• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.84-94
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• 1998

The sources of the pollution on a river are divided into two classes, one the point source and the other non-point source. In raining, especially, the non-point source discharged from paddy, residential area, road ${\cdots}$ etc have correlations with the land use. This study was carried out to find out the model to estimate the quality of water in a river according to the land use. Land use data (Pungse-Myeoun and Kwangduk-Myeoun in Chonan) were produced from Landsat TM (Thematic Mapper) and topographic map. Total nitrogen(TN) and total phosphorus(TP) general indices for the degree of pollution in river were measured during 11 months. Correlations between two variables(Land use and Pollutants(TN, TP)) were explained by the regression coefficient. As a result of this study, we found that among the five types of land use, the residential area, store area and paddy have significant effects upon the quality of water in a river. The results of this study will be applied to pre-estimate the degree of pollution in river broadly and to offer basic data in establishing the land use plan and the concept on the conservation of the river in rural area.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.173-188
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• 2005

The present study aims to derive and compare narrow and broad bandwidths of ocean color sensor’s algorithms for the study of monitoring highly dynamic coastal oceanic environmental parameters using high-resolution imagery acquired from Multi-spectral Camera (MSC) on KOMPSAT-2. These algorithms are derived based on a large data set of remote sensing reflectances ($R_{rs}$) generated by using numerical model that relates $b_b/(a + b_b)$ to $R_{rs}$ as functions of inherent optical properties, such as absorption and backscattering coefficients of six water components including water, phytoplankton (chl), dissolved organic matter (DOM), suspended sediment (SS) concentration, heterotropic organism (he) and an unknown component, possibly represented by bubbles or other particulates unrelated to the first five components. The modeled $R_{rs}$ spectra appear to be consistent with in-situ spectra collected from Korean waters. As Kompsat-2 MSC has similar spectral characteristics with Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper (TM), the model generated $R_{rs}$ values at 2 ㎚ interval are converted to the equivalent remote sensing reflectances at MSC and TM bands. The empirical relationships between the spectral ratios of modeled $R_{rs}$ and chlorophyll concentrations are established in order to derive algorithms for both TM and MSC. Similarly, algorithms are obtained by relating a single band reflectance (band 2) to the suspended sediment concentrations. These algorithms derived by taking into account the narrow and broad spectral bandwidths are compared and assessed. Findings suggest that there was less difference between the broad and narrow band relationships, and the determination coefficient $(r^2)$ for log-transformed data [ N = 500] was interestingly found to be $(r^2)$ = 0.90 for both TM and MSC. Similarly, the determination coefficient for log-transformed data [ N = 500] was 0.93 and 0.92 for TM and MSC respectively. The algorithms presented here are expected to make significant contribution to the enhanced understanding of coastal oceanic environmental parameters using Multi-spectral Camera.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.39-48
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• 2014

In coastal region, estuaries have complex environments where dissolved and particulate matters are mixed with marine water and substances. Suspended sediment (SS) dynamics in coastal water, in particular, plays a major role in erosion/deposition processes, biomass primary production and the transport of nutrients, micropollutants, heavy metals, etc. Temporal variation in suspended sediment concentration (SSC) can be used to explain erosion/sedimentation patterns within coastal zones. Remotely sensed data can be an efficient tool for mapping SS in coastal waters. In this study, we analyzed the variation in SSC in coastal water using the Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI) and Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) in Gyeonggi-bay. Daily variations in GOCI-derived SSC showed low values during ebb time. Current velocity and water level at 9 and 10 am is 37.6, 28.65 $cm{\cdot}s^{-1}$ and -1.23, -0.61 m respectively. Water level has increased to 1.18 m at flood time. In other words, strong current velocity and increased water level affected high SSC value before flood time but SSC decreased after flood time. Also, we compared seasonal SSC with the river discharge from the Han River and the Imjin River. In summer season, river discharge showed high amount, when SSC had high value near the inland. At this time SSC in open sea had low value. In contrast, river discharge amount from inland showed low value in winter season and, consequently, SSC in the open sea had high value because of northwest monsoon.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.34 no.6_2
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• pp.1165-1178
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• 2018

Collapse of an Antarctic ice shelf and its flow velocity changes has the potential to reduce the restraining stress to the seaward flow of the Antarctic Ice Sheet, which can cause sea level rising. In this study, variations in ice velocity from 2000 to 2017 for the Nansen Ice Shelf in East Antarctica that experienced a large-scale collapse in April 2016 were analyzed using Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) and Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) images. To extract ice velocity, image matching based on orientation correlation was applied to the image pairs of blue, green, red, near-infrared, panchromatic, and the first principal component image of the Landsat multispectral data, from which the results were combined. The Landsat multispectral image matching produced reliable ice velocities for at least 14% wider area on the Nansen Ice Shelf than for the case of using single band (i.e., panchromatic) image matching. The ice velocities derived from the Landsat multispectral image matching have the error of $2.1m\;a^{-1}$ compared to the in situ Global Positioning System (GPS) observation data. The region adjacent to the Drygalski Ice Tongue showed the fastest increase in ice velocity between 2000 and 2017. The ice velocity along the central flow line of the Nansen Ice Shelf was stable before 2010 (${\sim}228m\;a^{-1}$). In 2011-2012, when a rift began to develop near the ice front, the ice flow was accelerated (${\sim}255m\;a^{-1}$) but the velocity was only about 11% faster than 2010. Since 2014, the massive rift had been fully developed, and the ice velocity of the upper region of the rift slightly decreased (${\sim}225m\;a^{-1}$) and stabilized. This means that the development of the rift and the resulting collapse of the ice front had little effect on the ice velocity of the Nansen Ice Shelf.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.79-86
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• 1999

This study was carried out to estimate the area of damaged forest and the volume of stand tree in burned area, Mt. Weol-A in eastern Chinju, Korea using digital maps derived from supervised classification of Landsat thematic mapper(TM) imagery as reference data. Criterion laser estimator and WinDENDRO$^{tm}$(v. 6.3b) system as a computer-aided tree ring measuring system were used to measure a volume and age of sampled tree. The sample site had been chosen in unburned areas having the same terrain condition and forest type of burned areas. The tree age, diameter at breast height, tree height and volume of the sample tree selected from sample site in unburned area were 27years, 20.9cm, 9.7m and $0.1396m^3$ respectively. Total stand volume of sample site was estimated $2.9316m^3$/0.04ha, Damaged stand volume evaluated to about $16,007m^3$ in the burned area of 218.4ha.

• Proceedings of the Korean Association of Geographic Inforamtion Studies Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.274-279
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• 2003

위성영상을 이용한 새만금 지역의 DEM생성을 위하여 waterline method를 사용하였으며, 총 13개의 Landsat thematic mapper (TM) 위성영상 자료를 이용하여 1991년과 2000년 기준의 DEM을 생성하였다. 현장 수준측량 자료를 이용하여 생성된 DEM의 정밀도 검증을 실시하였으며, 2002년 3월에 100m 간격으로 측정된 실측자료를 이용하였다. 해안선 추출은 density slicing 방법을 사용하였으며, 사용된 밴드는 육지의 경계를 구분하는데 많이 쓰이는 밴드 4번, 5번 및 6번 밴드를 선택적으로 사용하였다. 절대고도 값의 대입을 위하여 waterline 추출에 사용된 위성영상의 획득 시간에 대해 해양조사원의 10분 간격 실측 조위를 사용하였으며, 추출된 13개 waterline의 최저 조위는 58cm 이고 최고 조위는 537cm 이다. 추출된 해안선에 수준측량 자료를 이용하여 검증한 결과 RMS 오차 9.91 cm, 표준편차 9.78 cm의 정밀도를 갖는 2000년도 DEM을 생성하였다. 새만금 지역의 waterline 추출 과정에서 만경강과 동진강 하구 지역은 강에 의한 에너지의 유입, 유출로 인한 변화가 심하여 두 지역을 DEM 생성에서 제외하였다. 이렇게 생성된 과거(19991년도) DEM과 현재(2000년도) DEM을 이용한 지형변화 비교는 두DEM 차이로 9년간의 새만금 조간대 변화를 계산하였다. 군산공항지역의 지형변화는 거의 없는 것으로 나타났으며, 새만금 방조제가 건설된 이후 개화도 주변지역의 변화가 가장 두드러진 지형적 변화로서 방조제 입ㆍ출구 지역은 빠른 유속에 의해서 과거에 비해 침식이 우세하며, 방조제에서 육지로 갈수록 퇴적이 우세한 것으로 관측되었다.보체계의 구축사업의 시각이 행정정보화, 생활정보화, 산업정보화 등 다양한 분야와 결합하여 보다 큰 시너지 효과와 사용자 중심의 서비스 개선을 창출할 수 있는 기반을 제공할 것을 기대해 본다.. 이상의 결과를 종합해볼 때, ${\beta}$-glucan은 고용량일 때 직접적으로 또는 $IFN-{\gamma}$ 존재시에는 저용량에서도 복강 큰 포식세로를 활성화시킬 뿐 아니라, 탐식효율도 높임으로써 면역기능을 증진 시키는 것으로 나타났고, 그 효과는 crude ${\beta}$-glucan의 추출조건에 따라 달라지는 것을 알 수 있었다.eveloped. Design concepts and control methods of a new crane will be introduced in this paper.and momentum balance was applied to the fluid field of bundle. while the movement of′ individual material was taken into account. The constitutive model relating the surface force and the deformation of bundle was introduced by considering a representative prodedure that stands for the bundle movement. Then a fundamental equations system could be simplified considering a steady state of the process. On the basis of the simplified model,

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.83 no.3
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• pp.322-330
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• 1994

The Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) has been widely used to predict long-term soil loss by incorporating several erosion factors, such as rainfall, soil, topography, and vegetation. This study is aimed to introduce the LISLE within geographic information system(GIS) environment. The Kwangneung Experimental Forest located in Kyongki Province was selected for the study area. Initially, twelve years of hourly rainfall records that were collected from 1982 to 1993 were processed to obtain the rainfall factor(R) value for the LISLE calculation. Soil survey map and topographic map of the study area were digitized and subsequent input values(K, L, S factors) were derived. The cover type and management factor (C) values were obtained from the classification of Landsat Thematic Mapper(CM) satellite imagery. All these input values were geographically registered over a common map coordinate with $25{\times}25m^2$ ground resolution. The USLE was calculated for every grid location by selecting necessary input values from the digital base maps. Once the LISLE was calculated, the resultant soil loss values(A) were represented by both numerical values and map format. Using GIS to run the LISLE, it is possible to pent out the exact locations where soil loss potential is high. In addition, this approach can be a very effective tool to monitor possible soil loss hazard under the situations of forest changes, such as conversion of forest lands to other uses, forest road construction, timber harvesting, and forest damages caused by fire, insect, and diseases.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.342-349
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• 2001

This study was carried out to classify and evaluate the land cover map using Landsat TM data in Pyeongtaeg City. DGPS data, aerial photography, topographical map were used for selection the training sets and accuracy assessment. The overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient of the land cover classification map(using supervised classification with 13 classes) with Landsat TM data(16 June. 1997) were respectively, 86.8%, 85.4%, but the user's accuracy of urban/village and vinyl-house was below 60%, and the producer's accuracy of read and vinyl-house below 70%. Maybe it was caused the spectral reflectance characteristics, heterogeneity and small distribution area on the artificial things such as urban/village, vinyl_house and road, etc. And then, the agricultural land cover classification system using remote sensing data in Korea was to classify level I and II. Level I consisted of 5 classes such as agricultural land, forest land, water, barren land, urban and built-up land.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.197-204
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• 1996

We attempt to classifing method of micro-landform on the alluvial plain, such as natural-levee, backmarsh and alluvial fan, using false color composite of Landsat Thematic Mapper image. The study area is Kumho River Basin on the southeastern part of Korea peninsula. The most effective image for micro-landform classification is the false color composite of band 2, 3 and 4 with blue, green and red filtering. The most favorable time is the middle third of November, because of the density differentiation of green vegetation in most great. In this time the paddy field on the back-marsh is bare by rice harvesting. But on the natural levee the green vegetation, such as vegetables and lower herbs under fruit tree, remain relatively more. On the alluvial fan, the green vegetation condition is medium. For the verification of the micro-landform classification, we employed the field survey and grain size analysis of the deposition of each micro-landform on the sample area. It is clarified that the classification method of micro-landform on the alluvial plain using the Landsat TM image is relatively useful.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.78 no.3
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• pp.263-273
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• 1989

Accurate and cost-effective classification of forest vegetation is the primary goal for forest management and utilization of forest resources. Aerial photograph and remote sensing are the most frequent and effective method in forest resources inventories. TM and MSS are the principal observing instruments on the Landsat-4 and -5 earth observing satellite. Especially TM has considerably greater spatial, spectral, and radiometric resolution power than MSS, that is, the IFOV of TM at a nadir is 30m compared to 80m for MSS. In this study, we used TM data to classify forest types and compared the result with forest type map manufactured by interpretation of B/W infrared photographs. As a result, land use types were well defined with TM data. But classifying forest types was a little difficult and indistinct. However, the spectral signatures of forest in every season and growing stages remained as problems to be solved, and also the most effective selection and combination method of bands for differentiating the spectral plots among classes.