• 대중서사연구
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.45-86
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• 2020

이 글의 목적은 70년대 국가권력에 의해 소환되었던 전통 이념이 '전통의 현대화'라는 명목 아래 당대 한국연극 현장에 수용되었던 양상과 그 함의를 밝히려는데 있다. 이는 다른 한편 70년대 전통 논의를 둘러싼 한국연극계의 자기검열의 양상을 비판적으로 검토하는 작업이기도 하다. 이를 위해 이 글에서는 민족극을 창안하는 방식으로 70년대 한국연극계의 전통 논의를 선점했던 극단 민예극장의 활동을 살펴보았다. 이제까지 70년대 극단 민예극장에 대한 평가는 전통의 계승과 변용을 내세운 허규의 연출 작업을 바탕으로 공연예술적 성취 여부에 집중되었다. 하지만 70년대 국가가 주도한 문화정치의 장(場)에서 구성된 전통 이념과 그것이 작동된 양상은 예술적 성취라는 측면에서만 평가할 수 없다. 무릇 전통을 전유하려 한 주체의 선택적 기준에 따라 전통 이념은 선별되고, 선별된 전통 이념의 선택 과정에서 특정 대상들이 배제, 폐기, 재선별, 재해석, 재인식된다. 70년대 비문화로 호명되었던 서구적인 것이나 퇴폐불온한 것과의 차이 속에서, 전통이 전유되었던 70년대의 상황도 이로부터 멀리 있지 않다. 국가가 주도한 70년대의 전통 논의는 전통의 특정 이념을 안정된 가치로 합법화했는데, 그것을 작동시킨 한 방식은 국가의 문예지원이었다. 70년대 극단 민예극장은 당시 연극 위기론의 구체적 대안으로 선택되었던 전통의 현대화를 바탕으로 민족극을 지향했다. 그것은 구체적으로 전통연희의 계승과 변용이라는 방식으로 구현되었는바, 특히 극단 민예 극장의 대표 연출가 허규에게 전통은 거부할 수 없는 안정적 가치였고 그것의 계승과 변용은 의심할 바 없는 소명으로 내면화되었다. 그 결과 허규가 연출한 극단 민예극장의 공연은 일정한 성취에도 불구하고 과도한 전통연희의 관습들로 채워진 숙련된 장인술로 귀착되었다. 70년대의 전통 이념은 80년대 들어 새로운 전유의 양상으로 전개된다. 1986년 극단 민예극장의 핵심 단원이었던 손진책, 김성녀, 윤문식 등은 민예극장을 탈퇴하여 극단 미추를 만든다. 극단 미추는 연출가 손진책을 중심으로 풍자와 해학이 넘치는 마당놀이를 선보이며 전통의 대중화를 끌어냈다. 전통연희에 내재된 민중의 저항정신을 전통적 가치로 전유했던 대학가의 마당극처럼, 손진책의 마당놀이는 풍자와 해학을 통해 위압적인 국가권력을 비판하고 조롱함으로써 대중적 인기를 끌었다. 70년대 전통 논의의 자장 안에서, 민중의 저항정신을 전통적 가치로 전유하며 자생한 마당극이나 전통의 대중화를 성취한 극단 미추의 마당 놀이는 예술적 성취로써만 평가되지 않는다. 마찬가지로 전통의 계승과 변용이라는 측면에서 70년대 극단 민예극장이 성취한 것 역시 70년대 전통이 소환되었던 맥락을 제외하고 독립적으로 평가될 수 없다. 70년대 국가 주도의 전통 논의에 대응한 한국연극 평단의 시각이 예술성을 바탕으로 한 공연예술의 질적 성취에만 집중된 대목이 아쉬운 것은 그 때문이다. 이 글에서는 이런 맥락을 비판적으로 검토하고, 이를 바탕으로 70년대 극단 민예극장의 활동을 중심으로 당대 한국연극계의 전통 논의와 그 실천 양상을 살펴보았다. 결과적으로 70년대 극단 민예극장의 활동이 한 계기로 작용했을 대중적 마당놀이나 민중저항의 마당극은 70년대 극단 민예극장이 전통을 전유하는 방식, 곧 전통의 계승과 현대적 변용과의 '차이' 속에 정립되었다. 계기는 되었으나 그에 따른 유의미한 차이를 지속적으로 생산해내지 못한 점, 이것이 극단 민예극장의 '전통'이 70년대 한국연극사에서 차지하는 의미이자 한계이다.

• 한국연극학
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• 제48호
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• pp.385-419
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• 2012

Son Jinchaek got into his directing career since 1976 when he founded the theatre group Minye with Huhgyu and others. His experience in Minye was the turnaround of his life; Huhgyu was a teacher in his artist's life whereas Brecht was a teacher for his ideology to make 'Korean Theatre'. From these two teachers, he learned how and why Korean Theatre should be made. Since then, Korean theatre was his calling for 40 years of his directing career. As he established Michoo in 1986, it served a turning point in his art. His focus was on intrinsic attributes of Korean Theatre with Madang Jungshin. With Madang Jungshin, he tried to get over the former generation's fixation on external materials of Korean traditional theatre and folk culture to make Korean Theatre. Rather, he believed Korean Theatre could be realized when it grafted Korean social reality onto the stage, while the form was subsequent. He advocated Korean Theatre should mirror present social reality and circulate social energy. Also, he did not give up aesthetics. On the contrary, his aesthetic style was conspicuously evident in his productions. In spite of his life long career with noteworthy works, the critical discourses are strikingly scarce especially when compared with other senior and peer directors such as Hugh Gyu, Ahn Minsoo, Oh Taesok, and Lee Yoontaek. During his career he has crossed into various genres from Changeuk, Madangnori, and to theatres, which were too versatile to thread them into a discourse and caused a lack of theoretical greeting. Madangnori has anchored its artistic structure on its polished aesthetics which were acclaimed by the general audience for 30 years. For theatre, he concentrated on one production per year to grasp its own style. Theatre works also had revealed his own style of being opened and of being emptied which was certainly different from Madangnori, but had same aesthetic principle within it. This paper attempts to recompose his stylistic features with 'Madang aesthetics' which were based on open space, open acting style, and graphic ensemble. This paper tries to demonstrate how his 'Madang aesthetics' has refined his productions in scenography, acting style, and in more like metaphoric and metonymic symbolic expression of the graphic ensemble. To do this, two productions were explored: eLee Chunpoongjeun and Yulha Ilgyee Manbo. Madangnori was sorely explored by Son Jinchaek with his artistic colleagues Yoon Munshik, Kim Jongyeup, Kim Sungnyu, music designer Park Buhmhoon, and choreographer Guk Sooho. Though it has been ignored for its popular appeal by the doctrinaire theoretical opinions, it started to pull academic attention recently. His theatres are also getting sharp with his 'Madang aesthetics' as well as minimalistic expression in scenography, acting style, and graphic ensemble. Madang Jungshin is the soul and Madang aesthetics is the body in his artistic works. The Madang Jungshin animates the Madang aesthetics, so they become alive in his theatre.

• 한국연극학
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• 제40호
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• pp.5-27
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• 2010

The Korean Mask-Dance Theatre has been developed closely related to Korean Shaman rituals. As many scholars noticed, the performers of the Mask-Dance Theatre were closely related to the Shaman family. In addition, there are mask-dance performances in actual shaman rituals. and are the representative performances among them. This essay intends to compare these two mask-dance performances in the shaman rituals to the similar performance of Old Grandpa and Grandma episode in the regional Mask-Dance Theatre. This study would bring us further in proving the close relation between the shaman ritual and the Mask-Dance Theatre. is one episode, Keori, in the shaman ritual of 'Baeyeonsin-kut' and 'Taedong-kut' in the mid-west seashore area. 'Taedong-kut' is the village shaman ritual for fertility and prosperity, while 'Baeyeonsin-kut' is a private shaman ritual for a large catch of the ship. is held in the later part of the whole shaman ritual since the later part tend to be more for entertainment than actual ritual. The story of is very similar that of in Pongsan Mask-Dance Theatre of the mid-west region. In addition, some of their dialogues are very similar. Only the later part is different. These similarities indicate that the Mask-Dance Theatre, which came into being in later period than the shaman ritual, has likely taken the story motif of the shaman ritual. is also a performance in the shaman ritual of east coasts. is more elaborate and recreational than of the west coasts. is also performed near the end of the ritual, and sometimes it is not performed at all. This indicates that has little ritual meaning left. When we compare it with the regional Mask-Dance Theatres such as Keosung Okwangdae, Tongyong Okwangdae, and Suyong Yaryu, the structure and the story lines are also very similar. It is a question why only the motif of the Grandpa and Grandma isfound both in the shaman ritual and the Mask-Dance Theatre. Many other motifs of other episodes in the Mask-Dance Theatre are not found in the shaman rituals. It seems that the Grandpa and Grandma motif is related to the ur-belief in fertility. In other words, this motif seems to be originated from the old belief in the fertility couple of Chonha Taechanggun and Jiha Yeochanggun. The shaman ritual for fertility first picked up this motif, and then the mask-dance theatre also adapted this motif for its recreational purpose. When we compare with , still has more aspects of fertility ritual, while lost its ritualistic meaning and its main purpose is to develop dramatic needs. and are invaluable existent performances to prove theatre's origin in ritual. The existence of mask-dance performances in the shaman rituals shows us the transit performance between theatre and ritual.

• 한국연극학
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• 제40호
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• pp.307-344
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• 2010

Cultural Studies built on the critical mind of New Left exposes the relationship between culture and power, and investigates how this relationship develops the cultural convention. It has achieved the new perspective that could make us to think culture and art in terms of political correctness. However, the critical voices against the theoretical premises of Cultural Studies have been increased as its heyday in 1980s was nearly over. For instance, Terry Eagleton, a former Marxist literary critic, declared in 2003 that the golden age of cultural theory is long past. This essay, therefore, intends to show the weak foundations on which the approaches of cultural studies to theatre rest and to clarify the general problem of their introduction to theatre studies. The approach of cultural studies to theatre takes the form of 'top-down inquiry' as it applies a theory to a particular play or historical period. In other word, from the theory the writer moves to the particular case. The result is not an inquiry but rather a demonstration. This circularity can destroy the point of serious intellectual investigation as the theory dictates answers. The goal-oriented narrow viewpoint as a logical consequence of 'top-down inquiry' makes the researcher to favor the plays or the parts of a play that are proper to test a theory. As a result it loses the fair judgment on the artistic value of a play, and brings about the misinterpretation. The interpreter-oriented reading is the other defect of cultural studies as it disregards the inherent meaning of the text, distorting a play. The approach of cultural studies also consists of a conventionality as it arrives at a stereotyped interpretation by using certain conventions of reasoning and rhetoric. The cultural theories are fundamentally the 'outside theories' that seek to explain not theatre but the very broad features of society and politics. Consequently their application to theatre risks the destructive criticism, disregarding the inherent experience of theatre. Most of, if not all, cultural theories, furthermore, are proven to be lack of empirical basis. The alternative method to them is a 'cognitive science' that proves scientifically our mind being influenced by bodily experience. The application of cultural materialism to Shakespeare's is one of the cases that reveal the limits of cultural studies. Jonathan Dollimore and Water Cohen provide a kind of 'canonical study' in this application that is imitated by the succeeding researchers. As a result the interpretation of has been flooded with repetitive critical remarks, revealing the problem of 'top-down inquiry' and conventional reasoning. Cultural Studies is antipodal to theatre in some respect. It is interested chiefly in the social and political reality while theatre aims to create the fiction world. The theatre studies, therefore, may have to risk the danger of destroying its own base when it adopts cultural studies uncritically. The different stance between theatre and cultural theories also occurs from the opposition of humanism vs. antihumanism. We have to introduce cultural theories selectively and properly not to destroy the inherent experience and domain of theatre.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제15권10호
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• pp.46-55
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• 2015

본 연구는 일제 강점기에 활약한 연극영화인 윤백남(1888-1954)의 논설 "연극과 사회"를 포스트콜로니얼 비평의 시각에서 고찰하고 그의 흥극사업 주창의 핵심논점들과 연극관 및 현실에 대한 인식과 태도를 파악하는 데 목적이 있다. 연구의 결과, 윤백남은 일제치하의 식민지 현실에 순응하고 타협하며 실리를 찾은 인물로, 그의 흥극사업론은 제국 일본 지향적 개조주의를 기조로 하며 일제의 민풍개선정책에 추수하는 주장이란 점에서 문화적 민족주의자들의 문화운동과는 대척점에 있었던 것으로 나타났다. 또한 그의 서양연극사 개관은 연극의 사회적 역할과 공리적 기능에 치중한 결과 적잖은 오류를 담고 있는 것을 알 수 있었다. 그러나 그의 연극-배우 옹호론은 연극과 지식인이 본격적으로 교우하는 시대의 개막이자 연극문화의 주요 담당계층이 지식층으로 교대되는 지형적 변화의 단초로써 의미가 있으며, 그의 계몽주의적 연극관은 장차의 신극운동을 위한 하나의 초석과 같은 의미를 갖는다고 할 수 있다.

• 기록학연구
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• 제29호
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• pp.35-78
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• 2011

연극은 공연예술을 대표하는 분야로 우리나라의 근대의 시작과 역사를 함께하고 있다. 그러나 그 동안 연극기록물을 관리하고자 했던 노력이 부족해 이미 유실되고 흩어져버린 기록물이 대부분이다. 특히 연극이라는 공연예술의 특성에 따라 작품 자체는 일회로 공연되고 사라져버리는 것이므로, 후대가 공연을 향유하고 연구하기 위해서는 관련 기록을 통해 흔적을 찾아볼 수밖에 없는 현실에서 연극 기록물을 수집하는 것은 매우 중대한 과제라 할 수 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 당대에 행해지는 연극행위에 따른 기록물을 수집하는 것을 목적으로 기록물의 종류와 특성을 분석하고, 이 분석한 내용을 기반으로 수집범위, 대상, 우선순위, 수집 수준, 수집 방법을 제안하였다. 수집의 범위는 우리나라의 근대극이 시작된 1900년대 이후에 전국적으로 행해진 연극 관련 기록물로, 기획행정 희곡(대본) 연출 무대디자인 홍보 공연 평가 개인 기록물 외에 개인정보와 단체정보, 공간정보의 관련정보 기록물을 그 대상에 포함한다. 기록물은 일반기록물과 역사기록물로 구분하여 역사적 가치가 있고 공공기관의 지원에 의해 공연된 연극을 우선적인 수집 대상으로 정한다. 다양한 기록물의 수집 수준을 결정하기 위해 '원본수집', '사본수집', '웹 링크', '데이터베이스'로 구분하고 공연의 성격에 따라 '필수', '권장', 재량'의 정도를 정해 수준을 제안하고 이관, 기증, 기탁, 구입의 일반적인 수집 방법과 복사, 제작, 납본, 입력, 웹 링크 연결 등의 방법으로 기록물을 수집할 수 있다. 이러한 수집 방안의 실행을 위해서는 수집의 수행과 기록물의 활용은 디지털 기반 환경에서 통합적으로 이루어져야 하고, 통합 관리를 위한 중앙 집중형 기관 설립을 전제로 해야 하며, 연극의 이해관계자와 유관기관 간의 협력을 필요로 할 것이다.

• 인문언어
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• 제6권
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• pp.359-380
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• 2004

Considering Korean feminist theatre is not successful at all these days, it is needed to find the reasons of its crisis. As two Korean feminist theatre Scholars argued, the crisis owed to the structural problem from the start. That is the Korean feminist theatre started and developed depending on the imported popular feminist plays without social and cultural self-consciousness. Once the imported feminist theatres were flourished, some theatre companies pursued the commercial success blurring the feminist issues. It was resulted into the intentional ignorance in and out of the theatre society. While, some feminist plays were too inclined to the agit-prop without artistic sophistication. This essay tries to examine how the feminist theatres have been developing and what kinds of feminist performances have been made until now. And it intends to emphasize that the play text should be based on the Korean women's past, present, and future reality. Besides, they have to delve into the problem by which the Korean women were trapped in historical, social, and cultural environment. To make the women's matter the social issue at present and fur the future, the Korean feminist theatre should re-find its place as the socio-cultural forum. First, Korean theatre should cooperate with the other women's group crossing the different disciplines of the society, the culture, the politics etc . Secondly, we need to observe and watch where and how the distortion happens in women's matter, and react to correct it. Thirdly, we need to discover, to support, and to protect the women centered perspective of some playwrights as well as the performers. Co-writing or co-performing is also very positive to diversify the women's subjects. Lastly, to protect the feminist theatre against the consumerism, they need to have the financial support from the government or some civil society.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제15권8호
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• pp.4844-4852
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• 2014

해외의 많은 축제들은 '도시이미지 마케팅' 차원에서 기획되는 경향이 짙으며, 우리나라에서도 이러한 추세가 서서히 반영되고 있다. 김천국제가족연극제 역시 대한민국 행복중심도시를 표방하는 김천시의 '도시이미지 마케팅'과 맞닿아 생겨난 축제 가운데 하나이다. 이러한 차원에서 기획된 축제의 대부분은 중도에 흐지부지되는 경우가 많지만 김천국제가족연극제는 타 연극제와의 차별화 전략을 통해 관객 개발에 있어서 관객확보의 성공적 사례로 12회를 이어가고 있다. 본 논문은 김천국제가족연극제의 역사와 현황을 바탕으로 특징과 차별성을 짚어보고 5년 연속 관객점유율 100%을 이어가고 있는 관객개발 방법을 분석하고자 한다. 지역 공연예술축제가 지닌 예술성과 지역성과의 결합을 통해 관객들에게 '보여주는' 간접적 참여에 그치는 연극제가 아니라 관객들이 직접 '만지고 느끼는' 참여 유희성 자발성을 지닌 연극제로서 발돋움함은 당연하다. 이에 김천국제가족연극제의 발전을 위한 개선방안과 과제를 제시하는데 그 의의가 있다.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제16권7호
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• pp.633-639
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• 2016

'공황연극(Panic theatre)'의 미학을 실천하며 현대 전위연극의 기수인 페르난도 아라발 작품 ${\ll}$게르니카${\gg}$의 실제 춤-연극 창작을 통해 광적의식과 움직임의 시적표현에 나타난 집단페이소스를 분석하였다. 분석논리는 인간의 내면적 대립과 모순의 이원적 요소를 근거로 비현실과 비논리를 뛰어넘는 부조리극의 페이소스 특성에 기초하였다. 작품 ${\ll}$게르니카${\gg}$에서 부조리 춤은 광적의식에서 비롯된 집단페이소스 현상으로 나타났으며, 단계적인 몰입구조를 통해 시적표현의 연계반응과 춤 표현의 새로운 소통구조의 틀로 분석되었다.

• 한국연극학
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• 제49호
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• pp.75-100
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• 2013

An on-going creative process was the major principle of Kantor's artistic endeavors. Kantor's emphasis on process grew out of his frustration with the experience of creation being isolated from the audience in the present time, during the moments of encounter. At the same time, however, Kantor was always aware of the fact that the first night of each and every performance that he made was the last point of his creative intervention. Despite being performed live in the present time, Kantor saw theatre essentially as an end product. This does not mean that Kantor abandoned the concept of on-going process, for process was for the artist a means to reject the idea of a finished work of art and to denounce the feeling of satisfaction derived from the traditional denouement in representational theatre. For him, theatre that dominated his time isolated the audience from the art work and the artist, and from this perspective his continual emphasis on process should be understood as an aesthetic principle in order to open up and expand the dimension of art into the realm of the spectator so that the experiences of both the artist and spectator may coexist. The heaviest barrier that separated the artist and his work from its audience was the creative structure that governed Western art. In theatre it was the dramatic structure that was the main object of his series of severe challenges. Not only did it fail to represent reality but it distorted reality, creating nothing but artificial illusion. Under this condition, all that was permitted to the audience was mirages. However, Kantor never completely discarded illusion from his theatre. The point for him was always to created a circumstance where the illusory reality of drama comes to exist within the dimensions of our reality. It was Kantor's belief that instead of a total denial of illusion, his theatre should strategically accommodate illusion which comes from reality. And, the aim of Kantor's theatrical experiments was to invite the audience into this ambience and transform the experience of his audience into a much more participatory one. This paper traces the ways in which Kantor transgressed the dominating conventions of representational, literary theatre, and how such attempts induced an alternative mode of spectatorship. The study will begin from an investigation into Kantor's attitude towards illusion and reality, and then move onto a closer inspection of how he spatially and dramaturgically materialized his concepts on stage, giving special focus on Wielopole, Wielopole.