automatically transmitted to our computer. Our system interfaced with fwd complete blood count analyzers(Sysmex NE-8000 and Coulter STKS) for unidirectional data tansmission from analyzer to computer. The authors suggests that this system based on down-sized computer could provide a progressive approach to total LIS based on local area network, and the implemented system could serve as a model for other hospital's LIS for routine hematology. 30609 T00401030609 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. To use as the structural matrix of the composite, collagen was purified from human umbilical cord. The obtained collagen was treated by pepsin to remove telopeptides, and finally, the immune-free atelocollagen was produced: The cross linked atelocollagen was highly resistant to the collagenase induced collagenolysis. The cross linked collagen demonstrated an improved tensile strength. 30618 T00401030618 ^x This paper is a study on the design of adptive filter for QRS complex detection. We propose a simple adaptive algorithm to increase capability of noise cancelation in QRS complex detection with two stage adaptive filter. At the first stage, background noise is removed and at the next stage, only spectrum of QRS complex components is passed. Two adaptive filters can afford to keep track of the changes of both noise and QRS complex. Each adaptive filter consists of prediction error filter and FIR filter The impulse response of FIR filter uses coefficients of prediction error filter. The detection rates for 105 and 108 of MIT/BIH data base were 99.3% and 97.4% respectively. 30619 T00401030619 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed and produced a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. Human umbilical cord origin pepsin treated type I atelocollagen was used as the structural matrix, by which sintered or non-sintered carbonate apatite was encapsulated to form an inorganic-organic composite. With cross linking atelocollagen by UV ray irradiation, the resistance to both compressive and tensile strength was increased. Collagen degradation by the collagenase induced collagenolysis was also decreased. 30620 T00401030620 ^x We have developed a monoleaflet polymer valve as an inexpensive and viable alternative, especially for short-term use in the ventricular assist device or total artificial heart. The frame and leaflet of the polymer valve were made from polyurethane, To evaluate the hemodynamic performance of the polymer valve a comparative study of flow dynamics past a polymer valve and a St. Jude Medical prosthetic valve under physiological pulsatile flow conditions in vitro was made. Comparisons between the valves were made on the transvalvular pressure drop, regurgitation volume and maximum valve opening area. The polymer valve showed smaller regurgitation volume and transvalvular pressure drop compared to the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. The results showed that the functional characteristics of the polymer valve compared favorably with those of the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. 30621 T00401030621 ^x Explosive evaporative removal process of biological tissue by absorption of a CW laser has been simulated by using gelatin and a multimode Nd:YAG laser. Because the point of maximun temperature of laser-irradiated gelatin exists below the surface due to surface cooling, evaporation at the boiling temperature is made explosively from below the surface. The important parameters of this process are the conduction loss to laser power absorption (defined as the conduction-to-laser power parameter, Nk), the convection heat transfer at the surface to conduction loss (defined as Bi), dimensionless extinction coefficient (defined as Br.), and dimensionless irradiation time (defined as Fo). Dependence of Fo on Nk and Bi has been observed by experiment, and the results have been compared with the numerical results obtained by solving a 2-dimensional conduction equation. Fo and explosion depth (from the surface to the point of maximun temperature) are increased when Nk and Bi are increased.To find out the minimum laser power for explosive evaporative removal process, steady state analysis has been also made. The limit of Nk to induce evaporative removal, which is proportional to the inverse of the laser power, has been obtained. 30622 T00401030622 ^x N1 and N2 gross neural action potentials were measured from the round window of the guinea pig cochlea at the onset of the acoustic stimuli. N1-N2 audiograms were made by means of regulating stimulant intensities in order to produce constant N1-N2 potentials as criteria for different input tone pip frequencies. The lowest threshold was measured with an input tone pip I5 dB SPL in intensity and 12 KHz in frequency when the animal was in normal physiological condition. The procedure of experimental measurements is explained in detail. This experimental approach is very useful for the investigation of the Cochlear function. Both noN1inear and active functions of the Cochlea can be monitored by N1-N2 audiograms. 30623 T00401030623 ^x In electrical impedance tomography(EIT), we use boundary current and voltage measurements toprovide the information about the cross-sectional distribution of electrical impedance or resistivity. One of the major problems in EIT has been the inaccessibility of internal voltage or current data in finding the internal impedance values. We propose a new image reconstruction method using internal current density data measured by NMR. We obtained a two-dimensional current density distribution within a phantom by processing the real and imaginary MR images from a 4.77 NMR machine. We implemented a resistivity mage reconstruction algorithm using the finite element method and sensitivity matrix. We presented computer simulation results of the mage reconstruction algorithm and furture direction of the research. 30624 T00401030624 ^x A new method of digital image analysis technique for discrimination of cancer cell was presented in this paper. The object image was the Thyroid eland cells image that was diagnosed as normal and abnormal (two types of abnormal: follicular neoplastic cell, and papillary neoplastic cell), respectively. By using the proposed region segmentation algorithm, the cells were segmented into nucleus. The 16 feature parameters were used to calculate the features of each nucleus. A9 a consequence of using dominant feature parameters method proposed in this paper, discrimination rate of 91.11% was obtained for Thyroid Gland cells. 30625 T00401030625 ^x An electrical stimulator was designed to induce locomotion for paraplegic patients caused by central nervous system injury. Optimal stimulus parameters, which can minimize muscle fatigue and can achieve effective muscle contraction were determined in slow and fast muscles in Sprague-Dawley rats. Stimulus patterns of our stimulator were designed to simulate electromyographic activity monitored during locomotion of normal subjects. Muscle types of the lower extremity were classified according to their mechanical property of contraction, which are slow muscle (msoleus m.) and fast muscle (medial gastrocneminus m., rectus femoris m., vastus lateralis m.). Optimal parameters of electrical stimulation for slow muscles were 20 Hz, 0.2 ms square pulse. For fast muscle, 40 Hz, 0.3 ms square pulse was optimal to produce repeated contraction. Higher stimulus intensity was required when synergistic muscles were stimulated simultaneously than when they were stimulated individually. Electrical stimulation for each muscle was designed to generate bipedal locomotion, so that individual muscles alternate contraction and relaxation to simulate stance and swing phases. Portable electrical stimulator with 16 channels built in microprocessor was constructed and applied to paraplegic patients due to lumbar cord injury. The electrical stimulator restored partially gait function in paraplegic patients. 30626 T00401030626 ^x Two-Dimensional modelling of the Cochlear biomechanics is presented in this paper. The Laplace partial differential equation which represents the fluid mechanics of the Cochlea has been transformed into two-dimensional electrical transmission line. The procedure of this transformation is explained in detail. The comparison between one and two dimensional models is also presented. This electrical modelling of the basilar membrane (BM) is clearly useful for the next approach to the further. Development of active elements which are essential in the producing of the sharp tuning of the BM. This paper shows that two-dimension model is qualitatively better than one-dimensional model both in amplitude and phase responses of the BM displacement. The present model is only for frequency response. However because the model is electrical, the two-dimensional transmission line model can be extended to time response without any difficult. 30627 T00401030627 ^x A method has been proposed for the fully automatic detection of left ventricular endocardial boundary in 2D short axis echocardiogram using geometric model. The procedure has the following three distinct stages. First, the initial center is estimated by the initial center estimation algorithm which is applied to decimated image. Second, the center estimation algorithm is applied to original image and then best-fit elliptic model estimation is processed. Third, best-fit boundary is detected by the cost function which is based on the best-fit elliptic model. The proposed method shows effective result without manual intervention by a human operator. 30628 T00401030628 ^x The intelligent trajectory control method that controls moving direction and average velocity for a prosthetic arm is proposed by pattern recognition and force estimations using EMG signals. Also, we propose the real time trajectory planning method which generates continuous accelleration paths using 3 stage linear filters to minimize the impact to human body induced by arm motions and to reduce the muscle fatigue. We use combination of MLP and fuzzy filter for pattern recognition to estimate the direction of a muscle and Hogan's method for the force estimation. EMG signals are acquired by using a amputation simulator and 2 dimensional joystick motion. The simulation results of proposed prosthetic arm control system using the EMf signals show that the arm is effectively followed the desired trajectory depended on estimated force and direction of muscle movements. 30638 T00401030638 ^x A new neural network architecture for the recognition of patterns from images is proposed, which is partially based on the results of physiological studies. The proposed network is composed of multi-layers and the nerve cells in each layer are connected by spatial filters which approximate receptive fields in optic nerve fields. In the proposed method, patterns recognition for complicated images is carried out using global features as well as local features such as lines and end-points. A new generating method of matched filers representing global features is proposed in this network. 30659 T00401030659 ^x An implementation scheme of the magnetic nerve stimulator using a switching mode power supply is proposed. By using a switching mode power supply rather than a conventional linear power supply for charging high voltage capacitors, the weight and size of the magnetic nerve stimulator can be considerably reduced. Maximum output voltage of the developed magnetic nerve stimulator using the switching mode power supply is 3, 000 volts and switching time is about 100 msec. Experimental results or human nerve stimulations using the developed stimulator are presented. 30768 T00401030768 ^x In this paper, we describe the design methodology and specifications of the developed module-based bedside monitors for patient monitoring. The bedside monitor consists of a main unit and module cases with various parameter modules. The main unit includes a 12.1" TFT color LCD, a main CPU board, and peripherals such as a module controller, Ethernet LAN card, video card, rotate/push button controller, etc. The main unit can connect at maximum three module cases each of which can accommodate up to 7 parameter modules. They include the modules for electrocardiograph, respiration, invasive blood pressure, noninvasive blood pressure, temperature, and SpO2 with Plethysmograph.SpO2 with Plethysmograph.

• 한국우주과학회:학술대회논문집(한국우주과학회보)
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• 한국우주과학회 1993년도 한국우주과학회보 제2권2호
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• pp.17-17
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• 1993

The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70${\pm}$1.32mmHg/min)compared to CF dialyzers(4.32${\pm}$0.55mmHg/min)(p<0.05). However, there was no observable difference in the UFR between the two dialyzers. Neither APD nor UFR showed any significant increase with an increasing number of reuses for up to more than 20reuses. A substantial number of failures observed in APD(larger than 20mmHe/min)on the reused dialyzers(2 out of 40 CP and S out 26 C-DAK) were attributed to the Possible damage on the fibers. The CF 15-11 HFDs which failed APD test did not show changes in the UFR compared to normal dialyzers indicating that APD is a more sensitive test than UFR test to evaluate the integrity of the fibers. 30527 T00401030527 ^x For quantitative measurement of reflected light from a clinical diagnostic strip, a prototype old reflectance photometer was designed. The strip loader and cassette were made to obtain more accurate reflectance parameters. The strip was illuminated at 45˚c through optical fiber and the intensity of reflected light was determined at rectanguLat angle using a photodiode. The kubelka-munk coefficient and reflection optical density were determined ar four different wavelengths(500,550,570 and 610nm) for blood glucose strip. For higher concentration than 300mg/41 about glucose, a saturation state of abforbance was observed at 500,550 and 570nm. The correlation between glucose concentration and parameters was the best at 610nm. 30535 T00401030535 ^x Radiation-induced fibrosarcoma tumors were grown on the flanks of C3H mice. The mice were divided into two groups. One group was injected with Photofrin II, intravenously (2.5mg/kg body weight). The other group received no Photofrin II. Mice from both groups were irradialed for approximately 15 minutes at 100,300, or 500 mW/cm2 with the argon (488nm/514.5 nm), dye(628nm) and gold vapor (pulsed 628 nm) laser light. A photosensitizer behaved as an added absorber. Under our experimental conditions, the presence of Photolfrin II increased surface temperature by at least 40% and the temperature rise due to 300 mW/cm2 irradiation exceeded values for hyperthermia. Light and temperature distributions with depth were estimated by a computer model. The model demonstrated the influence of wavelength on the thermal process and proved to be a valuable tool to investigate internal temperature rise. 30536 T00401030536 ^x We investigated the structural geometry of thirty-eight Korean femurs. The purpose of this study is to identify major geometrical differences between Korean femurs 3nd others that we believe belong to Caucasians so that we would be able to get insights into the femoral component design that fits Asians including Koreans. We utilized computerized tomography (CT) images of femurs extracted from cadavers. The CT images were transformed into bitmap data by using a film scanner, and then analyzed by using a commercially available software called Image v.1.0 and a Macintosh IIci computer.The resulting data were compared with already published data. The major results show that the geometry of the Korean femurs is significantly different from that of Caucasians: (1) the anteversion angle and the canal flare index are greater by the amount of approximately 8˚ and 0.5, respectively, (2) the shape of the isthmus cross section is more round, and (3) the distance between the teaser trochanter and the proximal border of the isthmus is shelter by about 15 mm. The results suggested that the femoral component suitable for Asians should be different from the currently-used components designed and manufactured mostly by European or American companies. 30537 T00401030537 ^x It is well known that nonlinear propagation characteristics of the wave in the tissue may give very useful information for the medical diagnoisis. In this paper, a new method to detect nonlinear propagation characteristics of the internal vibration in the tissue for the low frequency mechanical vibration by using bispectral analysis is proposed. In the method, low frequency vibration of f0( = 100Hz) is applied on the surface of the object, and the waveform of the internal vibration x (t) is measured from Doppler frequency modulation of silmultaneously transmitted probing ultrasonic waves. Then, the bispectra of the signal x (t) at the frequencies (f0, f0) and (f0, 2f0) are calculated to estimate the nonlinear propagation characteristics as their magnitude ratio, w here since bispectrum is free from the gaussian additive noise we can get the value with high S/N. Basic experimental system is constructed by using 3.0 MHz probing ultrasonic waves and the several experiments are carried out for some phantoms. Results show the superiority of the proposed method to the conventional method using power spectrum and also its usefulness for the tissue characterization. 30541 T00401030541 ^x This paper describes the implementation of a computerized radial pulse diagnosis by aids of a clinical expert. On this base, we composed of the radial pulse diagnosis system in korean traditional medicine. The system composed of a radial pulse wave detection system and a radial pulse diagnosis system. With a detection system, we detected Inyoung and Cheongu radial pulse wave and processed it. Then, we have got the characteristic parameters of radial pulse wave and also quantified that according to the method of Inyoung-Cheongu Comparison Radial Pulse Diagnosis. We defined the jugement standard of radial pulse diagnosis system and then we confirmed the possibility for realization of automatic radial pulse diagnosis in korean traditional medicine. 30545 T00401030545 ^x Microspheres are expected to be applied to biomedical areas such as solid-phase immunoassays, drug delivery systems, immunomagnetic cell separation. To synthesize microspheres for biomedical application, "two stage shot growth method" was developed. The uniformity ratio of synthesized microspheres was always smaller than 1.05. And the surface charge density (or the number of ionizable functional groups) of the microspheres synthesized by "two stage shot growth method" was 6~13 times higher than that of the microspheres synthesized by conventional seeded batch copolymerization. As a previous step for biomedical application, adsorption experiments of bovine albumin on microspheres were carried out under various conditions. The maximum adsorbed amount was obtained in the neighborhood of pH 4.5. Isoelectric point of bovine albumin is pH 5.0, so experimental result shows that it shifted to acid area. The adsorption isotherm was obtained, the plateau region was always reached at 2.Og/L (bulk concentration of bovine albumin).The effect of the kind and the amount of surface functional group was also examined. 30575 T00401030575 ^x A medical image workstation was developed using multimedia technique. The system based on PC-486DX was designed to acquire medical images produced by medical imaging instruments and related audio information, that is, doctors' reporting results. Input information was processed and analyzed, then the results were presented in the form of graph and animation. All the informations of the system were hierarchically related with the image as the apex. Processing and analysis algorithms were implemented so that the diagnostic accuracy could be improved. The diagnosed information can be transferred for patient diagnosis through LAN(local area network). 30592 T00401030592 ^x In the conventional infrared imaging system, complex infrared lens systems are usually used for directing collimated narrow infrared beams into the high speed 2-dimensional optic scanner. In this paper, a simple reflective infrared optic system with a 2-dimensional optic scanner is proposed for the realization of medical infrared thermography system. It has been experimentally proven that the intfrared thermography system composed of the proposed optic system has the temperature resolution of 0.1˚c under the spatial resolution of lmrad, the image matrix size of 256 X 240, and tile imaging time of 4 seconds. 30593 T00401030593 ^x In this paper, MIIS (Medical Image Information System) has been designed and implemented using INGRES RDBMS, which is based on a client/server architecture. The implemented system allows users to register and retrieve patient information, medical images and diagnostic reports. It also provides the function to display these information on workstation windows simultaneously by using the designed menu-driven graphic user interface. The medical image compression/decompression techniques are implemented and integrated into the medical image database system for the efficient data storage and the fast access through the network. 30594 T00401030594 ^x In this paper, computerized BEAM was implemented for the space domain analysis of EEG. Trans-formation from temporal summation to two-dimensional mappings is formed by 4 nearest point inter-polaton method. Methods of representation of BEAM are two. One is dot density method which classify brain electrical potential 9 levels by dot density of gray levels and the other is colour method which classify brain electrical 12 levels by red-green colours. In this BEAM, instantaneous change and average energy distribution over any arbitrary time interval of brain electrical activity could be observed and analyzed easily. In the frequency domain, the distribution of energy spectrum of a special band can easily be distinguished normality and abnormality. 30608 T00401030608 ^x Laboratory information system (LIS) is a key tool to manage laboratory data in clinical pathology. Our department has developed an information system for routine hematology using down-sized computer system. We have used an IBM 486 compatible PC with 16MB main memory, 210 MB hard disk drive, 9 RS-232C port and 24 pin dot printer. The operating system and database management system were SCO UNIX and SCO foxbase, respectively. For program development, we used Xbase language provided by SCO foxbase. The C language was used for interface purpose. To make the system use friendly, pull-down menu was used. The system connected to our hospital information system via application program interface (API), so the information related to patient and request details is automatically transmitted to our computer. Our system interfaced with fwd complete blood count analyzers(Sysmex NE-8000 and Coulter STKS) for unidirectional data tansmission from analyzer to computer. The authors suggests that this system based on down-sized computer could provide a progressive approach to total LIS based on local area network, and the implemented system could serve as a model for other hospital's LIS for routine hematology. 30609 T00401030609 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. To use as the structural matrix of the composite, collagen was purified from human umbilical cord. The obtained collagen was treated by pepsin to remove telopeptides, and finally, the immune-free atelocollagen was produced: The cross linked atelocollagen was highly resistant to the collagenase induced collagenolysis. The cross linked collagen demonstrated an improved tensile strength. 30618 T00401030618 ^x This paper is a study on the design of adptive filter for QRS complex detection. We propose a simple adaptive algorithm to increase capability of noise cancelation in QRS complex detection with two stage adaptive filter. At the first stage, background noise is removed and at the next stage, only spectrum of QRS complex components is passed. Two adaptive filters can afford to keep track of the changes of both noise and QRS complex. Each adaptive filter consists of prediction error filter and FIR filter The impulse response of FIR filter uses coefficients of prediction error filter. The detection rates for 105 and 108 of MIT/BIH data base were 99.3% and 97.4% respectively. 30619 T00401030619 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed and produced a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. Human umbilical cord origin pepsin treated type I atelocollagen was used as the structural matrix, by which sintered or non-sintered carbonate apatite was encapsulated to form an inorganic-organic composite. With cross linking atelocollagen by UV ray irradiation, the resistance to both compressive and tensile strength was increased. Collagen degradation by the collagenase induced collagenolysis was also decreased. 30620 T00401030620 ^x We have developed a monoleaflet polymer valve as an inexpensive and viable alternative, especially for short-term use in the ventricular assist device or total artificial heart. The frame and leaflet of the polymer valve were made from polyurethane, To evaluate the hemodynamic performance of the polymer valve a comparative study of flow dynamics past a polymer valve and a St. Jude Medical prosthetic valve under physiological pulsatile flow conditions in vitro was made. Comparisons between the valves were made on the transvalvular pressure drop, regurgitation volume and maximum valve opening area. The polymer valve showed smaller regurgitation volume and transvalvular pressure drop compared to the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. The results showed that the functional characteristics of the polymer valve compared favorably with those of the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. 30621 T00401030621 ^x Explosive evaporative removal process of biological tissue by absorption of a CW laser has been simulated by using gelatin and a multimode Nd:YAG laser. Because the point of maximun temperature of laser-irradiated gelatin exists below the surface due to surface cooling, evaporation at the boiling temperature is made explosively from below the surface. The important parameters of this process are the conduction loss to laser power absorption (defined as the conduction-to-laser power parameter, Nk), the convection heat transfer at the surface to conduction loss (defined as Bi), dimensionless extinction coefficient (defined as Br.), and dimensionless irradiation time (defined as Fo). Dependence of Fo on Nk and Bi has been observed by experiment, and the results have been compared with the numerical results obtained by solving a 2-dimensional conduction equation. Fo and explosion depth (from the surface to the point of maximun temperature) are increased when Nk and Bi are increased.To find out the minimum laser power for explosive evaporative removal process, steady state analysis has been also made. The limit of Nk to induce evaporative removal, which is proportional to the inverse of the laser power, has been obtained. 30622 T00401030622 ^x N1 and N2 gross neural action potentials were measured from the round window of the guinea pig cochlea at the onset of the acoustic stimuli. N1-N2 audiograms were made by means of regulating stimulant intensities in order to produce constant N1-N2 potentials as criteria for different input tone pip frequencies. The lowest threshold was measured with an input tone pip I5 dB SPL in intensity and 12 KHz in frequency when the animal was in normal physiological condition. The procedure of experimental measurements is explained in detail. This experimental approach is very useful for the investigation of the Cochlear function. Both noN1inear and active functions of the Cochlea can be monitored by N1-N2 audiograms. 30623 T00401030623 ^x In electrical impedance tomography(EIT), we use boundary current and voltage measurements toprovide the information about the cross-sectional distribution of electrical impedance or resistivity. One of the major problems in EIT has been the inaccessibility of internal voltage or current data in finding the internal impedance values. We propose a new image reconstruction method using internal current density data measured by NMR. We obtained a two-dimensional current density distribution within a phantom by processing the real and imaginary MR images from a 4.77 NMR machine. We implemented a resistivity mage reconstruction algorithm using the finite element method and sensitivity matrix. We presented computer simulation results of the mage reconstruction algorithm and furture direction of the research. 30624 T00401030624 ^x A new method of digital image analysis technique for discrimination of cancer cell was presented in this paper. The object image was the Thyroid eland cells image that was diagnosed as normal and abnormal (two types of abnormal: follicular neoplastic cell, and papillary neoplastic cell), respectively. By using the proposed region segmentation algorithm, the cells were segmented into nucleus. The 16 feature parameters were used to calculate the features of each nucleus. A9 a consequence of using dominant feature parameters method proposed in this paper, discrimination rate of 91.11% was obtained for Thyroid Gland cells. 30625 T00401030625 ^x An electrical stimulator was designed to induce locomotion for paraplegic patients caused by central nervous system injury. Optimal stimulus parameters, which can minimize muscle fatigue and can achieve effective muscle contraction were determined in slow and fast muscles in Sprague-Dawley rats. Stimulus patterns of our stimulator were designed to simulate electromyographic activity monitored during locomotion of normal subjects. Muscle types of the lower extremity were classified according to their mechanical property of contraction, which are slow muscle (msoleus m.) and fast muscle (medial gastrocneminus m., rectus femoris m., vastus lateralis m.). Optimal parameters of electrical stimulation for slow muscles were 20 Hz, 0.2 ms square pulse. For fast muscle, 40 Hz, 0.3 ms square pulse was optimal to produce repeated contraction. Higher stimulus intensity was required when synergistic muscles were stimulated simultaneously than when they were stimulated individually. Electrical stimulation for each muscle was designed to generate bipedal locomotion, so that individual muscles alternate contraction and relaxation to simulate stance and swing phases. Portable electrical stimulator with 16 channels built in microprocessor was constructed and applied to paraplegic patients due to lumbar cord injury. The electrical stimulator restored partially gait function in paraplegic patients. 30626 T00401030626 ^x Two-Dimensional modelling of the Cochlear biomechanics is presented in this paper. The Laplace partial differential equation which represents the fluid mechanics of the Cochlea has been transformed into two-dimensional electrical transmission line. The procedure of this transformation is explained in detail. The comparison between one and two dimensional models is also presented. This electrical modelling of the basilar membrane (BM) is clearly useful for the next approach to the further. Development of active elements which are essential in the producing of the sharp tuning of the BM. This paper shows that two-dimension model is qualitatively better than one-dimensional model both in amplitude and phase responses of the BM displacement. The present model is only for frequency response. However because the model is electrical, the two-dimensional transmission line model can be extended to time response without any difficult. 30627 T00401030627 ^x A method has been proposed for the fully automatic detection of left ventricular endocardial boundary in 2D short axis echocardiogram using geometric model. The procedure has the following three distinct stages. First, the initial center is estimated by the initial center estimation algorithm which is applied to decimated image. Second, the center estimation algorithm is applied to original image and then best-fit elliptic model estimation is processed. Third, best-fit boundary is detected by the cost function which is based on the best-fit elliptic model. The proposed method shows effective result without manual intervention by a human operator. 30628 T00401030628 ^x The intelligent trajectory control method that controls moving direction and average velocity for a prosthetic arm is proposed by pattern recognition and force estimations using EMG signals. Also, we propose the real time trajectory planning method which generates continuous accelleration paths using 3 stage linear filters to minimize the impact to human body induced by arm motions and to reduce the muscle fatigue. We use combination of MLP and fuzzy filter for pattern recognition to estimate the direction of a muscle and Hogan's method for the force estimation. EMG signals are acquired by using a amputation simulator and 2 dimensional joystick motion. The simulation results of proposed prosthetic arm control system using the EMf signals show that the arm is effectively followed the desired trajectory depended on estimated force and direction of muscle movements. 30638 T00401030638 ^x A new neural network architecture for the recognition of patterns from images is proposed, which is partially based on the results of physiological studies. The proposed network is composed of multi-layers and the nerve cells in each layer are connected by spatial filters which approximate receptive fields in optic nerve fields. In the proposed method, patterns recognition for complicated images is carried out using global features as well as local features such as lines and end-points. A new generating method of matched filers representing global features is proposed in this network. 30659 T00401030659 ^x An implementation scheme of the magnetic nerve stimulator using a switching mode power supply is proposed. By using a switching mode power supply rather than a conventional linear power supply for charging high voltage capacitors, the weight and size of the magnetic nerve stimulator can be considerably reduced. Maximum output voltage of the developed magnetic nerve stimulator using the switching mode power supply is 3,000 volts and switching time is about 100 msec. Experimental results or human nerve stimulations using the developed stimulator are presented. 30768 T00401030768 ^x In this paper, we describe the design methodology and specifications of the developed module-based bedside monitors for patient monitoring. The bedside monitor consists of a main unit and module cases with various parameter modules. The main unit includes a 12.1" TFT color LCD, a main CPU board, and peripherals such as a module controller, Ethernet LAN card, video card, rotate/push button controller, etc. The main unit can connect at maximum three module cases each of which can accommodate up to 7 parameter modules. They include the modules for electrocardiograph, respiration, invasive blood pressure, noninvasive blood pressure, temperature, and SpO2 with Plethysmograph.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.143-156
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• 2005

목적: 고선량률 강내근접치료와 외부방사선의 병합치료는 자궁경부암의 표준치료법이지만, 최적의 병합 방식 및 선량 분할 스케줄은 아직 정해지지 않고 있다. 부분적으로는 이에 영향을 미치는 인자들의 다양성 및 기존의 문헌들의 방사선 선량에 관한 자세한 정보 부족을 그 이유로 들 수 있다. 이에 본 연구는 고선량률 강내근접치료에 대한 풍부한 경험을 바탕으로 단일기관에서 비교적 균일한 치료를 받은 많은 수의 환자 모집단을 대상으로 이들 다양한 인자들 및 방사선치료에 대한 자세한 분석을 통해서 최적의 방사선치료를 위한 지침을 얻고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 1990년부터 1996년까지 연세암센터에서 고선량률 강내근접치료 및 외부방사선치료로 자궁경부암에 대한 근치적 치료를 받은 743명의 환자들을 대상으로 하였으며, 중앙추적관찰 기간은 52개월이었다. FIGO 병기 분포는 IB 198명, IIA 77명, IIB 364명, IIIA 7명, IIIB 89명, IVA 8명이었다. 전골반방사선 선량은 $23.4\~59.4$ Gy (중앙값 45 Gy)의 분포를 보였으며, 진단 시 종양의 크기 및 외부방사선치료에 대한 종양의 반응에 따라서 그 시기를 조절하는 중앙차폐는 495예에서 시행되었으며, 그 시기는 $14.4\~43.2$ Gy (중앙값 36.0 Gy)로 비교적 광범위하고 다양한 분포를 보였다. 강내근접치료와 외부방사선치료의 분할 선량 차이를 극복하기 위해 생물학적 유효선량(Biologically Effective Dose, BED) 개념을 적용하였으며, 종양 및 정상 조직에 대한 $\alpha/\beta$비는 각각 10 및 3으로 하였다. 모든 개별 환자의 직장 전벽 및 방광 흡수선량을 분석하였고, 합병증 및 골반제어율과의 상관 관계를 규명하고자 하였다. 이외에도 방사선치료 스케줄에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 인자들인 총 치료기간, 강내근접치료의 분할 선량 크기, 주치의의 선호도에 따른 치료 스케줄 차이 등도 함께 고려하여 분석하였다. 결과: 전체 환자에서 RTOG Grade 1-4독성 발생률은 $33.1\%$였다. 전체 환자의 5년 골반제어율은 $83\%$로 분석되었다. 중앙차폐이전 외부방사선선량과 강내근접치료의 합산 BED값(=MD-BED $Gy_{\alpha/\beta}$은 $\alpha/\beta$=10인 경우 $62.0\~121.9\;Gy_{10}$ (중앙값: $93.0\;Gy_{10}$)의 분포를, ${\alpha/\beta}=3$인 경우 $93.6\~187.3\;Gy_3$ (중앙값=$137.6\;Gy_3$ )의 분포를 보였다. MD-BED $Gy_3$는 직장합병증 발생과의 관계는 통계적으로 유의하였고, 방광합병증과는 유의하지 않았다. 직장합병증과의 연관성은 MD-BED $Gy_3$보다 개별 환자의 직장전벽 총 선량 BED값인 R-BED $Gy_3$가 훨씬 더 높았다. 요도카테터 풍선의 후방지점이 대변하는 방광의 총 선량 BED값인 V-BED $Gy_3$도 방광합병증과 경향성 테스트에서 통계적 유의성을 보였다. 하지만, 어떠한 방사선선량도 골반제어율과 의미 있는 상관관계를 보이지 않았다. 본 기관에서 주치의의 선호도에 따라 강내근접치료가 외부방사선치료의 중간에 시행되는 형태인 샌드위치기법과 외부방사선치료 후반부에 시행되는 순차적 기법으로 구분하였을 때, 두 방식간 치료성적 및 합병증의 차이는 없었다. 총 치료기간에 대한 분석에서는 치료기간이 길어질수록 재발 위험이 커지는 경향을 보였으나, 나이 및 병기, 종양의 크기, MD-BED $Gy_{10}$ 등의 예후 인자를 보정한 다변량분석에서는 치료기간이 100일 이상인 경우에만 통계적으로 유의하게 증가하였다. 강내근접치료 분할선량 크기인 3 Gy와 5 Gy 사이에 골반제어율 및 합병증의 차이는 없었다. 결론: 자궁경부암의 최적방사선치료 스케줄에 대한 지침을 세우기 어렵게 만드는 가장 중요한 이유는 강내근접치료가 갖는 선량분포 특성에서 기인하는 방사선선량-골반제어율 상관 관계의 부재 및 개별 종양의 방사선에 대한 반응 속도가 환자마다 크게 다를 수 있다는 점이다. 따라서 전체적인 원칙과 함께 개인화된 맞춤치료가 필요하다. 치료 지침에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 요소들의 복합적인 고려도 중요하다고 할 수 있겠다. 합병증 발생이 우려되는 경우 생물학적 유효선량을 낮추기 위해 적절한 조기 중앙차폐 및 강내근접치료의 분할선량 크기 감소를 고려해볼 수 있다.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.79-92
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• 2007

목 적: 전국 병원의 방사선종양학과에서 식도암으로 방사선 치료를 받은 환자들을 각 병원으로부터 입력 받아 세부 항목별로 분석하여 식도암 환자들의 구성과 특징을 파악하여 범국가적인 자료로 활용하는 한편 치료방침을 분석하여 향후 적절한 치료를 위한 가이드라인으로 삼고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 전국 병원의 방사선종양학과에서 1998년과 1999년의 2년간에 걸쳐 식도암으로 확진된 246명을 대상으로 하였다. 연간 400명 미만의 방사선치료 신환자 발생병원들을 A군, 400명 이상 900명 미만의 병원들을 B군, 그리고 900명 이상 신환자가 발생하는 병원을 C군으로 분류하여 최종적으로 A군에서 12병원, B군에서 8개 병원, 그리고 C군에서 3개의 병원이 연구에 참여하였다. 이미 개발된 Web-based Korean PCS system을 통해 각 병원으로부터 직접 자료를 입력 받아 이를 세부 항목별로 분석하였고 통계적 처리는 SPSS version 12.0.1을 사용하고 범주형 자료는 Chi-squared test를 사용하였고 연속변수는 ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis test를 적용하였다. 결 과: 입력된 환자들의 성별 분포는 남자 224명(91.1%), 여자 22명(8.9%)이었고 연령별 중앙값은 62세 전후였다. 진단 및 병기결정을 위한 검사로는 식도 촬영술(228명, 92.7%), 식도내시경(226명, 91.9%) 및 흉부 식도 CT 스캔(238명, 96.7%)을 주로 시행하였다. 편평상피암이 대종을 이루어 237명(96.3%)의 환자에서 관찰되었고 중흉부식도(mid-thoracic esophagus)에서 발생한 식도암이 가장 많았다(110명, 44.7%). 임상 병기는 III기가 과반수 이상을 차지하였다(135명, 54.9%). 방사선 치료만 받은 경우는 57명(23.2%), 방사선 치료와 수술을 병용한 경우는 전체의 15%인 37명, 항암약물 치료와 방사선 치료를 병용한 경우는 123명(50%)이었다. 수술과 방사선 치료를 병행한 경우 전례에서 수술을 먼저 시행한 후 방사선 치료를 하였다. 항암치료를 방사선치료와 병행한 경우 반수 이상에서(70명, 56.9%) 동시항암방사선 치료를 시행하였고 31명(25.2%)에서 항암치료 후 방사선치료를 또는 항암요법 단독치료 후 동시항암방사선치료를(13명, 10.6%) 시행하였다. 방사선 치료는 6 MV (116명, 47.2%)와 10 MV (87명, 35.4%)의 X-ray가 대종을 이루었다. 방사선 치료 시 조사야는 longitudinal margin의 경우 중앙값은 7.0 cm이었지만 각 군별로 현저한 차이가 있었다(A군; 5.5 cm, B군; 8.0 cm, C군; 14.0 cm). 계획용 CT를 사용하지 않고 고식적인 AP/PA 조사야를 사용하여 치료한 경우가 대부분이었는데(206명, 83.7%) 이 때 방사선 조사량의 중앙값은 3,600 cGy이었다. 이후 추가 방사선 치료 시 계획용 CT를 사용하지 않고 2-oblique fields 사용하여 치료한 경우가 87명(35.4%)이었는데 방사선 조사량의 중앙값은 1,800 cGy이었다. 전 환자에서 1일 1회 180 cGy로 치료하였다. 전 환자에서 조사된 총 방사선량의 중앙값은 5,580 cGy이었다. 수술 후 방사선 치료를 시행한 경우 중앙값은 5,040 cGy이었고 수술을 받지 않은 환자 중앙값은 5,940 cGy이었다. 근접조사 방사선 치료는 총 34명(13.8%)에서 시행되었고, 전 환자에서 high dose rate Iridium-192를 사용하였다. 조사범위는 종양에서 longitudinal margin의 중앙값은 1 cm, prescribed isodose curve에서 axial length의 평균값은 8.25 cm, 폭은 2 cm, 그리고 전후 폭의 중앙값도 2 cm이었다. Fraction size의 중앙값은 300 cGy이었는데 B군의 경우는 500 cGy이었다. 총 분할 횟수는 $3{\sim}4$회가 대부분이었다. 한편, 방사선 치료 중 발생한 급성 부작용은 식도염이 가장 많았는데 전체 246명 환자 중 155명(63.0%)에서 발생하였다. 결 론: 전국 23개 병원의 식도암 환자 치료 Data를 분석해 본 결과 대부분의 병원에서 환자의 특징과 진단 및 병기 결정 방법, 치료의 유형 등에서 유사한 결과를 보였으며 신환 발생 수에 따른 병원 규모의 차이는 조사 결과에 큰 영향을 미치지 못하였다. 하지만 병원 규모가 클수록 10 MV 이상의 고에너지로 치료하는 경향이 많았으며 3D CT Plan도 병원 규모가 클수록 활용도가 높았다. 조사 야의 면적도 병원 군별로 차이를 보였다. 향후 더 많은 환자를 입력하여 생존율 분석까지 이루어지면 이 연구는 식도암 치료방침의 결정에 중요한 guideline을 제시해 줄 것으로 사료된다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제49권6호
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• pp.691-702
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• 2000

연구배경 : 내독소 유도성 급성 폐손상(acute lung injury : ALI)은 비교적 임상에서 흔히 접하는 호흡기질환으로서, 조기에 적절한 치료가 이루어지지 않을 경우 예후가 좋지 않은 것으로 알려져 있다. 하지만 최근 몇 가지 보조치료약제가 임상에서 사용되고 있기는 하지만, 아직 ALI를 효과적으로 치료할 수 있는 약제는 개발되어 있지 않은 실정이다. 이에 본 연구지들은 최근 ALI의 새로운 보조치료약제로서의 가능성이 대두 pentoxifylline (PF) 및 ONO-5046(specific neutrophil elastase inhibitor)이 백서의 내독소 유도성 ALI와 관련된 염증반응에 대해 어떤 효과를 나타내는지 알아보고자 하였다. 방법 : 내독소 유도성 ALI의 생체외(in vitro) 모델을 확립하기 위해 백서의 폐포대식세포 및 말초혈액 호중구를 다양한 비율(1:0, 5:1, 1:1, 1:5, 0:1)로 혼합하여 내독소 자극 하에서 백서의 폐포상피세포주(L2 cells) 혹은 혈관내피세포주(IP2-E4 cells)와 함께 혼합 배양하였다. 모든 실험은 5군(대조군, LPS군, LPS+PF군, LPS+ONO군, LPS+PF+ONO군)으로 나누어 비교하였는데, 우선 다양한 비율로 혼합된 백서 폐포대식세포 및 말초혈액 호중구의 배양상층액으로부터 내독소 유도성 과산화음이온 생성능을 측정하고, 이들 염증세포들이 각 폐조직세포에 미치는 세포독성능을 측정하였다. 아울러 백서의 폐포대식세포로부터 내독소 유도성 TNF-$\alpha$, MCP-1, IL-6, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-10 분비 및 TNF-$\alpha$ iNOS, MCP-1 mRNA 발현을 관찰하였다. 결과 : (1) 세포혼합비가 1:5일 때 LPS+PF+ONO군을 제외하고는 세포혼합비에 상관없이 LPS+PF군, LPS+ONO군 및 LPS+PF+ONO군 모두에서 각 세포혼합비의 LPS군에 비해 백서 폐포대식세포와 말초혈액 호중구로부터 내독소 유도성 과산화 음이온 생성능이 억제되는 경향을 보였다. (2) 백서 혈관내피세포(IP2-E4 cells)에 대한 염증세포들의 내독소 유도성 세포독성능은 세포혼합비에 상관없이 LPS+PF군, LPS+ONO군 및 LPS+PF+ONO군 모두에서 각 세포혼합비의 LPS군에 비해 감소하는 경향올 보였다. 하지만 백서 폐포상피세포(L2 cells)에 대한 염증세포들의 내독소 유도성 세포독성능은 세포혼합비 및 각 실험군에 따라 다양한 양상을 보였다. (3) LPS+PF군 및 LPS+PF+ONO군 포두에서 백서 LPS군에 비해 TNF-$\alpha$ 분비가 LPSrns에 비해 통계적으로 유의하게 감소되었으며, MCP-1 및 IL-10 분비도 LPS군에 비해 다소 감소 하는 경향을 보였다. 반면에 LPS+ONO군은 LPS군과 비교하여 백서 폐포대식세포로부터 내독소 유도성 cytokines 분비에 별 차이가 없었다. LPS+PF군, LPS+ONO군 및 LPS+PF+ONO군 모두에서 백서 폐포대식세포로부터 내독소 유도성 IL-$1{\beta}$ 및 IL-6 분비는 LPS군에 비해 오히려 증가하는 경향을 보였다. (4) LPS+PF군, LPS+ONO군 및 LPS+PF+ONO군 모두에서 백서 폐포대식셰포로부터 내독소 유도성 TNF-$\alpha$ 및 MCP-l mRNA 발현이 억제되는 경향을 보였으나, iNOS mRNA 발현은 오히려 증가하는 경향을 보였다. pentoxifylline은 백서의 염증세포들로부터 내독소 유도성 과산화 음이온 생성을 억제하였고 폐포대식세포로부터 TNF-$\alpha$ 및 MCP-1 mRNA 발현과 억제하여 폐조직세포 손상을 감소시켰으며 ONO-5046은 과산화 음이온 생성억제 및 TNF-$\alpha$ MCP-1 mRNA 발현억제, MCP-1의 분비를 억제하였을 뿐 아니라 항염증 매개물질인 IL-10 분비를 증가시킴으로써 폐조직세포의 손상을 방지할 수 있음을 확인하였다. pentoxifylline과 ONO-5046의 병용투여시에도 과산화 음이온 생성 및 일부 염증성 물즐의 mRNA의 발현 및 분비를 억제함으로써 폐조직세포의 손상을 방지함을 확인할 수 있었다. 결론 : 이상의 결과들로 보아 PF 및 ONO-5046은 내독소 유도성 ALI의 염증반응을 완화시키는 역할을 하는 것으로 추측되며, 향후 이 약제들은 ALI의 새로운 보조 치료제로 사용하기 위해서는 추가 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각되는 바이다.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.105-133
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• 1974

본 연구는 목련에서 분리한 흰비단병균 Sclerotimu rolfsii Sacc.의 분화형을 밝히고 균계생장 및 균핵형성에 대한 영양생리를 구명코저 vitamin, 질소원, 탄소원의 효과를 검토했으며 또 본 균과 Penicillium sp.와의 생태적 관계를 해명하기 위한 기초적인 연구로서 본 균의 균계생장 및 균핵형성에 대한 Penicillium 배양여액의 촉진효과와 그 요인을 밝히려고 시도하였다. 본 연구결과를 종합해서 적요하면 다음과 같다. 1. 목연에서 분리한 흰비단병균 제1형, 축2형은 배지상의 성상이나 생리적 성질 펄 병원성이 상이하였다. 특히 목연 아카시아에 대한 병원성은 양자 동일하나 콩이나 오이에 대해서는 제2형균이 제1형균보다 더 강하였다. 2. 공시된 14종의 질소원중 $KNO_2$와 glycine을 제외하고는 모두 thiamine hydrochloride 10r/l가 첨가되었을 때 비로소 공시균의 균계생장 및 균핵형성에 이용되었다. 질소의 형태별로 보면 균계생장에 있어서는 $NO_3-N$보다는 $NH_4-N$이 훨씬 더 효과적이며 organic N은 화합물에 따라 상이하였다. 그러나 균핵형성에 있어서는 이와 반대로 $NO_3-N$이 효과적이었다. $NO_2-N$은 균계생장이나, 균핵형성에 전혀 효과가 없었다. 3. 공시 탄소원 7종도 대체적으로 thiamine이 존재하지 않는 한 균계생장이나 균핵형성에 아무런 효과가 없었다. thiamine이 첨가될 경우 균계생장에 있어서 glucose와 saccharose가 가장 효과적이고 maltose와 soluble starch는 효과가 적었으며 xylose, lactose, glyceline은 전혀 효과가 없었다. 균핵형성에 있어서는 loctose를 제외하고는 전구에서 균핵형성을 보였으며 모두 비슷한 효과를 나타냈다. 4. 배지중의 질소원이 동일수준이면 탄소원이 증가함에 따라 균계생장량이 증가하였다. 그러나 질소원의 량에는 한도가 있는 것으로 질소 0.5g/l이상에서는 오히려 균계생장이 억제되었다. 그러나 균핵형성에 있어서는 탄소원의 증가에 따라 균핵형성량이 저하하였다. 5. 공시균은 thiamine 결핍균으로서 균계생장 최적 thiamine 농도는 20r/l이고 이 농도를 초과하면 오히려 균계생장이 억제되는데 150r/l에서는 무첨가구와 거의 같은 정도로 억제되었다. 6. 공시균의 생장에 있어서 thiamine의 첨가에 따른 질소원리용도는 $NH_4NO_3>(NH_4)_2SO_4>asparagine>KNO_3$의 순위이며 질소원별 thiamine 최적요구량은 $KNO_3$인 경우 12r/l, asparagine인 경우 16r/l 정도였다. 균핵형성량에 있어서는 $KNO_3>NH_4NO_3>asparagine>(NH_4)_2SO_4$의 순위로서 thiamine 최적량은 $KNO_3,\;NH_4NO_3$인 경우 8r/l에서 전균핵생산량의 대부분이 형성되나 asparagine인 경우에는 16r/l 정도였다. 7. 배양액의 pH는 공시균이 생장을 개시하자마자 3.5정도로 급격히 떨어지나 그 이후부터는 생장량이 증가함에 따라 완만하게 떨어졌다. 그러나 pH2.2 이하로는 더 내려가지 않았다. 8. 공시균의 균계생장에 대한 각종 vitamin의 상호효과는 thiamine, biotin, pyridoxine, inositol의 4가지 조합에 있어서도 thiamine이 첨가되지 않은 곳에서는 거의 효과가 나타나지 않았다. 그러나 thiamine+pyridoxine, thiamine+inosital, thiamine+biotin+pyridoxine, thiamine+pyridoxine+inositol구에 있어서는 thiamine 단독 첨가구와 동등 혹은 그 이상의 효과를 나타내지만 thiamine+biotin과 thiamine+biotin+inosital구는 오히려 떨어졌다. 균핵형성에 있어서는 thiamine 단독구에 비하여 각구 모두 약간씩 증가하였다. 9. Penicillium 배양여액중에는 공시균의 균계생장을 촉진하는 물질이 존재하며 배양여액 6-15ml/50ml 배양액의 농도에서 거의 최고균계생장량에 달하였다. 10. 질소원으로서 첨가한 $NH_4NO_3$ 혹은 asparagine은 균계생장에 있어서 배양여액농도 여가에 관계없이 $NH_4NO_3$가 더 유효하였다. 11. 배양여액에 대한 일련의 처리에 있어서 휘발성물질분획, 비휘발성물질분획, 휘발산분획, ether 가용성유기산분획, ether 불용성물질분획, cation 흡착물질분획, cation 비흡착물질분획, anion 흡착물질분획 및 비흡착물질분획의 9분획중 비휘발성물질분획, ether 불용물질분획, cation 흡착물질분획 및 anion 비흡착물질분획에서만 균계가 잘 자랐다. 그러나 균핵은 오직 cation 흡착물질분획에서만 형성되었다. 12. 이 결과는 배양여액중에 균계생장물질, 균핵형성물질 및 균핵형성억제물질이 존재하며 이들 물질은 각각 별개의 물질로서 전2자는 비휘발성이고 ether 불용성이며 cation교환수지에는 흡착되지 않는 물질이며 후자는 비휘발성이고 ether 불용성이며 cation 및 anion 교환수지에 흡착되지 않는 물질임을 암시한다. 13. DNP-aminoacids paper chromatography에 의하여 cation 교환수지흡착분획중에서 aspartic acid, cystine, glycine, histidine, lycine, tyrosine 및 dinitroaniline 7종의 아미노산이 검출되었다. 14. S. rolfsii의 균계생장 및 균핵형성은 glutamic acid, aspartic acid, cystine, histidine 및 glycine의 단독첨가나 혼합첨가에 의해서 촉진되지 않았고 다만 tyrosine에 의해서 약간 촉진되었다. 15. 균핵의 습열에 대한 저항성은 균핵의 수분함유량에 따라 다르며 수분함유량이 적은 것이 보다 더 강하였다. 배지에서 채취한 균핵은 제1,2형균 모두 $52^{\circ}C$에서 5분에 사멸하거나 155일간 $26{\circ}C$에서 건조시킨 것은 $52^{\circ}C$에 있어서 제1형균은 15분, 제2형균은 10분, $57^{\circ}C$에 있어서는 제1형균은 5분, 제2형균은 10분처리에 사멸하였다. 16. 배양균핵을 132일간 $26^{\circ}C$에서 건조시킨 것은 제1,2형균 모두 전부 발아하였고 기건상태에서 283일간 방치한 천연균핵도 제1,2균형 모두 발아하였으며 443일간처리한 것도 아직 제1형균 $20\%$, 제2형균 $16$의 발아율을 보지하고 있었다. 17. 저온에 대한 저항성은 균계, 균계괴, 균핵의 순으로 강하였는데 균계는 $-7--8^{\circ}C$ 1주간 처리에서 완전 사멸하였으나 균계괴는 $-17--20^{\circ}C$ 3주에서도 아직 사멸치 않은 것이 있었으며 균핵은 $-17--20^{\circ}C$ 3주에서 대부분 생존하였다. 18. 약제저항력은 승괴수 $0.05%$에 있어서 제1형균은 180분 제2형균은 240분, $0.1\%$에 있어서는 제1형균 60분, 제2형균 30분에 각각 사멸하였고, Uspulun 800배에 있어서는 제1형균은 120분에 사멸하나 제2형균은 180분에도 사멸치 않으며 500배에 있어서는 제1,2형균 모두 90분에 비로소 사멸하였다. 그러나 유산동 $5\%$ 240분, Ceresan 석탄, Mercuron 각 500배 80분처리에도 아무런 영향이 없었다. 19. Benlate와 Tachigaren의 농도가 증가함에 따라 균계생장 억제효과도 증가하였다. 처리 6째에는 Benlate 0.5ppm을 제외하고는 전농도에서 뚜렷한 억제효과를 나타내었으나 12일째에는 농도에 따라 현저한 차이를 나타냈다. Benlate 0.5ppm 처리는 대조구에 비하여 $66\%$, 2.0ppm은 $92\%$의 억제효과를, Tachigaren은 1ppm $54\%$, 1.5ppm과 2.0ppm은 $77\%$의 억제효과를 나타냈다. 양자 모두 500ppm에서는 거의 완전히 균계생장을 억제시켰다. 균핵형성은 Benlate 500ppm과 Tachigaren 500ppm 및 1000ppm에서 $100\%$ 억제되었다. 20. 일반적으로 균계생장량이 증가함에 따라 배지중의 glucose나 $NH_4-N$의 소비량도 증가하였으나 Benlate나 Techigaren을 처리할 경우 그 농도의 증가에 따라 이들의 소비량이 억제되었다. 그러나 Benlate 저농도(0.5ppm 및 1ppm)에 있어서는 $NH_4-N$의 소비가 무처리구보다 많았다. 21. glucose와 $NH_4-N$의 흡수이용효과 즉 glucose나 $NH_4-N$ 1mg을 소비하여 생산된 균계량은 Benlate나 Techigaren의 처리로 말미암아 크게 저하되었다. 그 정도는 농도에 관계없이 처리 3일째에 가장 심했고 이후 시일이 경과함에 따라 높아졌다. Benlate 처리의 glucose를 제외하고는 대체로 농도가 증가함에 따라 흡수이용효과가 저하되었다. 22. 토양배양에 있어서 $CO_2$ 배출량으로 측정한 균계생장은 어느 농도에서나 저지되지 않았고 다만 Tachigaren 100mg/g 토양에서만 현저하게 억제되었다. 균핵형성은 Benlate나 Tachigaren 10mg/g 토양에서 완전히 억제되었다. 23. Benlate와 Tachigaren 0.1, 1.0, 10, 100, 1000ppm에 10분 및 20분간 침지처리한 결과 균핵의 발아억제효과를 인정할 수 없었다.

• 한국유통학회지:유통연구
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.111-137
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• 2010

본 연구는 서비스 시장에서의 지각된 품질과 개인가치간의 인과적 관계 및 고객의 인지욕구에 따른 온 오프라인상의 조절효과에 대해 실증분석하였으며 이를 통해 개인가치에 대한 서비스 전략과 마케팅 관리의 중요성을 제시하고 있다. 서비스 시장에서 서비스 제공자와 구매자간의 장기적 거래관계의 중요성이 크게 부각됨에 따라 관계구축 및 강화에 매우 중요한 역할을 하는 개인가치에 관한 연구는 학계뿐만 아니라 실무적으로도 고객관계관리의 관점에서 시사하는 바가 크다고 할 수 있다. 실증분석을 위해 대형마트(할인점)와 인터넷 쇼핑몰을 이용하는 고객을 대상으로 설문을 통해 데이터를 수집하였으며 온 오프라인의 비교분석을 통한 차이검증을 위한 인과적 구성모델에 대해 구조방정식 모델분석을 통해 가설검증하였다. 구성모델에 대한 분석결과 물리적 환경, 상호작용 품질, 그리고 결과품질로 구성된 지각된 품질은 안정적 삶, 사회적 인식, 사회적 통합으로 구성된 서비스 개인가치에 통계적으로 매우 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며 집단간 차이효과분석을 통해서도 온 오프라인에 따른 조정효과는 온라인에서보다는 오프라인에서 더 유의한 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 온라인상에서의 서비스에 대한 인지욕구가 높을 때보다는 오프라인상에서의 서비스에 대한 인지욕구가 높을 때 개인가치에 더 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 본 연구의 구성모델에 대한 적합도 역시 수용할만한 수준인 것으로 나타났다.