• 농촌지도와개발
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.87-100
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• 2002

The purpose of this study were to compare the community attachment between rural and urban communities, and suggest directions for community development plans of rural and urban communities in Korea. The data for this study were collected from two communities(n=285), one from Gochang representing rural community, located in Jeonbuk province(n=142), and the other from Suwon city representing urban community located in Gyunggi province(n=143), utilizing questionnaire. The major finding of this study were as follows; 1) Community attachment was significantly higher in community than in urban community, and the linear development model was more appropriate to explain the results of the study. 2) Community attachment appeared to be significantly related to social bonds, community participation, social trust, community economical activities, and social and cultural environment. 3)In general, determinants such as number of acquaintances, price of cultural heritages of residence, trust for local government, good traffic environment, job satisfaction, etc. explained 55.5% in rural and urban communities.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.137-143
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• 2013

The diversity and distribution of methanogenic archaea in a four-compartment anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) treating sugar refinery wastewater were investigated by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE). At an organic loading rate of 5.33 kg $COD/m^3{\cdot}day$, the ABR could perform steadily with the mean chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal of 94.8% and the specific $CH_4$ yield of 0.21 l/g $COD_{removed}$. The $CH_4$ content in the biogas was increased along the compartments, whereas the percentage of $H_2$ was decreased, indicating the distribution characteristics of the methanogens occurred longitudinally down the ABR. A high phylogenetic and ecological diversity of methanogens was found in the ABR, and all the detected methanogens were classified into six groups, including Methanomicrobiales, Methanosarcinales, Methanobacteriales, Crenarchaeota, Arc I, and Unidentified. Among the methanogenic population, the acid-tolerant hydrogenotrophic methanogens including Methanoregula and Methanosphaerula dominated the first two compartments. In the last two compartments, the dominant methanogenic population was Methanosaeta, which was the major acetate oxidizer under methanogenic conditions and could promote the formation of granular sludge. The distribution of the hydrogenotrophic (acid-tolerant) and acetotrophic methanogens in sequence along the compartments allowed the ABR to perform more efficiently and steadily.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.943-951
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• 2006

Spatial distribution of water pollution in the Gap Stream was investigated from October to November, 2005. Sampling was conducted three times including effluents discharged from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and a dam reservoir during the low-flow period. As a typical urban stream, total nitrogen and inorganic nitrogen concentrations increased toward downstream. Ammonia concentration was the highest in the treated water of the wastewater treatment plant and the lowest nitrate concentration was found in the effluent of the dam reservoir. A part of soluble reactive phosphorous (SRP) in total phosphorous was 22~54% in the upstream reach of WWTP in the Gap Stream whereas 68~73% in the downstream reach. Mean chlorophyll-a concentration ranged from 1.6 to $11.0{\mu}g/L$ and it tends to increase toward downstream except for WWTP effluent. As expected, untreated wastewater and WWTP effluent were suggested as the major sources of water pollution in the Gap Stream. In this study, the water pollution of the Gap Stream is a significant undergoing typical eutrophication, caused by excessive phosphorus and nitrogen nutrients from WWTP located in the watershed. As a result, the critical factor for the water pollution was evaluated to dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients. Particularly, SRP is a most important for the eutrophication. It suggest that may occur in the most urban streams of Korean peninsula. Therefore, because the necessity of water pollution management in the urban stream, inorganic N and P nutrients should be included as an essential component of water quality criteria in the advanced water quality project of Korean Government by enforcing of water quality assessment and total maximum daily loads (TMDLs).

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제8권5호
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• pp.449-462
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• 2017

Direct treatment of municipal wastewater by forward osmosis (FO) process was evaluated in terms of water flux decline, reverse salt diffusion, pollutants rejection and concentration efficiency by using synthetic seawater as the draw solution. It was found that when operating in PRO mode (active layer facing the draw solution), although the FO membrane exhibited higher osmotic water flux, more severe flux decline and reverse salt diffusion was also observed due to the more severe fouling of pollutants in the membrane support layer and accompanied fouling enhanced concentration polarization. In addition, although the water flux decline was shown to be lower for the FO mode (active layer facing the feed solution), irreversible membrane fouling was identified in both PRO and FO modes as the water flux cannot be restored to the initial value by physical flushing, highlighting the necessity of chemical cleaning in long-term operation. During the 7 cycles of filtration conducted in the experiments, the FO membrane exhibited considerably high rejection for TOC, COD, TP and $NH_4{^+}-N$ present in the wastewater. By optimizing the volume ratio of seawater draw solution/wastewater feed solution, a concentration factor of 3.1 and 3.7 was obtained for the FO and PRO modes, respectively. The results demonstrated the validity of the FO process for direct treatment of municipal wastewater by using seawater as the draw solution, while facilitating the subsequent utilization of concentrated wastewater for bioenergy production, which may have special implications for the coastline areas.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.668-673
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• 2012

Biohydrogen production from organic wastewater by anaerobically activated sludge fermentation has already been extensively investigated, and it is known that hydrogen can be produced by glucose fermentation through three metabolic pathways, including the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvic acid to acetyl-CoA, oxidation of NADH to $NAD^+$, and acetogenesis by hydrogen-producing acetogens. However, the exact or dominant pathways of hydrogen production in the anaerobically activated sludge fermentation process have not yet been identified. Thus, a continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR) was introduced and a specifically acclimated acidogenic fermentative microflora obtained under certain operation conditions. The hydrogen production activity and potential hydrogen-producing pathways in the acidogenic fermentative microflora were then investigated using batch cultures in Erlenmeyer flasks with a working volume of 500 ml. Based on an initial glucose concentration of 10 g/l, pH 6.0, and a biomass of 1.01 g/l of a mixed liquid volatile suspended solid (MLVSS), 247.7 ml of hydrogen was obtained after a 68 h cultivation period at $35{\pm}1^{\circ}C$. Further tests indicated that 69% of the hydrogen was produced from the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvic acid, whereas the remaining 31% was from the oxidation of NADH to $NAD^+$. There were no hydrogen-producing acetogens or they were unable to work effectively in the anaerobically activated sludge with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of less than 8 h.

• 한국주거학회논문집
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.113-122
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• 1997

This study analyzes behavior characteristics of illegal urban stall keepers scattered in the metropolitan area and their effects to urban life. The main findings of this study are follows. First, the stall keepers are different in terms of 1) items 2) opening hour and 3) user characteristics depending on locational environment of market boundaries. Second, the stall keepers exit in any time and any place if demand exists. Third, the effects of stall keepers to urban life are twofold ; they facilitate urban life by providing cheap and various commodities/services and they bring about negative effects such as obstacle to traffic flows, waste generation, and so on.

• 환경정책연구
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.29-46
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• 2010

소음지도를 활용하여 개발계획의 수립단계에서 환경소음을 사전에 예방하기 위한 방안을 제안하였으며 도시기본계획의 전략환경평가와 도시개발사업의 환경영향평가를 대상으로 하였다. 도시기본계획의 전략환경평가에서는 도시지역의 개발계획내용과 소음지도 제작결과를 상호 비교 검토하여 환경소음의 영향을 고려한 계획의 타당성과 입지의 적정성을 검토하고 도시지역의 소음현황과 개발계획의 시행으로 인한 소음영향을 종합적으로 평가하여 그에 따른 장기적인 저감대책을 수립하는 것을 포함한다. 도시개발사업의 환경영향평가에서는 소음지도를 통한 개발지역 주변의 소음현황 파악, 환경소음의 현황과 개발사업으로 인한 소음영향에 대한 종합적인 평가, 다양한 소음저감방안 적용에 따른 소음지도 제작결과의 비교 검토를 통한 최적의 대책 마련 등을 포함한 소음지도 활용방안을 제안하였다.

• 도시과학
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.41-45
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• 2019

The treatment method of leachate was increasing with the progress of science and technology, the management system was more perfect. The paper gathered so far the leachate treatment technology, including physical, chemical and biological treatment technology, and found the technology to be improved, the paper expounds the advantages and disadvantages of each method, applicable scope in the future, leachate treatment technology.

• Nano
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• 제13권11호
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• pp.1850134.1-1850134.10
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• 2018

Increasing active sites and enhancing electric conductivity are critical factors to improve sensing performance toward phenol. Herein, Ni nanoparticle was successfully anchored on acidified multiwalled carbon nanotube (a-MWCNT) surface by electroless plating technique to avoid Ni nanoparticle agglomeration and guarantee high conductivity. The crystal structure, phase composition and surface morphology were characterized by XRD, SEM and TEM measurement. The as-prepared Ni/a-MWCNT nanohybrid was immobilized onto glassy carbon electrode (GCE) surface for constructing phenol sensor. The phenol sensing performance indicated that Ni/a-MWCNT/GCE exhibited an amazing detection performance with rapid response time of 4 s, a relatively wide detection range from 0.01 mM to 0.48 mM, a detection limit of $7.07{\mu}M$ and high sensitivity of $566.2{\mu}A\;mM^{-1}\;cm^{-2}$. The superior selectivity, reproducibility, stability and applicability in real sample of Ni/a-MWCNT/GCE endowed it with potential application in discharged wastewater.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제21권10호
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• pp.361-371
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• 2020

2020년 일몰제가 시행되면서 장기미집행공원 개발에 대한 우려가 제기되고 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 장기미집행공원이 개발됨에 따라 소실되는 탄소량과 경제적 가치를 평가하여 장기미집행공원 개발에 따른 영향 최소화 방안 도출에 근거를 제공하고자 한다. 본 연구에서는 FSDAF 시공간 영상융합기법과 CASA-NPP 모형을 활용하여 서울시 내 장기미집행공원의 연평균 NPP를 산정하고, 이를 바탕으로 5개의 개발 시나리오에 따라 소실되는 탄소량과 경제적 손실을 평가하였다. 서울시 내 개발제한구역을 제외한 장기미집행공원의 총 NPP 값은 4,892.18 t C로 나타났으며, 개발 시나리오 1에서는 4,892.18 t C, 개발 시나리오 2에서는 2,548.55 t C, 개발 시나리오 3에서는 238.94 t C, 개발 시나리오 4에서는 848.38 t C, 개발되는 시나리오 5에서는 1,596.00 t C의 탄소가 소실될 것으로 나타났으며, 각각 5개의 개발 시나리오에 따른 탄소의 사회적 비용을 계산하면 약 11억 8천만원, 6억 1천만원, 5천 8백만원, 2억 5백만원, 3억 8천 5백만원이며 개발로 인해 해당금액의 경제적 손실이 발생할 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과는 5개의 개발 시나리오를 바탕으로 장기미집행공원의 탄소 손실량과 경제적 손실을 평가하였다는데 의의가 있으며, 일몰제 이후 개발가능성이 높은 장기미집행공원 내 산림생태기능에 대한 영향 최소화 방안 마련, 개발 대안의 기초자료로 활용되기를 기대한다.