• Title/Summary/Keyword: thermal conditions

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Preparation and Physicochemical Properties of Soluble Dietary Fiber Extracts from Soymilk Residue at High Temperature (두유박 수용성 식이섬유의 고온 추출물 제조와 이화학적 특성구명)

  • Park, Chun-Ho;Kim, Hyun-Jung;Moon, Tae-Wha
    • Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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    • v.29 no.4
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    • pp.648-656
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    • 1997
  • Thermal treatment of soymilk residue was carried out at 140, 150, and $160^{\circ}C$ for possible use as a raw material for dietary fiber, and some physicochemical properties of the extracts were investigated. Soluble dietary fiber(SDF) content of the extracts prepared under optimal conditions was more than 30% suggesting the conversion of insoluble dietary fiber to SDF. The main sugar components of the extracts were glucose, galactose, and arabinose. Analysis of the moelcular weight distribution by high performance size exclusion chromatography revealed that the proportion of high molecular weight fraction decreased and that of middle-sized polymer increased as the extraction temperature increased. The viscosity of aqueous solution of the extracts decreased with an increase in extraction temperature, but showed no trend as pH changed. The solubility increased with extraction temperature showing the highest at $160^{\circ}C$. The extract at $140^{\circ}C$ had the biggest calcium-binding capacity, which correlated with the changes in viscosity.

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Sludge Minimization by Using Dewater and Thermal Treatment in the Water Treatment Plant (탈수(脫水) 및 건조기법(乾燥技法)을 이용한 정수장(淨水場) 슬러지 감량화(減量化))

  • Jun, Hang-Bae;Kim, Yong-Han;Kim, Ryang
    • Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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    • v.2 no.1
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    • pp.87-98
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    • 1994
  • Sludge minimization in an water treatment plant can be achieved by optimizing a main water treatment process as well as by enhancing a thickening and a dewatering facilities. In this study, dewatering and drying techniques for reducing the quantity of the water sludge generated from the conventional water treatment plant in the local states were investigated by reducing its water content. Not only the types and dosages of polymers but also the mixing intensity of the mixtures of a concentrated sludge and polymers on the different pH were evaluated for the optimum dewatering conditions of the water sludge. Weight reduction of the water sludge was also tested at a given temperature range. The dewatering efficiency of the water sludge was not affected by the types of polymer but by mixing intensity(GT value) in this study. pH effect on dewaterbility of the water sludge took a major role at the neutral pH range. The optimal polymer dose was 1.5 mg-polymer/g-TSS(about 40mg/L as polymer). Dewaterability was enhanced at a lower mixing intensity(GTbelow 10,000 sec-1). Free water in the void of sludge cake was dried around $100^{\circ}C$, chemical bound water was evaporated around $320^{\circ}C$, and organic material was burned out at the range of 300 to $600^{\circ}C$. Ignition losses of the water sludge were varied 15 to 40 % as the raw water quality. The ignition loss due to the chemical bound water was 10-20% and the loss due to the organic material was 4-20% of the total ignition loss.

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A Study of Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins(PCDDs) and Polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs) Formation from Phenols in Thermal Process[I] (열공정에서 페놀류로부터 Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins(PCDDs)과 Polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs)의 생성에 관한 연구[I])

  • Ryu, Jae-Yong;Suh, Jeong-Min;Park, Jeong-Ho
    • Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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    • v.28 no.5
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    • pp.511-521
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    • 2006
  • Homologue and isomer patterns of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins(PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs) congeners formed from phenols in the gas-phase at $600{\sim}700^{\circ}C$ and via particle-mediated reactions at $400^{\circ}C$ were studied in an isothermal flow reactor. A mixture of 20 phenols in relative concentrations found in a municipal waste incinerator(MWI) stack gas was used for this study. PCDDs and PCDFs homologue and isomer patterns obtained from the phenol. From the phenol experiments, gas-phase formation at $600{\sim}700^{\circ}C$ favors PCDFs formation whereas particle-mediated formation at $400^{\circ}C$ favors PCDDs formation. DD and DF were most abundant homologue groups, PCDDs and PCDFs homologue fraction decreased with increasing number of chlorine substituents. PCDDs and PCDFs homologue and isomer fractions were almost constant from gas-phase formation and particle-mediated formation. Unsubstituted phenol, which was present in high concentration, played a significant role in the formation of PCDD/Fs congeners under both sets of experimental conditions.

Characterization of Homocysteine ${\gamma}$-Lyase from Submerged and Solid Cultures of Aspergillus fumigatus ASH (JX006238)

  • El-Sayed, Ashraf S.;Khalaf, Salwa A.;Aziz, Hani A.
    • Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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    • v.23 no.4
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    • pp.499-510
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    • 2013
  • Among 25 isolates, Aspergillus fumigatus ASH (JX006238) was identified as a potent producer of homocysteine ${\gamma}$-lyase. The nutritional requirements to maximize the enzyme yield were optimized under submerged (SF) and solid-state fermentation (SSF) conditions, resulting in a 5.2- and 2.3-fold increase, respectively, after the last purification step. The enzyme exhibited a single homogenous band of 50 kDa on SDS-PAGE, along with an optimum pH of 7.8 and pH stability range of 6.5 to 7.8. It also showed a pI of 5.0, as detected by pH precipitation with no glycosyl residues. The highest enzyme activity was obtained at $37-40^{\circ}C$, with a $T_m$ value of $70.1^{\circ}C$. The enzyme showed clear catalytic and thermal stability below $40^{\circ}C$, with $T_{1/2}$ values of 18.1, 9.9, 5.9, 3.3, and 1.9 h at $30^{\circ}C$, $35^{\circ}C$, $40^{\circ}C$, $50^{\circ}C$, and $60^{\circ}C$, respectively. Additionally, the enzyme $K_r$ values were 0.002, 0.054, 0.097, 0.184, and 0.341 $S^{-1}$ at $30^{\circ}C$, $35^{\circ}C$, $40^{\circ}C$, $50^{\circ}C$, and $60^{\circ}C$, respectively. The enzyme displayed a strong affinity to homocysteine, followed by methionine and cysteine when compared with non-S amino acids, confirming its potency against homocysteinuria-related diseases, and as an anti-cardiovascular agent and a specific biosensor for homocysteinuria. The enzyme showed its maximum affinity for homocysteine ($K_m$ 2.46 mM, $K_{cat}\;1.39{\times}10^{-3}\;s^{-1}$), methionine ($K_m$ 4.1 mM, $K_{cat}\;0.97{\times}10^{-3}\;s^{-1}$), and cysteine ($K_m$ 4.9 m M, $K_{cat}\;0.77{\times}10^{-3}\;s^{-1}$). The enzyme was also strongly inhibited by hydroxylamine and DDT, confirming its pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) identity, yet not inhibited by EDTA. In vivo, using Swiss Albino mice, the enzyme showed no detectable negative effects on platelet aggregation, the RBC number, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, or creatinine titer when compared with negative controls.

Bionomics of Caloglyphus sp.(Acarina : Acaridae) (가루응애류 Caloglyphus sp.의 생태에 관한 연구)

  • Park, Ji-Doo;Kim, Jong-Kuk
    • Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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    • v.13 no.1
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    • pp.51-56
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    • 1997
  • Developmental characteristics and reproductive ability of Caloglyphus sp. were examined under the constant temperature conditions. This mites has five stages ; egg, larva, protonymph, deutonymph and adult. All active instars preyed on larvae of pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis japonensis Uchida et Inouye. The developmental period from the egg to the adult decreased with temperature increase at a range between $15^{\circ}C$ and $30^{\circ}C$. The threshold of temperature and the thermal constant for the development from the egg to the adult were $8.2^{\circ}C$ and 122.0 day-degrees, respectively. At $25^{\circ}C$, survival rate from egg to deutonymph was estimated as 66.4%, and longevity of the adult was 12.3 days for male and 10.0 days for female. After a preoviposition period of 1 and 2 days female laid an average of 360.6 eggs each, almost all during the first half of their life time. The value of the net reproduction(Ro), the mean length of a generation(T) and the intrinsic rate of natural increase($r_m$) were calculated as 101.1, 9.3 days and 0.494 per female per day, respectively.

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Nonstoichiometry and Physical Properties of the Perovskite $CaGa_{1-x}Fe_xO_{3-y}$ System (페롭스카이트 $CaGa_{1-x}Fe_xO_{3-y}$계의 비화학량론과 물리적 성질)

  • Rho, Kwon Sun;Ryu, Kwang Hyun;Chang, Soon Ho;Yo, Chul Hyun
    • Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • v.40 no.5
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    • pp.295-301
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    • 1996
  • A series of solid solutions of the $CaGa_1-xFexO_3-y$ system with the compositions of x=0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00 has been prepared at $1150^{\circ}C$ under an atmospheric air pressure. The structure, nonstoichiometric chemical formula, and the distribution of cations for the solid solutions are determined by X-ray diffraction analysis, Mohr salt titration, Mossbauer spectroscopic analysis. Their physical properties are discussed with electrical conductivity and magnetic measurements. The crystal system of all the compositions is a brownmillerite orthorhombic system from the X-ray diffraction analysis and the reduced lattice volume increases linearly with x value except that of the composition of x=0.25. All the solid solutions do not contain $Fe^{4+}$ ion and the mole number of oxygen vacancies or y value is 0.50 from Mohr salt analysis. The oxidation state of Fe ion, the coordination state, the structure change in the Brownmillerite-type structure, and the distribution of $Ga^{3+}$ and $Fe^{3+}$ ions are discussed with Mossbauer spectroscopic analysis. The electrical conductivity increases and activation energy decreases, as x value increases. The traditional semiconducting property of this system is described in terms of band theory. The compositions of x=0.50∼1.00 show a thermal magnetic hysteresis in the magnetic measurement with the cooling conditions, which is discussed in terms of the space group and Dzyaloshinsky-Moriya interaction.

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Fabrication and Characterization of the Carbon Fiber Composite Sheets (탄소섬유를 이용한 열가소성 복합재료 시트 제조 및 특성)

  • Lee, Yun-Seon;Song, Seung-A;Kim, Wan Jin;Kim, Seong-Su;Jung, Yong-Sik
    • Composites Research
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    • v.28 no.4
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    • pp.168-175
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    • 2015
  • Recently, the applications of carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRPs) have become broader than ever when it comes to such industries as automotive, ships, aerospace and military because of their lightweight-ness and high mechanical properties. Thermosetting plastics like epoxy are frequently used as the binding matrix in CFRPs due to their high hardness, wetting characteristics and low viscosity. However, they cannot melted and remolded. For this reason, thermosetting plastic wastes have caused serious environmental problems with the production of fiber reinforced plastics. Thus, many studies have focused on the carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastics (CFRTPs) and recycling carbon fiber. In this study, recycled carbon fiber (RCF) was prepared from CFRPs using a pyrolysis method, which was employed to separate resin and carbon fiber. The degree of decomposition for epoxy resin was confirmed from thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The RCF was cut and ground to prepare a carbon fiber composite sheet (CFCS). CFCS was manufactured by applying recycled carbon fibers and various thermoplastic fibers. Various characterizations were performed, including morphological analyses of surface and cross-section, mechanical properties, and crystallization enthalpy of CFCS at different cooling conditions.

Properties of Extracts from Extruded Root and White Ginseng at Different Conditions (압출성형 공정변수에 따른 건조수삼과 백삼 압출성형물의 침출속도 및 침출물 특성)

  • Kim, Bong-Soo;Ryu, Gi-Hyung
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.34 no.2
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    • pp.306-310
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    • 2005
  • The comparison in release rate constant and properties of extracts from extruded raw ginseng and extruded white ginseng was conducted to apply extrusion process for manufacturing of released ginseng tea bag. Dry raw ginseng and white ginseng powder were extruded at 20∼30% moisture content and 200∼300 rpm by using an experimental twin-screw extruder. Browness and redness (both indicated the releasing of saponin and ginsenosides) were increased with the increase in the screw speed and the decrease of moisture content. Crude saponin and water solubility index (WSI) of both ginseng also share the same behaviour against the level of screw speed and moisture content, as well as browness and redness. The particle size effects of extruded raw ginseng at 20% and 28% moisture content on absorbance of released extract at 260 up to 560 nm, WSI, and water absorption index were determined. While particle size decreased from 800∼1000 nm to 200∼500 nm, absorbance and WSI are decreased. Absorbance and WSI shown increasing level while moisture content was decreased. In conclusion, the formation of pores by expansion and disruption of cell wall in extrusion cooking were obviously responsible to increase the amount of released extract of extruded ginseng and its WSI as well. The extrusion process turns out be the efficient process for manufacturing of commercial ginseng tea product than those of other thermal processes.

Chemical Changes of the Deep Fat Frying Oils Used Commercially (일반시장에서 튀김식품에 사용된 기름의 화학적 변화)

  • Joo, Kwang-Jee;Ha, Gy-Sook
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.18 no.3
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    • pp.247-254
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    • 1989
  • In deep-fat frying, the fats and oils are used over and over again, and moisture and air are mixed in to the hot oil. Many reports related to these fats and oils have been established that thermal and oxidative decomposition products and polymers formed under the conditions of deep fat frying are harmful to health. This work was carried out with 3 domestic frying oils and 6 used oils commercially, and that there were difficulties in finding a good definition between fresh oil and used oil with adding unheated oil. As starting materials, commercially used soybean oil and rapeseed oil already passed over induction period in the lipids oxidation standard. From the qualitative point of view, they were inferior to domestic frying oils. Free fatty acid and peroxide value of heated oils were increased gradually by the time pass whereas iodine value were decreased. After adding unheated oil to the heated oil, these values were restored to that of initial levels. On the other hand, content of polar components in the heated oil were directly related to the heating time. This result showed that polar compounds may be a clear indicator of used oils. Fatty acid composition in the used oils, unsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic and linolenic acid decreased while saturated fatty acid content increased with heating.

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The Frost Heaving Susceptibility Evaluation of Subgrade Soils Using Laboratory Freezing System (실내 동상시스템을 이용한 노상토의 동상민감성 평가)

  • Shin, Eun Chul;Ryu, Byung Hyun;Park, Jeong Jun
    • Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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    • v.12 no.2
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    • pp.13-23
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    • 2013
  • The Korean Peninsula is considered as a seasonal frozen area that is thawed in the spring and frozen in the winter. The influence of fines of the frost susceptibility of subgrade soils were established by laboratory freezing tests simulating closely the thermal conditions in the field. During the winter season, the climate is heavily influenced by the cold and dry continental high pressure. Because of siberian air mass, the temperature of January is $-6{\sim}-7^{\circ}C$ on average. This chilly weather generate the frost heaving by freezing the moisture of soil and damage potential of the geotechnical structure. In the freezing soil, the ice lenses increase the freeze portion of soil by absorbing the ground water with capillary action. However, the capillary characteristics differ from the sort of soil on the state of freezing condition. In this study, ten soil samples are prepared. The basic physical property tests were performed by following the Korean Industrial Standard and the soil specimens were classified by the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS). These classified soils are used to perform the laboratory opened systems freezing test in order to determine the frost heaving characteristics of soils such as unfrozen water content, heaving amount, and freezing depth.