• Title/Summary/Keyword: thickness loss

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Effect of Hot Water Treatment on Storage Quality of Minimally Processed Onion (열수처리가 신선 편의가공 양파의 저장품질에 미치는 효과)

  • Hong, Seok-In;Lee, Hyun-Hee;Son, Seok-Min;Kim, Dong-Man
    • Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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    • v.36 no.2
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    • pp.239-245
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    • 2004
  • Storage quality of minimally processed onion as influenced by hot-water dipping was investigated to examine feasibility of mild heat treatment as efficient post-processing method. fresh onions were peeled, trimmed, and dipped in hot water at various temperatures ($50-80^{\circ}C$) for 1 min. Heat-treated onions were cooled, de-watered, packaged in low density polyethylene (LDPE) film pouches ($63\;{\mu}m\;thickness$), and stored at $10^{\circ}C$. Samples treated at higher temperatures ($70-80^{\circ}C$) showed significant increases in flesh weight loss and discoloration during storage as compared to others. Hot-water dipping remarkably reduced initial microbial load of prepeeled onions, with over 1 log cycle decrease in aerobic bacterial count. After 7 days storage, no significant differences in viable aerobe count were observed among treated and untreated samples, with both showing $10^{6}-10^{7}\;CFU/g$. For sensory attributes including discoloration, wilting, decay, and visual quality, onions treated with hot-water dipping at $60^{\circ}C$ scored highest. Results suggested hot-water dipping at specific condition as practical post-processing treatment could effectively prolong shelf life of minimally processed onion.

Crystallographic and Interfacial Characterization of Al2O3 and ZrO2 Dielectric Films Prepared by Atomic Layer Chemical Vapor Deposition on the Si Substrate (Si 기판에서 원자층 화학 기상 증착법으로 제조된 Al2O3 및 ZrO2 유전 박막의 결정학적 특성 및 계면 구조 평가)

  • Kim, Joong-Jung;Yang, Jun-Mo;Lim, Kwan-Yong;Cho, Heung-Jae;Kim, Won;Park, Ju-Chul;Lee, Soun-Young;Kim, Jeong-Sun;Kim, Geun-Hong;Park, Dae-Gyu
    • Korean Journal of Materials Research
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    • v.13 no.8
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    • pp.497-502
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    • 2003
  • Crystallographic characteristics and interfacial structures of $Al_2$$O_3$and $ZrO_2$dielectric films prepared by atomic layer chemical vapor deposition (ALCVD) were investigated at atomic scale by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS)/electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) coupled with a field-emission transmission electron microscope. The results obtained from cross-sectional and plan-view specimens showed that the $Al_2$$O_3$film was crystallized by annealing at a high temperature and its crystal system might be evaluated as either cubic or tetragonal phase. Whereas the $ZrO_2$film crystallized during deposition at a low temperature of ∼$300^{\circ}C$ was composed of both tetragonal and monoclinic phase. The interfacial thickness in both films was increased with the increased annealing temperature. Further, the interfacial structures of X$ZrO_2$$O_3$and $ZrO_2$films were discussed through analyses of EDS elemental maps and EELS spectra obtained from the annealed films, respectively.

Fabrication of Plasma Resistant Y2O3-Al2O3-SiO2 Coating Ceramics by Melt-Coating Method (용융코팅법에 의한 내플라즈마성 Y2O3-Al2O3-SiO2계 코팅 세라믹스 제조)

  • Park, Eui Keun;Lee, Hyun-Kwuon
    • Korean Journal of Materials Research
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    • v.30 no.7
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    • pp.359-368
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    • 2020
  • This study is aimed at improving the plasma resistance of Al2O3 ceramics on which plasma resistant YAS(Y2O3-Al2O3-SiO2) frit is melt-coated using a simple heat-treatment process. For this purpose, the results of phase analysis and microstructural observations of the prepared YAS frits and the coating layers on the Al2O3 ceramics according to the batch compositions are compared and discussed with regard to the results of plasma resistance test. The prepared YAS frits consist of crystalline or amorphous or co-existing crystalline and amorphous phases according to the batch compositions, depending on the role and content of each raw material. The prepared YAS frit is melt-coated on the densely sintered Al2O3 ceramics, resulting in a dense coating layer with a thickness of at least ~ 80 ㎛. The YAS coating layer consists of crystalline YAG(Y3Al5O12), Y2Si2O7, and Al2O3 phases, and YAS glass phase. Plasma resistance of YAS coated Al2O3 ceramics is strongly dependent on the content of the YAG(Y3Al5O12) and Y2Si2O7 crystalline phases in the coating layer, especially on the content of the YAG phase. Comparing the weight loss of YAS coating ceramics with values obtained for commercial Y2O3, Al2O3, and quartz ceramics, the plasma resistance of the YAS coating ceramics is 6 times higher than that of quartz, 2 times higher than that of Al2O3, and 50 % of the resistance of Y2O3.

A Master Packaging System for Preserving Qualities of Peaches in the Fresh Produce Supply Chain (농산물 유통과정에서 복숭아의 품질유지를 위한 마스터 포장 시스템)

  • Jeong, Mijin;An, Duck Soon;Park, Woo Po;Lee, Dong Sun
    • KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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    • v.19 no.1
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    • pp.7-10
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    • 2013
  • A packaging system integrated in primary and secondary packages to deliver consumers fresh peach in the produce supply chain was designed and its effectiveness on quality preservation was tested. The master packaging system was designed to contain 6 individual polypropylene film (PP, $30{\mu}m$ thickness) packages of 300 g peach fruit inside $35{\mu}m$ thick low density polyethylene (LDPE) bag located in a corrugated paperboard box. As a variable to attain the desired package atmosphere around the fruit during cold storage and subsequent retail display at higher temperature, different numbers (1, 3 and 7) of microperforations in $59{\mu}m$ diameter were tested on the individual PP packages. As control treatment, six fruits were placed without wrapping in a corrugated paperboard box. During the storage at $5^{\circ}C$, the control and individual packages were periodically separated from the box or master package, moved to the simulated retail shelf conditions of $20^{\circ}C$ and then stored for 3 more days with package atmosphere and fruit quality being measured. The package with 7 microperforations was the best in the ability to attain beneficial MA of 6~10% $O_2$ and 11~19% $CO_2$ around the fruit during the chilled storage at $5^{\circ}C$ and simulated retail display at $20^{\circ}C$. Packages with smaller number of microperforations resulted in anaerobic atmosphere at the low temperature storage and/or the subsequent high temperature display. Compared to control, all the treatments with master packaging system gave better retention of fruit firmness with significantly less weight loss.

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Treatment of Complete Scalp Avulsion with the Conditions of Unstable Vital Signs: A Case Report (불안정한 생체징후 하의 두피 결출상 환자의 치험례)

  • Lee, Kang Woo;Kang, Sang Yoon;Yang, Won Yong;Burm, Jin Sik
    • Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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    • v.12 no.2
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    • pp.116-120
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    • 2011
  • Purpose: Scalp avulsion is a life-threatening injury that may cause trauma to the forehead, eyebrows, and periauricular tissue. It is difficult to treat scalp avulsion as it may lead to severe bleeding. Therefore, emergency scalp replantation surgery is necessary, and we must consider the function, aesthetics, and psychology of the patients. A case of scalp avulsion leading to massive bleeding was encountered by these authors, which led to a failure to achieve the proper operation conditions in an adequate time period. Methods: A 49-year-old female was hospitalized due to having had her head caught in a rotatory machine, causing complete scalp avulsion which included the dorsum of the nose, both eyebrows, and ears. Emergent microsurgical replantation was performed, where a superficial temporal artery and a vein were anastomosed, but the patient's vital signs were too unstable for further operation due to excessive blood loss. Three days after the microanastomosis, venous congestion developed at the replanted scalp, and a medicinal leech was used. Leech therapy resolved the venous congestion. A demarcation then developed between the vitalized scalp tissue and the necrotized area. Debridement was performed 2 times on the necrotized scalp area. Finally, split-thickness skin graft with a dermal acellular matrix ($Matriderm^{(R)}$) was performed on the defective areas, which included the left temporal area, the occipital area, and both eyebrows. Results: The forehead, vertex, right temporal area, and half of the occipital area were successfully replanted, and the hair at the replanted scalp was preserved. As stated above, two-thirds of the scalp survived; the patient could cover the skin graft area with her hair, and could wear a wig. Conclusion: Complete scalp avulsion needs emergent replantation with microsurgical revascularization, but it often leads to serious vital conditions. We report a case with acceptable results, although the microanastomosed vessel was minimal due to the patient's unstable vital signs.

Evaluations of Si based ternary anode materials by using RF/DC magnetron sputtering for lithium ion batteries

  • Hwang, Chang-Muk;Park, Jong-Wan
    • Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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    • 2010.08a
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    • pp.302-303
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    • 2010
  • Generally, the high energy lithium ion batteries depend intimately on the high capacity of electrode materials. For anode materials, the capacity of commercial graphite is unlike to increase much further due to its lower theoretical capacity of 372 mAhg-1. To improve upon graphite-based negative electrode materials for Li-ion rechargeable batteries, alternative anode materials with higher capacity are needed. Therefore, some metal anodes with high theoretic capacity, such as Si, Sn, Ge, Al, and Sb have been studied extensively. This work focuses on ternary Si-M1-M2 composite system, where M1 is Ge that alloys with Li, which has good cyclability and high specific capacity and M2 is Mo that does not alloy with Li. The Si shows the highest gravimetric capacity (up to 4000mAhg-1 for Li21Si5). Although Si is the most promising of the next generation anodes, it undergoes a large volume change during lithium insertion and extraction. It results in pulverization of the Si and loss of electrical contact between the Si and the current collector during the lithiation and delithiation. Thus, its capacity fades rapidly during cycling. Si thin film is more resistant to fracture than bulk Si because the film is firmly attached to the substrate. Thus, Si film could achieve good cycleability as well as high capacity. To improve the cycle performance of Si, Suzuki et al. prepared two components active (Si)-active(Sn, like Ge) elements film by vacuum deposition, where Sn particles dispersed homogeneously in the Si matrix. This film showed excellent rate capability than pure Si thin film. In this work, second element, Ge shows also high capacity (about 2500mAhg-1 for Li21Ge5) and has good cyclability although it undergoes a large volume change likewise Si. But only Ge does not use the anode due to its costs. Therefore, the electrode should be consisted of moderately Ge contents. Third element, Mo is an element that does not alloys with Li such as Co, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, V, Zr. In our previous research work, we have fabricated Si-Mo (active-inactive elements) composite negative electrodes by using RF/DC magnetron sputtering method. The electrodes showed excellent cycle characteristics. The Mo-silicide (inert matrix) dispersed homogeneously in the Si matrix and prevents the active material from aggregating. However, the thicker film than $3\;{\mu}m$ with high Mo contents showed poor cycling performance, which was attributed to the internal stress related to thickness. In order to deal with the large volume expansion of Si anode, great efforts were paid on material design. One of the effective ways is to find suitably three-elements (Si-Ge-Mo) contents. In this study, the Si based composites of 45~65 Si at.% and 23~43 Ge at.%, and 12~32 Mo at.% are evaluated the electrochemical characteristics and cycle performances as an anode. Results from six different compositions of Si-Ge-Mo are presented compared to only the Si and Ge negative electrodes.

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The basic experiments for the fabrication of the SPUDT type Inter using the SFIT type filter (SFIT형태를 이용한 SPUDT형 필터제작에 관한 기초실험)

  • You, Il-Hyun
    • Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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    • v.11 no.10
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    • pp.1916-1923
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    • 2007
  • We have studied to obtain the SAW filter for the passband was formed on the Langasite substrate and was evaporated by Aluminum-Copper alloy and thin we performed computer-simulated by simulator. We cm fabricate that the block weighted type IDT as an input transducer of the filter and the withdrawal weighted type IDT as an output transducer of the filter from the results of our computer-simulation. Also, we have performed to obtain the properly design conditions about phase shift of the SAW filter for WCDMA. We have employed that the number of pairs of the input and output IDT are 50 pairs and the thickness and the width of reflector are $5000\;{\AA}$ and $3.6{\mu}m$ respectively. And we have employed that the distances from the hot electrode to the reflector are $2.0{\mu}m$, $2.4{\mu}m$ and the distance from the hot electrode to the ground is $1.5{\mu}m$ respectively. Frequency response of the fabricated SAW filter has the property that the center frequency is about 190MHz and bandwidth at the 3dB is probably 7,8MHz. And we could obtain that return loss is less then -18dB, ripple characteristics is probably 3dB and triple transit echo is less then -25dB after when we have matched impedance.

Meat quality of pork loins from Hereford×Berkshire female and intact male pigs reared in an alternative production system

  • Robbins, Yvette;Park, Hyeon-Suk;Tennant, Travis;Hanson, Dana;Whitley, Niki;Min, Byungrok;Oh, Sang-Hyon
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.32 no.9
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    • pp.1475-1481
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    • 2019
  • Objective: The objective of the present study was to investigate pork quality from Hereford${\times}$Berkshire female and intact male pigs reared outdoors in an alternative production system. Methods: Berkshire purebred sows were artificially inseminated, once in the fall and again in the spring of the following year, with semen from Hereford boars and managed free of antibiotics in an outdoor hoop structure until the last month of pregnancy, after which they were moved to a pasture-based unit of 0.8 hectares with individual lots with a farrowing hut, shade, and water ad libitum. Piglets were weaned at 4 weeks of age and housed in a deep-bedded hoop structure, grouped by sex. Animals were harvested at market weight of 125 kg, approximately 200 days of age. Hot carcass weight was collected at the time of the harvest. After 24 hours of refrigeration, carcass characteristics were measured. Longissimus dorsi samples collected from the right side loin. Loins were cut into 2.54-cm thick chops and were used to measure marbling score, color score, drip loss, and ultimate pH. Sensory panel tests were conducted as well at North Carolina State University. For pork characteristics and sensory panel data, trial and sex were included in the statistical model as fixed effects. Hot carcass weight was included in the model as a covariate for backfat thickness. Results: Neither the subjective nor the objective color scores displayed any differences between the boars and the gilts. No difference was found for pH and marbling score between trials or sexes. Gilts had a thicker backfat measurement at the last lumbar and a narrower longissimus muscle area measurement when compared to the boars. The only difference in the sensory characteristics was found between the trials for texture and moisture scores. Conclusion: Consumers were not able to detect boar taint under the condition of this study, which is that the intact males were reared outdoors. Additional trials would be necessary; however, based on the results of the present study, outdoor rearing can be suggested as a solution to the issue of boar taint.

Damage Characteristics of Metal Materials According to the SO2 Concentration (이산화황 농도에 따른 금속시편의 손상 특성)

  • Kim, Myoung Nam;Lim, Bo A;Shin, Eun Jeong;Lee, Sun Myung
    • Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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    • v.46 no.1
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    • pp.176-187
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    • 2013
  • A study has been carried out on metal materials in order to identify the quantitative relation between the concentration and damage characteristics after evaluation of the damage characteristics according to the $SO_2$ concentration. The prepared metal samples, which were categorized according to the material (silver, copper, iron, lead, brass) were exposed to 0.01, 0.12, 1, 10, 100, 1,000, and 5,000ppm of $SO_2$ for 24 hours and the optical, physical, chemical deterioration rates both before and after testing were evaluated. The results showed optical deterioration, a loss of gloss on silver specimen with $SO_2$ 100ppm, an increase of color difference on brass, iron, copper and lead specimens with $SO_2$ 5,000ppm, as well as physical changes such as an increase of thickness and corrosion rate on iron sample with $SO_2$ 5,000ppm. In the case of chemical changes such as an increase sulfate ion ($SO{_4}^{2-}$) concentration and decrease of pH on iron and brass specimens were identified. These results suggest that $SO_2$ 100ppm caused clear optical deterioration on some metals such as silver and physicochemical and optical deterioration were identified at $SO_2$ 5,000ppm regardless of metal type. Also, It was concluded that iron and brass are the most susceptible of the metal specimens to $SO_2$.

Analysis of Abnormal Path Loss in Jeju Coastal Area Using Duct Map (덕트맵을 이용한 제주해안지역 이상 전파특성 분석)

  • Wang, Sungsik;Lim, Tae-Heung;Chong, Young Jun;Go, Minho;Park, Yong Bae;Choo, Hosung
    • The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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    • v.30 no.3
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    • pp.223-228
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    • 2019
  • This study analyzes the propagation of the path losses between Jeju-do and Jin-do transceivers located in the coastal areas of Korea using the Advanced Refractive Prediction System(AREPS) simulation software based on the actual coastal weather database. The simulated data is used to construct a duct map according to the altitude and thickness of the trap. The duct map is then divided into several regions depending on the altitude parameters of Tx and Rx, which can be used to effectively estimate the abnormal wave propagation characteristics due to duct occurrence in the Jeju-do coastal area. To validate the proposed duct map, two representative atmospheric index samples of the weather database in May 2018 are selected, and the simulated path losses using these atmospheric indices are compared with the measured data. The simulated path losses for abnormal conditions at the Rx point at Jeju-do are 167.7 dB and 192.3 dB, respectively, which are in good agreement with the measured data of 164.4 dB and 194.9 dB, respectively.