• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.18 no.sup
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• pp.81-90
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• 2012

This study was evaluated high end research grade Near infrared spectrophotometer (NIRS) to low end popular field grade multiple Near infrared spectrophotometer (NIRS) for rapid analysis at forage quality at sight with 241 samples of Italian ryegrass silage during 3 years collected whole country for evaluate accuracy and precision between instruments. Firstly collected and build database high end research grade NIRS using with Unity Scientific Model 2500X (650 nm~2,500 nm) then trim and fit to low end popular field grade NIRS with Unity Scientific Model 1400 (1,400 nm~2,400 nm) then build and create calibration, transfer calibration with special transfer algorithm. The result between instruments was 0.000%~0.343% differences, rapidly analysis for chemical constituents, NDF, ADF, and crude protein, crude ash and fermentation parameter such as moisture, pH and lactic acid, finally forage quality parameter, TDN, DMI, RFV within 5 minutes at sight and the result equivalent with laboratory data. Nevertheless during 3 years collected samples for build calibration was organic samples that make differentiate by local or yearly bases etc. This strongly suggest population evaluation technique needed and constantly update calibration and maintenance calibration to proper handling database accumulation and spread out by knowledgable control laboratory analysis and reflect calibration update such as powerful control center needed for long lasting usage of forage analysis with NIRS at sight. Especially the agriculture products such as forage will continuously changes that made easily find out the changes and update routinely, if not near future NIRS was worthless due to those changes. Many research related NIRS was shortly study not long term study that made not well using NIRS, so the system needed check simple and instantly using with local language supported signal methods Global Distance (GD) and Neighbour Distance (ND) algorithm. Finally the multiple popular field grades instruments should be the same results not only between research grade instruments but also between multiple popular field grade instruments that needed easily transfer calibration and maintenance between instruments via internet networking techniques.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.111-122
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• 2012

Establishment of the LFQC (Liquid Fertilizer Quality Certification) system is very urgent issue for recycling livestock manure as renewable resources in Korea faced with environmental problem of manure application to land due to intensive livestock farming. In this study, we investigated relevant laws and regulations on livestock manure fertilizer, certifications of eco-friendly agricultural products, government policies on livestock manure management to establish reasonable direction of Korean LFQC (Liquid Fertilizer Quality Certification) system. As a result from this study, the liquid fertilizers in 'LFQC' system could be classified as three levels according to the usage patterns in field; 1st. Individual Farm Level (IFL), 2nd. Joint Farm Level (JFL), and 3rd. Commercial Level (CML). And finally, we found some characteristics in 'Main Level-Grading Factors' of liquid fertilizer such as fertilizing value, harmfulness, stability, uniformity, economic effect, storage potential, commercial value, functionality. Those items were considered to be the key factors for the establishment of 'LFQC' system. More research on 'Evaluation Standards' for concrete guideline and on the 'Main Level-Grading Factors' be needed to complete Korean LFQC system.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.205-215
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• 2010

Geothermal heat pump system (GHPS) is an energy-efficient technology that use the relatively constant and renewable energy stored in the earth to provide heating and cooling. With the aim of using GHPS as a heating source, it's possibilities of application in farrowing house were examined by measuring environmental assessment and sow's performance. A total of 96 sows were assigned to 2 pig housings (GHPS and conventional housing) with 48 for four weeks in winter season. During the experimental period, indoor maximum temperature in GHPS-housing was measured up to $26.7^{\circ}C$, average temperature could maintain $21.2^{\circ}C$. The mean value of dust levels and $CO_2$, $NH_3$ and $H_2S$ gas emissions were decreased in GHPS-housing compare with those of conventional housing. Litter size, birth weight, parity and weaning weight did not differ between housings. However, feed intake of sow in GHPS-housing was lower than that of conventional housing. In energy consumption for heating, electric power consumption increased in GHPS-housing than the conventional housing, a 2,250 kwh increase, whereas there is no fuel usage for heater in GHPS-housing. Amount of ground water circulated for heating in cold weather for earth heat exchanger was 8.4-12.9 ton per day. In conclusion, GHPS may have environmental benefits and effectiveness of heating in farrowing housing and affect the performance in sows.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.38 no.5_1
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• pp.609-625
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• 2022

Validation of satellite data products is critical for subsequent analysis that is based on the data. Particularly, performance of ocean color products in turbid and shallow near-land ocean areas has been questioned for long time for its difficulty that stems from the complex optical environment with varying distribution of water constituents. Furthermore, validation with ship-based or station-based measurements has also exhibited clear limitation in its spatial scale that is not compatible with that of satellite data. This study firstly performed validation of major GOCI-II products such as remote sensing reflectance, chlorophyll-a concentration, suspended particulate matter, and colored dissolved organic matter, using the in-situ measurements collected from ship-based field campaign. Secondly, this study also presents preliminary analysis on the use of drone images for product validation. Multispectral images were acquired from a MicaSense RedEdge camera onboard a UAV to compensate for the significant scale difference between the ship-based measurements and the satellite data. Variation of water radiance in terms of camera altitude was analyzed for future application of drone images for validation. Validation conducted with a limited number of samples showed that GOCI-II remote sensing reflectance at 555 nm is overestimated more than 30%, and chlorophyll-a and colored dissolved organic matter products exhibited little correlation with in-situ measurements. Suspended particulate matter showed moderate correlation with in-situ measurements (R²~0.6), with approximately 20% uncertainty.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.81 no.1
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• pp.166-175
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• 2020

Purpose This study aimed to compare the image quality and adverse events between Iopamidol 250 and Ioversol 320 usage during transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Materials and Methods Medical records and hepatic angiography from 113 patients who underwent TACE with Iopamidol 250 (44 patients) and Ioversol 320 (69 patients) were retrospectively reviewed. Vessel perception on hepatic angiography was graded into three categories by two radiologists for hepatic subsegmental arteries, the right gastroepiploic artery, right gastric artery, and pancreaticoduodenal artery. Imaging concordance was assessed by comparing the number of detected HCCs on hepatic angiography and CT. The adverse events before and after hepatic angiography were evaluated. Results The mean vessel perception scores were 2.92 and 2.94 for Iopamidol 250 and Ioversol 320, respectively. The imaging concordance was 31 (70.5%) and 46 (66.7%) patients for Iopamidol 250 and Ioversol 320, respectively. There were no statistical differences in vessel perception or imaging concordance (p > 0.05). One and six patients experienced nausea for Iopamidol 250 and Ioversol 320, respectively. There was no statistical difference in adverse events (p = 0.24). Conclusion Iopamidol 250 can be used in hepatic angiography for TACE without significant difference in image quality or occurrence of adverse events from Ioversol 320.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.278-286
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• 2010

Veterinary antibiotics have been used to treat disease and to promote growth of livestock. However, the total amount of veterinary antibiotics in Korea was much greater than other developed countries, and there is a high potential to release residual of antibiotics to environment. Consequentially, released antibiotics into the environment produces antibiotic resistant bacteria and causes adverse effects on human health. The objective of this research was to monitor antibiotic concentration in the environment adjacent to facilities which compose chicken manure. Total of 10 antibiotics were selected based on the total amount of higher usage in Korea, and its residuals were measured from surface water, soil and sediment. The frequencies of detected antibiotics were ranged 31-92% from soil, 0-93% from water, and 33-93% from sediment. Generally, a higher frequency was observed in soil or sediment than water. Different ranges in concentration among 4 different antibiotic groups was found from not detected(N.D.) to 35.6 ${\mu}g/kg$ for soil, N.D. to 19.2 ${\mu}g/L$ for water and N.D. to 114.3 ${\mu}g/kg$ for sediment. Our findings suggest that solid phase such as soil and sediment is a critical component to be needed to conduct the environmental impact assessment of antibiotics.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.875-884
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• 2003

Operational parameters for struvite crystallization, as a process to recover nitrogen and phosphorus resources from animal wastewater, were studied in this research. Crystallization distinctive of NH$_4$-N and PO$_4$$^{3-}$ in accordance to chemical sources, influent pH, aeration and stirring was examined using 2L of working volume of struvite reactor. Also, to find an effective treatment process combining with electrolysis method, removal characteristics of NH$_4$-N and PO$_4$$^{3-}$ in 6 different processes was tested. As chemical sources for the derivation of struvite formation, MgSO$_4$ and MgCl$_2$ were superior to CaCO$_3$ and CaCl$_2$. From experiment which was conducted to know the effects of aeration and stirring on struvite formation, it was revealed that aeration stimulated the crystallization reaction by inducing faster pH increase. While 90% of P removal was achieved within 1 hour under aeration, 14 hours was consumed under stirring condition. Struvite formation under aeration was affected by influent pH. No crystallization was observed at pH 5 level, but active crystallization reaction was induced over pH 6.0. 95% of P removal by struvite formation at pH 6, 7 and 9 was achieved within 3h, 2h and 10 min., respectively. However, over pH 10, operational problem due to excessive foam formation occurred, and blunting of crystallization reaction was observed at pH 11. When consider the pH range of animal wastewater, pH 7 to 9, efficient struvite formation could be achieved by simple aeration, without any chemical usage for pH adjustment. Among tested processes, the treatment process which electrolyzing the supernatant from struvite reactor, providing air to both reactors, showed best pollutant removal efficiencies. In this combined process, the removal efficiencies of NH$_4$-N and PO$_4$$^{3-}$ was 86% and 98%, respectively, and 92.4% of color removal was obtained.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2004.05b
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• pp.217-220
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• 2004

According as utilization for web increases rapidly, it is demanded that model about support interaction between web-based applications systematically and solutions can integrate new distributed platforms and existing environment effectively, accordingly, Web Services appeared by solution in reply. These days, a lot of software and hardware companies try to adoption of Web Services to their market, attenpt to construct their applications associationing components from various Web Services providers. However, to execute Web Services completely. it must have interoperability and need the standardization work that avoid thing which is subject to platform, application as well as service and programming language from other companies. WS-I (Web Services Interoperability organization) have established Basic Profile 1.0 based on XML, UDDI, WSDL and SOAP for web services interoperability and developed usage scenario Profile to apply Web Services in practice. In this paper, to verify suitability Web Services interoperability between heterogeneous two applications, have design and implements the Book Information Web Services that based on the Web Services Client of J2SE platform and the Web Services Server of .NET platform, so that analysis and verify the service by adaptation of WS-I Basic Profile.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.51-58
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• 2008

Purpose: This study was assessed to investigate adverse effect induced by overuse of disposable soft contact lenses (CL). Methods: Three disposable lenses (etafilcon A, hilabilcon A, and nelfilcon A) were applied to 19 normal subjects free from any eye diseases for either a single day or variable periods by when subjects complained any discomforts. On the first and last days, localizations of lens' center on corneal surface and blink rates were recorded at every case. Results: Among CL wearers, 10.5% and 47.4% of total subjects quit wearing on the second day and third day, respectively. The case of stopping disposable lens wear was continuously increased with extended hour of lens application. On fourth day, 70.2% of CL wearers reported severe discomforts such as redness, dryness, irritation, pain and blurred vision. When subjects stopped CL wear, decentration of lens from the center of cornea was observed when it compared to the case of single usage of disposable CL. Also about 80% of total subjects showed increased blink rate when CL were worn for more than 2 days. These changes in lens centration and blink rate were consistantly shown regardless of lens types. Conclusions: Blurred vision and acute/chronic discomforts could occur to CL wearers by decentration of lens and increased blink rate when CL were overused more than 2 days even the numbers of two parameters measured in this study were variable by each subject or lens types. Therefore, consideration of individual characteristics and lens types is critical to prevent adverse effects may induced by overusage of disposable lens.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.37 no.9
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• pp.749-754
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• 2004

Off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (Off-Pump CABG) has been proven to have less morbidity and to facilitate early recovery. High-risk surgical patients may have benefitted by avoiding the adverse effects of the cardiopulmonary bypass. We compared the effectiveness of Off-Pump CABG with that of coronary artery bypass using cardiopulmonary bypass (On-Pump CABG) in high-risk patients. Material and Method: 682 patients (424 Off-Pump CABG and 258 On-Pump CABG) underwent isolated coronary artery bypass grafting between January 2001 and June 2003. Patients who were considered high risk were selected High risk is defined as the presence of one or more of nine adverse prognostic factors. Data were collected from 492 patients in Off-Pump CABG and 100 in On-Pump CABG for risk factors, extent of coronary disease, and in-hospital outcomes. Result： Off-Pump CABG group and On-Pump CABG group did not show differences in their preoperative risk factors. We used more arterial grafts in Off-Pump CABG group (p < 0.05). Postoperative results showed that operative mortality (0.5% in Off-Pump CABG versus 2.0% in On-Pump CABG), renal failure (2.6% in Off-Pump CABG versus 7.0% in On-Pump CABG), and perioperative myocardial infarction (1.5% in Off-Pump CABG versus 1.0% in On-Pump CABG) did not differ significantly. However, Off-Pump CABG had shorter mean operation time (p<0.05), lower mean CK-MB level (p <0.05), lower rate of usage of inotropics (p < 0.05), shorter mean ventilation time (p <0.05), lower perioperative stroke (0% versus 2.0%), and shorter length of stay (p < 0.05) than On-Pump CABG. On-Pump CABG had more distal grafts (p<0.05) than Off-Pump CABG. Although Off-Pump CABG and On-Pump CABG did not show statistical differences in mortality and morbidity was more frequent in CABG. Conclusion: Off-Pump CABG reduces morbidity and favors hospital outcomes. Therefore, Off-Pump CABG is safe, reasonable and may be a preferable operative strategy for high-risk patients.