• Proceedings of the KWS Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.675-680
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• 2002

Cracking and bulging in welded and internally lined pressure vessels that work in thermal-mechanical cycling service have been well known problems in the petrochemical, power and nuclear industries. However, published literature and industry surveys show that similar problems have been occurring during the last 50 years. A better understanding of the causes of cracking and bulging causes is needed to improve the reliability of these pressure vessels. This study attempts to add information required for increasing the knowledge and fundamental understanding required. Typical examples of this problem are the coke drums in the delayed coking units refinery process. This case was selected for experimental work, field study and results comparison. Delayed coking units are among the refinery units that have higher economical yields. To shut down these units represents a high negative economical impact in refinery operations. Also, the maintenance costs associated with repairs are commonly very high. Cracking and bulging occurrences in the coke drums, most often at the weld areas, characterize the history of the operation of delayed coking units. To design and operate more robust coke drums with fewer problems, an improved metallurgical understanding of the cracking and bulging mechanisms is required. A methodology that is based field experience revision and metallurgical analyses for the screening of the most important variables, and subsequent finite element analyses to verify hypotheses and to rank the variables according to their impact on the coke drum lives has been developed. This indicated approach provides useful information for increasing coke drum reliability. The results of this work not only order the most important variables according to their impact in the life of the vessels, but also permit estimation of the life spans of coke drums. In conclusion, the current work shows that coke drums may fail as a combination of thermal fatigue and other degradation mechanisms such as: corrosion at high and low temperatures, detrimental metallurgical transformations and plastic deformation. It was also found that FEA is a very valuable tool for understanding cracking and bulging mechanisms in these services and for ranking the design, fabrication, operation and maintenance variables that affect coke drum reliability.

• Progress in Superconductivity and Cryogenics
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.13-17
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• 2015

In superconducting coil applications particularly in wet wound coils, coated conductor (CC) tapes are subjected to different type of stresses. These include hoop stress acting along the length of the CC tape and the Lorentz force acting perpendicular to the CC tape's surface. Since the latter is commonly associated with delamination problem of multi-layered CC tapes, more understanding and attention on the delamination phenomena induced in the case of coil applications are needed. Difference on the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of each constituent layer of the CC tape, the bobbin, and the impregnating materials is the main causes of delamination in CC tapes when subjected to thermal cycling. The CC tape might also experience cyclic loading due to the energizing scheme (on - off) during operation. In the design of degradation-free superconducting coils, therefore, characterization of the delamination behaviors including mechanism and strength in REBCO CC tapes becomes critical. In this study, transverse tensile tests were conducted under different loading conditions using different size of upper anvils on the GdBCO CC tapes. The mechanical and electromechanical delamination strength behaviors of the CC tapes under transverse tensile loading were examined and a two-parameter Weibull distribution analysis was conducted in statistical aspects. As a result, the CC tape showed similar range of mechanical delamination strength regardless of cross-head speed adopted. On the other hand, cyclic loading might have affected the CC tape in both upper anvil sizes adopted.

• Progress in Superconductivity and Cryogenics
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.25-28
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• 2017

In superconducting coil applications particularly in wet wound coils, coated conductor (CC) tapes are subjected to different type of stresses that could affect its electromechanical transport property. These include hoop stress acting along the length of the CC tape and the Lorentz force acting perpendicular to the CC tape's surface. Since the latter is commonly associated with the delamination problem of multi-layered REBCO CC tapes, more understanding and attention on the delamination phenomena induced in the case of coil applications are needed. Difference on the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of each constituent layer of the CC tape, the bobbin, and the impregnating materials is the main causes of delamination in CC tapes when subjected to thermal and mechanical cycling. In the design of degradation-free superconducting coils, therefore, characterization of the delamination behaviors including mechanism and strength in the multi-layered REBCO CC tapes becomes a critical issue. Various trials to increase the delamination strength by improving interface characteristics at interlayers have been performed. In this study, in order to investigate the influences of laser cleaning and Ag annealing treated at the substrate side surface, transverse tensile tests were conducted under different sample configurations using $4.5mm{\times}8mm$ upper anvil. The mechanical delamination strength of differently processed CC samples was examined at room temperature (RT). As a result, the Sample 1 with the additional laser cleaning and Ag annealing processes and the Sample 2 with additional Ag annealing process only showed higher mechanical delamination strength as compared to the Sample 3 without such additional treatments. Sample 3 showed quite different behavior when the loading direction is to the substrate side where the delamination strength much lower as compared to other cases.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.21-28
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• 2010

Creep behaviors of the solder balls in a flip chip package assembly during thermal cycling test is investigated.. A material models used in the finite element analysis are viscoplastic model introduced by Anand and creep model called partitioned model. Experiment of two temperature cycles using moir$\acute{e}$ interferometry is conducted to verify the reliability of material models for the analysis of thermo-mechanical behavior. Bending deformations of the assemblies and average strains of the solder balls due to temperature change and dwell time are investigated. The results show that time-dependent shear strain of solder by the partitioned model is in excellent agreement with those by moir$\acute{e}$ interferometry, while there is considerable difference between results by Anand model and experiment. In this paper, the partitioned model is employed for the time-dependent creep analysis of the FC-PBGA package. It is also shown that the thermo-mechanical stress becomes relaxed by creep behavior at high temperature during temperature cycles.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.1-7
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• 2006

A major failure mode for wafer level chip size package (WLCSP) is thermo-mechanical fatigue of solder joints. The mechanical strains and stresses generated by the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch between the die and printed circuit board (PCB) are usually the driving force for fatigue crack initiation and propagation to failure. In a WLCSP process peripheral or central bond pads from the die are redistributed into an area away using an insulating polymer layer and a redistribution metal layer, and the insulating polymer layer affects solder joints reliability by absorption of stresses generated by CTE mismatch. In this study, several insulating polymer materials were applied to WLCSP to investigate the effect of insulating material. It was found that the effect of property of insulating material on WLCSP reliability was altered with a solder ball layout of package.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.63-69
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• 2019

Soldering technology has been used in electronic industry for a long time. However, due to solder fatigue characteristics, automotive electronics are searching the semi-permanent interconnection technology such as press-fit method. Press fit interconnection is a joining technology that mechanically inserts a press fit metal terminal into a through hole in a board, and induces a strong bonding by closely contacting the inner surface joining of the through hole by plastic deformation of press-fit terminal. In this paper, the bonding properties of press-fit interconnection are investigated with PCB hole size and surface finishes. In order to compare interconnection reliability between the press fit and soldering, the change in resistance of the press-fit and soldering joints was observed during thermal shock test. After thermal cycling, the failure modes are investigated to reveal the degradation mechanism both press-fit and soldering technology.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.270-281
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• 2021

Objective: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the changes in friction between orthodontic brackets and archwires coated with aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃), titanium nitride (TiN), or chromium nitride (CrN). In addition, the resistance of the coatings to intraoral conditions was evaluated. Methods: Stainless steel canine brackets, 0.016-inch round nickel-titanium archwires, and 0.019 × 0.025-inch stainless steel archwires were coated with Al₂O₃, TiN, and CrN using radio frequency magnetron sputtering. The coated materials were examined using scanning electron microscopy, an X-ray diffractometer, atomic force microscopy, and surface profilometry. In addition, the samples were subjected to thermal cycling and in vitro brushing tests, and the effects of the simulated intraoral conditions on the coating structure were evaluated. Results: Coating of the metal bracket as well as nickel-titanium archwire with Al₂O₃ reduced the coefficients of friction (CoFs) for the bracket-archwire combination (p < 0.01). When the bracket and stainless steel archwire were coated with Al₂O₃ and TiN, the CoFs were significantly lower (0.207 and 0.372, respectively) than that recorded when this bracket-archwire combination was left uncoated (0.552; p < 0.01). The friction, thermal, and brushing tests did not deteriorate the overall quality of the Al₂O₃ coatings; however, some small areas of peeling were evident for the TiN coatings, whereas comparatively larger areas of peeling were observed for the CrN coatings. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the CoFs for metal bracket-archwire combinations used in orthodontic treatment can be decreased by coating with Al₂O₃ and TiN thin films.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.129-134
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• 2016

The effects of Ti on the high temperature oxidation of Ni-based superalloys were investigated by cyclic oxidation at $850^{\circ}C$ and $1000^{\circ}C$. The oxide scale formed at $850^{\circ}C$ consists of $Cr_2O_3$, $Al_2O_3$, and $NiCr_2O_4$ layers, while a continuous $Al_2O_3$ layer was formed at $1000^{\circ}C$. The oxidation rate of the alloy with higher Ti content was higher than the alloy with less Ti content at $850^{\circ}C$, possibly due to the increase in the metal vacancy concentration in the $Cr_2O_3$ layer involved by incorporation of $Ti^{4+}$. However, Ti improved the oxidation resistance of the superalloy at $1000^{\circ}C$ by reducing oxygen vacancy concentration in $Al_2O_3$ layer.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.131-139
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• 2020

PURPOSE. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the repair bond strength of a nanohybrid resin composite to three CAD/CAM blocks using different intraoral ceramic repair systems. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Three CAD/CAM blocks (Lava Ultimate, Cerasmart, and Vitablocks Mark II) were selected for the study. Thirty-two specimens were fabricated from each block. Specimens were randomly divided into eight groups for the following different intraoral repair systems: Group 1: control group (no treatment); Group 2: 34.5% phosphoric acid etching; Group 3: CoJet System; Group 4: Z-Prime Plus System; Group 5: GC Repair System; Group 6: Cimara System; Group 7: Porcelain Repair System; and Group 8: Clearfil Repair System. Then, nanohybrid resin composite (Tetric Evo Ceram) was packed onto treated blocks surfaces. The specimens were thermocycled before application of repair systems and after application of composite resin. After second thermal cycling, blocks were cut into bars (1 × 1 × 12 ㎣) for microtensile bond strength tests. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD test (α=.05). RESULTS. Cimara System, Porcelain Repair, and Clearfil Repair systems significantly increased the bond strength of nanohybrid resin composite to all CAD/CAM blocks when compared with the other tested repair systems (P<.05). In terms of CAD/CAM blocks, the lowest values were observed in Vitablocks Mark II groups (P<.05). CONCLUSION. All repair systems used in the study exhibited clinically acceptable bond strength and can be recommended for clinical use.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.7 no.10
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• pp.838-844
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• 1997

폴리아크릴로나트릴(PAN)계 탄소섬유 및 안정화 PAN섬유를 사용하여 제조한 페놀수지 복합재료의 열주기 산화저항성에 섬유표면의 인산코팅 유.무가 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 각 복합재료의 열주기 산화저항성은 열중량분석기의 원리를 응용하여, 공기중에서 hot zone과 cold zone을 주기적으로 반복이동하는 열충격조건에 노출되면서 초래되는 복합재료의 중량변화를 측정하여 비교하였다. 시험변수로는 hot zone에 노출된 온도, 시간 및 싸이클횟수를 선정하였다. 이 시험방법은 비교적 단순하며, 작은 크기의 시편으로도 가능하고, 중량변화가 온-라인 모니터에서 직접 감지되므로 데이타의 신뢰성이 \ulcorner다. 각 시험조건에서 인산코팅한 섬유를 사용한 복합재료가 그렇지 않은 재료보다 고온에서의 높은 산화저항성 때문에 우수한 열주기저항성을 보여 주었다. 또한 인산코팅의 존재 여부가 열주기시험 후의 탄소섬유-페놀수지 및 안정화 PAN섬유-페놀수지 복합재료의 미세구조에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다.