• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.53 no.5
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• pp.371-380
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• 2020

Objectives: This study investigated the effects of socio-demographic factors on the decreasing trend in the sex ratio at birth from 1997 to 2017 in Korea. Methods: Data from 10 349 602 live births registered with Statistics Korea from 1997 to 2017 were analyzed. The secondary sex ratio (SSR), defined as the ratio of male to female live births, during the study period (1997-1999 [phase I], 2000-2002 [phase II], 2003-2005 [phase III], 2006-2008 [phase IV], 2009-2011 [phase V], 2012-2014 [phase VI], and 2015-2017 [phase VII]) was calculated according to selected socio-demographic factors, such as parental age, education, occupation, and birth order. Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals for a male birth after adjusting for potential confounders. Results: The SSR gradually decreased from 1.10 (in 1998-2000 and 2002) to 1.05 (in 2013-2016). While a decreasing trend in the SSR was not noted among first births, male-biased sex ratios were prominent among third and higher-order births, for which the highest SSR was 1.46 in 1998. Higher birth order was significantly associated with an excess of male births in phases I-VI (≥third vs. first, OR range, 1.03 to 1.35). Advanced maternal age was significantly associated with an excess of female births in phases II, III, and V (≥40 vs. 20-24 years, OR range, 0.92 to 0.95). Conclusions: This study demonstrated that advanced maternal age and reduction of the artificially-biased SSR among third and higher-order births may partially explain the decreasing trend in the SSR from 1997 to 2017 in Korea.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.65-78
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• 1996

This study wan described the movement patterns when rising from supine to erect stance in the third through eighth decades. Two hundred fifty six subjects, ranging in age from 30 year to 89 were filmed while rising from a supine position. Movement patterns were classified using categorical descriptions of the action of the upper and lower extremity, head-trunk region. This study was designed to determine whether within the rising task the movement patterns of different regions of the body vary with age level and sex, to describe time by subjects to perform this task. The incidence of each movement pattern was calculated and graphed wi th respect to age level and sex. Erect standing time was increased by age increasing in beth sex group. The most common form of rising for subject in the third through fifth decades both sex usually involved symmeytrical push with upper extremity, symmetrical squat pattern with lower extremity, partial rotation pattern wi th head-trunk and symmetrical push to push and reach pattern with upper extremity, symmetri cal squat pattern with lower extremity. partial rotation with head-trunk. In the sixth through eighth decades usually involved symmetrical push to push and reach pattern with upper extremity, symmetrical squat pattern with lower extremity, partial rotation pattern with head-trunk in both sex group.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.183-188
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• 1993

Anthropometric characteristics and considerations of sex differences are essential for the correct design of ergonomic work spaces. This paper is concerned with longitudinal study on the physical growth in Korean youth. Three hundred eighty-seven subjects were selected from third year students of high schools, and their records on physical examination during the last twelve years were surveyed by longitudinal method. For boys and girls, this study investigated the anthropometric characteristics of physical structure and the shape of physical growth. The result showed that the physical growth spurt of girl occurred earlier than that of boy. Also, by regression analysis, the third-order polynomial function was suitable for the growth curves of stature and weight, and there were significant sex differences in the fitted curves.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.98-115
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• 1994

This study is attempting to examine the possible determinants of the rise of the sex ratio at birth from 106 to 110 in past decade in Taiwan. The basic hypothesis for the sudden rise of the sex ratio at birth is due to a combination of prenatal sex determination and abortion. The reasoning for this hypothesis involves three types of considerations - motivation, norm, and access. The theory is evaluated by analyzing data from birth registration and a large and representative sampie of Taiwanese wives of childbearing age. The empirical data seem to support the theoretical preposition and the basic hypothesis that the rise of the sex ratio at birth in Taiwan is due to a combination of prenatal sex determination and abortion. There is striking evidence of son-preference in the rise of the sex ratio at birth in higher birth order. In 1990 the sex ratio was 119 for third births and 128 for fourth and fifth births compared to the expected 106. Also, the 1991 KAP data indicated that women who have only daughters but no any son are more likely to make prenatal sex screening and terminate their pregnancies in male live births at higher birth order. Obviously, genetic diagnosis through chorionic villus sampling which was available in recent years was misused for prenatal sex determination and sex selective abortion.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.271-282
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• 1996

Different aspects of morality, namely, moral belief, moral judgement and moral behavior have been studied seperately. This study examined the development of these three aspects of morality in relation to internal attribution in one sample. A total of 371, third -and sixth- grade children from Masan city were responded to questionnaires on moral belief, moral judgement, and attibutional tendency. In addition, children's moral behavior was measured by the teachers' 5-item rating scale. As results, there were signigicant but low correlations among three components of morality. There were developmental differences in moral belief and moral judgement but there was no age difference in moral behavior. Compared to third graders, sixth graders were higher in moral judgement but lower in moral belief. Social experience as well as cognitive development on moral relativity could explain this paradoxical developmental trend in moral belief. There was a sex difference only on moral behavior : Girls were rated higher in moral behavior than boys. Internal attribution was significantly correlated with all three aspects of morality, .15 with moral belief, .45 with moral judgement, .14 with moral behavior, respectively. There was a significant developmental difference but no sex difference in attributional tendency: Sixth graders reported higher internal attribution than third graders. However, there was no developmental difference in correlations among internal attribution and three aspects of morality. Most importantly, internal attribution explained morality better than either age -or sex- variable. It was suggested that educational programs on morality need to focus on the internalization of it.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.78-123
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• 1984

This study is attempting to examine the possible determinants of the rise of the sex ratio at birth from 106 to 110 in past decade in Taiwan. The basic hypothesis for the sudden rise of the sex ratio at birth is due to a combination of prenatal sex determination and abortion. The reasoning for this hypothesis involves three types of considerations - motivation, norm, and access. The theory is evaluated by analyzing data from birth registration and a large and representative sampie of Taiwanese wives of childbearing age. The empirical data seem to support the theoretical preposition and the basic hypothesis that the rise of the sex ratio at birth in Taiwan is due to a combination of prenatal sex determination and abortion. There is striking evidence of son-preference in the rise of the sex ratio at birth in higher birth order. In 1990 the sex ratio was 119 for third births and 128 for fourth and fifth births compared to the expected 106. Also, the 1991 KAP data indicated that women who have only daughters but no any son are more likely to make prenatal sex screening and terminate their pregnancies in male live births at higher birth order. Obviously, genetic diagnosis through chorionic villus sampling which was available in recent years was misused for prenatal sex determination and sex selective abortion.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.373-382
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• 2021

Purpose: Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) reconstructions were analysed to elucidate factors affecting the anatomical relationship between tooth roots and the mandibular canal(MC). Materials and Methods: Images of 300 volumetric tomography scans of patients aged between 20 and 79 years old (167 women and 133 men) were analysed. The mean distances between 2,053 dental root apices and the internal border of the MC were obtained by measuring the horizontal and vertical distances on coronal CBCT images. The actual distance was then calculated mathematically with the Pythagorean formula. The statistical significance of differences between men and women was assessed using the Mann-Whitney test. Correlations with patient age were evaluated with the Spearman rank correlation coefficient. Results: The mean distances ranged from 2.17 mm, for single right third molar roots in women, to 8.02 mm for single left third molar mesiolingual roots in men. The mean distances measured for the mandibular right second molar mesial roots and the right second premolar roots were larger in men than in women. Age showed a significant positive correlation with the measured distances for mesial and distal roots of the first and second molar on both sides and the right third molar, mesiolingual roots of the left third molar, and single roots of the right third molar. Conclusion: The root-to-mandibular canal distance depended on age and the type of tooth. In 2 root types, this distance was impacted by sex.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.73-85
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• 2019

Purpose: To determine whether maternal attitude toward sex during pregnancy and health-related quality of life could influence sexual function of pregnant women. Methods: In this study, 138 second and third trimester pregnant women completed self-report questionnaires during their visits to women's hospitals or community health centers to assess their general characteristics, attitude toward sex during pregnancy (PIES-M), health-related quality of life (EQ-5D), and sexual function (FSFI-6K). Multiple regression analysis was performed to test the research model with SPSS version 23. Results: Pregnant women who had discontinued their sexual life after recognizing their pregnancy accounted for 27.5% of women questioned. The average sexual function score of pregnant women was higher in the second trimester than the third trimester. Attitude toward sex during pregnancy (${\beta}=-.38$, p<.001), maintaining sexual life (${\beta}=.20$, p=.028), health-related quality of life (${\beta}=.18$, p=.030), and adverse symptoms during sex (${\beta}=.18$, p=.042) were determinants of sexual function during pregnancy. Conclusion: Nurses in antenatal care units need to help pregnant women maintain a positive attitude toward sexual activity during pregnancy and manage their health-related quality of life to maintain their sexual life during pregnancy.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.1027-1035
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate the factor of feminization in men's fashion according to Sex Role Stereotype of 20's$\sim$30's mens. The investigators surveyed 260 men who aged twenties and thirties in pusan. For data analysis, we used Chi-Square Test, Factor Analysis, Reliability Analysis, T-test and ANOVA along with SPSS 12.0 package. The results of this study were as followings: First, the result of sex role stereotype according to vital statistics was different with age, scholarship, job, and employer. Androginy type and Undiffer type highly showed most variable. That showed the change of Sex Role Stereotype. Second, the result of the factor of feminization in men's fashion according to Sex Role Stereotype was identified as 'pursuit of fashion,' 'pursuit of sense,' 'feminity,' 'secession of sex role.' Third, the result of the factor of feminization in men's fashion according to the vital statistics was different with scholarship, job, and employer. Forth, the factor of feminization in men's fashion according to sex role stereotype was different with 'pursuit of fashion,' 'pursuit of sense,' 'secession of sex role.' Especially, 'pursuit of fashion' and 'pursuit of sense' was importantly understood with the factor of feminization in men's fashion in Androginy type.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.225-244
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• 1995

The purpose of this study is to see difference based on age, sex, sociometric ststus for perceived competence of children and difference about perception of responsibilities degree of parents of these children. the content of study as follows. 1. How is the difference about perceived competence of children based on age, sex, sociometric status. 2. How is the difference about perception of responsibilities of children based on age, sex, sociometric status. 3. How is the relationship between father and mother. The subject of this study is children and their parents of 126 persons of the third grade, sixth grade of S elementary school, the second grade of S middle school, the second grade of S girls' middle school which are located in Pusan city. This study used a peer nomination among sociometric assesment method as sociolity assessment means, self-perception profile for children of Harter(1985) as perceived competence assessment means of children and used self-perception profile for children which amends fits for parents. the collected data are managed by SPSS/PC+ program. We analyze three-way ANOVA to verify study question No, one, two, analyze t-verification and Pearson's product moment correlations to verify study question No. three. The result of this study as follows. First, in investigating difference about perceived compretence of children based on age, sex, sociometric status, we can see that children perceive high, self-ability for low ages. Also, boys than girls, popular children than rejected children, neglected children perceive high self-ability. Second, in investigating difference about perception of responsibilities of children based on age, sex, sociometric status, we can see that mother perceive responsibilities in learning sphere, exercise sphere, the whole self-value sphere and father perceive responsibility only in social sphere. Third, in investigating relation between perception of responsibilities of father and mother, this shows that difference between perception of responsibilities of father and mother is not showed ane have (+) interrelation of r=.46(P<.001) between perception of responsibilities of father and perception of responsibilities of mother.