• Journal of ILASS-Korea
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.131-138
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• 2009

In the present study, spread-recoil behavior of a drop of shear-thinning liquid (xanthan solution) on a dry wall (polished stainless-steel plate) was examined and compared with that of Newtonian liquid (glycerin solution). Nine different kinds of xanthan and glycerin solutions were tested, including three pairs of xanthan and glycerin solutions, each having the same viscosity in low shear rate region ($10^{-2}-10^0\;l/s$). The drop behavior was visualized and recorded using a CCD camera. The maximum diameter and the spreading velocity of the xanthan drops turned out to be significantly larger and the time to reach their final shape was much shorter compared to the cases with the glycerin solutions, due to the smaller viscous dissipation resulted from lower viscosity in the higher shear rate region (>$10^0\;l/s$). As a result, the maximum diameters were measured to be larger than the predicted values based on the model proposed for Newtonian liquids, and the deviation was more pronounced with the solution with the larger viscosity variation. Consequently, viscosity variation with the shear rate was found to be a dominant factor governing the spread-recoil behavior of shear-thinning drops.

• International Journal of Control, Automation, and Systems
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.295-306
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• 2007

It is well known that mathematical solutions for multi-agent planning problems are very difficult to obtain due to the complexity of mutual interactions among multi-agents. Most of the past research results are thus based on the probabilistic completeness. However, the practicality and effectiveness of the solution from the probabilistic completeness is significantly reduced by heavy computational burden. In this paper, we propose a practically applicable solution technique for multi-agent planning problems, which assures a reasonable computation time and a real world application for more than 3 multi-agents, for the case of general shaped paths in agent movement. First, to reduce the computation time, an extended collision map is developed and utilized for detecting potential collisions and obtaining collision-free solutions for multi-agents. Second, a priority for multi-agents is considered for successive and interactive modifications of the agent movements with lower priority. Various solutions using speed reduction and time delay of the relevant agents are investigated and compared in terms of the computation time. A practical implementation is finally provided for three different types of agents to emphasize the effectiveness of the proposed interactive approach to multi-agent planning problems.

• East Asian Journal of Business Economics (EAJBE)
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.105-114
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• 2022

Purpose - The sports business industry and contemporary sports marketing is an exemplary wide field that primarily comprises specific activities, numerous individuals, organizations, and business ventures. This research aims to provide a marketing strategy to lead Leisure sporting goods consumption to improve the leisure life of sports participants. Research design, Data, and methodology - The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) was conducted to obtain the appropriate literature resources and total 15 previous resources selected by the present author after excluding papers based on screening process. Result - The literature analysis revealed that marketing practitioners in the sports and leisure industry should remember three significant solutions which are suggested. These solutions the following: (1) Brand Visibility, (2) Suitable Business Designs, and (3) Customers Support. They will enhance the perspective of consumption goods that foster leisure life to sporting participants following a well-advanced market strategy Conclusion - The sporting activities are generally inspiring, emotion provoking, immersive, rapidly growing profits and revenues, and engaging; hence, it is a great adventure of advancing customer orientation and a platform for growing the market. Therefore professionals have the responsibility to design sporting events in synergy with different stakeholders in ensuring improved and enjoyable experiences based on the marketing solutions of the current research.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.113-116
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• 2019

A three-dimensional porous structure was fabricated by pattern transfer printing for applications of electrodes in gas sensors. To form replica patterns, solutions were mixed with acetone, toluene, heptane, and poly(methyl methacrylate). These replica patterns can also be formed on substrates such as polyimide, polydimethylsiloxane, and silicon. The wide range of line widths from 1 to $5{\mu}m$ was derived from the surface grating patterns of master substrates. The cross-bar pattern with 40 layers showed a thickness of 600 nm. The area of platinum transferred patterns with different line widths was enhanced to $20{\times}25mm$, which is applicable to various electrode patterns of gas sensors.

• Advances in nano research
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.273-288
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• 2024

The geometrical nonlinear vibrations of the gold nanoscale rod are investigated for the first time by considering the internal modals interactions using different nonlinear beam theories. This phenomenon is usually one of the important features of nonlinear vibration systems. For a more detailed analysis, the von-Karman effects, preserving all the nonlinear terms in the strain-displacement relationships of gold nanoscale rods in three displacement directions, are considered to analyze the nonlinear axial vibrations of gold nanoscale rods. It uses highly accurate analytical-numerical solutions for the clamped-clamped and clamped-free boundary conditions of nanoscale gold rods. Also, with the help of Hamilton's principle, the governing equation and boundary conditions are derived based on Eringen's theory. The influence of nonlinear and nonlocal factors on axial vibrations was investigated separately for all three theories: Simple (ST), Rayleigh (RT) and Bishop (BT). Using different theories, the effects of inertia and shear on the internal resonances of gold nanorods were studied and compared in terms of twoto-one and three-to-one internal resonances. As the nonlocal parameter of the gold nanorod increases, the maximum nonlinear amplitude occurs. So, by adding nonlocal effects in a gold nanorod, the internal modal interactions resulting from the unique structure can be enhanced. It is worth noting that shear and inertial analysis have a significant effect on internal modal interactions in gold nanorods.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.35-43
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• 2022

Based on novel Galerkin's technique, the theoretical study gives a prediction to estimate the vibrations of FG rotating cylindrical shell. Terms of ring supports have been introduced by a polynomial function. Three different laws of volume fraction are utilized for the vibration of cylindrical shells. Variation frequencies with the locations of ring supports have been analyzed and these ring supports are placed round the circumferential direction. The base of this approach is an approximate estimation of eigenvalues of proper functions which are the results of solutions of vibrating equation. Each longitudinal wave number corresponds to a particular boundary condition. The results are given in tabular and graphical forms. By increasing different value of height-to-radius ratio, the resulting backward and forward frequencies increase and frequencies decrease on increasing length-to-radius ratio. There is a new form of frequencies is obtained for different positions of ring supports, which is bell shaped. Moreover, on increasing the rotating speed, the backward frequencies increases and forward frequencies decreases.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.143-148
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• 2015

Objectives: This study evaluated the maximum depth and percentage of irrigant penetration into dentinal tubules by passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI). Materials and Methods: Thirty extracted human teeth were instrumented and divided into three groups. According to final irrigation regimen, 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (Group A, NaOCl), 2% chlorhexidine (Group B, CHX) and saline solution (Group C, control group) were applied with Irrisafe 20 tips (Acteon) and PUI. Irrigant was mixed with 0.1% rhodamine B. Sections at 2 mm, 5 mm, and 8 mm from the apex were examined with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The percentage and maximum depth of irrigant penetration were measured. Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney test were performed for overall comparison between groups at each level and for pairwise comparison, respectively. Within a group, Wilcoxon test was performed among different levels. p values less than 0.05 were considered significant. Results: In all groups, highest penetration depth and percentage of penetration were observed at the 8 mm level. At 2 mm level, Groups A and B had significantly greater depths and percentages in penetration than Group C (p < 0.05), but there were no significant differences between Groups A and B. At 5 mm level, penetration depths and percentage of penetration was not significantly different among the groups. Conclusions: NaOCl and CHX applied by PUI showed similar depth and percentage of penetration at all evaluated levels.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.313-337
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• 2012

A three-dimensional formulation is proposed to analyze the lateral loading distribution of external actions in high-rise buildings. The method is extended to encompass any combination of bracings, including bracings with open thin-walled cross-sections, which are analyzed in the framework of Timoshenko-Vlasov's theory of sectorial areas. More in detail, the proposed unified approach is a tool for the preliminary stages of structural design. It considers infinitely rigid floors in their own planes, and allows to better understand stress and strain distributions in the different bearing elements if compared to a finite element analysis. Numerical examples, describing the structural response of tall buildings characterized by bracings with different cross-section and height, show the effectiveness and flexibility of the proposed method. The accuracy of the results is investigated by a comparison with finite element solutions, in which the bracings are modelled as three-dimensional structures by means of shell elements.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.187-193
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• 2010

The effects of molecular weight (MW) and concentration on the rheological properties of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) solutions in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were investigated at $30^{\circ}C$. Ubbelohde viscometer and rotational rheometer were employed for dilute and concentrated regime, respectively. In the dilute regime, the Mark-Houwink exponent ($\alpha$) of the solutions determined from three different MWs proved 0.73. The critical concentration (C*), in which the entanglement and overlap of polymer molecules began to take place, decreased with increasing the MW of PVA. Huggins constant ($K_H$) values ranged from 0.33 to 0.45 over the MW examined. In the log-log plot of $\eta_{sp}$ versus [$\eta$]C, the PVA with higher degree of polymerization (DP) gave a greater slope exhibiting the inflection point in the vicinity of C*. In the dynamic viscosity ($\eta'$) curve, the PVA solutions of DP 1700 presented Newtonian fluid behavior over most of the frequency range examined. However, the lower Newtonian flow region reduced with increasing the DP. As the PVA concentration increased, $\eta'$ was increased and the onset shear rate for pseudoplasticity was decreased. In the Cole-Cole plot, PVA solutions showed almost a single master curve in a slope of ca. 1.65 regardless of the DP. However, the increase of the concentration from 8 to 12 wt% for PVA solutions of DP 5000 decreased the slope from 1.73 to 1.57. In the tan $\delta$ curve, the onset frequency for sol-gel transition was shifted from 154 to 92 rad/s with increasing the DP from 3300 to 5000 and from 192 to 46 rad/s with increasing the concentration from 8 to 12 wt%. In addition, longer relaxation time ($\lambda$) was observed with increasing the DP and concentration.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.27-32
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to evaluate survival rates of vitrified mouse blastocysts in various vitrification solutions (cryoprotectants) and apparatuses. The mouse blastocysts were harvested from culture of mouse 2 cell embryo and were divided into three group (i) untreated (control); (ii) exposed to cryoprotectant agents; or (iii) cryopreserved by various vitrification apparatuses. Vitrification solutions are 40% ethylene glycol (EG) + 5.8 mg/mL ficoll + 0.5M sucrose (EFS solution), 3M glycerol + 3M EG (ES solution), 20% EG + 20% dimethyl sulfoxide (ED solution), 3M EG + 1.0 m sucrose (ES solution). Vitrification apparatuses consisted of 5 groups ; closed plastic straw (CPS), electron microscope (EM) grid, cryoloop, open pulled straw (OPS), and glass micropippete in plastic straw (GPS). The survival rates of control were 88.0%. The survival rates of exposed blastocysts in EFS, GE, ED, and ES solutions were 70.8%, 43.5% (P<0.01), 83.3% and 65.2%, respectively. The survival rates of vitrified blastocysts in CPS, EM grid, cryoloop, OPS and GPS were 56.5% (P< 0.01), 72.7%, 83.3%, 60.9% (P<0.05) and 54.2% (P<0.01), respectively. Among the vitrification solutions, the highest survival rate was seen in blastocysts vitrified in EG + DMSO (83.3%). The survival rate was not significantly different from that of the control (88%). Blastocysts cryopreserved with glycerol in all groups had an overall low survival rate of 43.5%. Survival rate of mouse blastocysts between vitrification apparatuses showed higher in cryoloop.