• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.32-42
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• 2014

It is necessary to calculate prime cost of medical services accurately in order to evaluate the adequacy of medical fee. This paper aims to identify cost analysts' perception on prime cost of medical services and needs in establishing a cost accounting system in hospitals, proposing future directions and guidelines for the calculation of medical fee. A self-administered questionnaire and telephone survey on operation of a hospital cost-accounting system was conducted in November, 2012, among cost analysts currently working in the hospitals and hospital administrators planning to implement the hospital cost-accounting system. Our study shows that most of the cost analysts were aware of the importance of calculating prime cost and responded that collection of the prime cost data from government is necessary although they are less likely to provide the data in the future concerning the risk of data misuse and data security. They also responded that lack of budget allocation and excessive workload were the main reasons for not estimating the prime cost and operating cost management information system. Results show that hospital cost analysts considered the data accuracy is the most critical factor in calculating prime costs of medical services. However, there was no investment budget allocated in some hospitals or limited to less than 100 million, indicating that hospitals are reluctant to invest on implementing the cost accounting system. Respondents stated the organization that collects the prime cost of medical services among hospitals should display strong analytical capabilities, ensure data security, and maintain independence, which is most demanded. There are 57 hospitals that calculated the prime cost of medical services for 2012 by each medical department and 20 hospitals that calculated the prime cost by fee-for-services, aiming to establish a cost accounting system. Our results indicate that hospitals should voluntarily provide the accurate prime cost for medical services in order to properly evaluate the adequacy of medical fee. Consequently, it is critical to establish an independent organization to collect and appraise the data. It is also recommended that government should implement various policies to encourage hospitals to participate in the data collection to achieve the data accuracy and representativeness.

• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.10a
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• pp.1645-1648
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• 2008

We successfully fabricated lowest-cost superior perform ance MVA LCDs with highest-yield, high transmission, high contrast-ratio, and wide viewing angle. Using the amplified intrinsic fringe field (AIFF) controlled MVA invented by Ong, we eliminated all protrusions and ITO slit geometries. We further achieved: (1) faster gray-gray response times without the over-drive technology, (2) faster tough mura, and (3) lower flicker and cross-talk in the row inversion driving schemes.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.131-151
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• 1992

The contents of prescription service were comparatively analysed between health centers(HC) and private clinics(PC). Medical chart review was done for 330 otu-patients diagnosed with upper respiratory tract infection(UR) of 120 adults and 90 children, and gastritis or duodenitis of 120 adults. Emphasis on comparison was the prime cost of medication which used in prescription service. The results were as follows; 1. The prime costs fro the medication per visit of HC group were significantly higher than PC group in all three diseases, and the out of pocket payments of patients per visit were significantly lower in the HC group than PC group. 2. The reason for high prime costs of medication per visit of HC in adult case of URI were due to the idverse use of medication and long prescription period per visit. And high medication costs in children cases of URI in HC group were due to the longer prescription day. In cases of gastritis, the prime cost of medication was also higher because of longer prescription period and the higher prime cost of medication. The proportions of medications for injection in the HC and PC groups showed similar features. 3. In depth analysis of the prescription services showed the differences of the contents of medication. In adults cases of URI, the averaged cost of oral medication was significantly lower in HC group, but that of medication for injection was higher in HC group. In children cases of URI, the averaged cost of oral medication and medication for injection was lower in HC group than in PC group. But in the cases of gastritis it was was higher in HC group than in PC group. The prescription periods were longer in HC group than in PC group in all three diseases. As a conclusion prime medication cost and quality of prescription services of HC group were higher than PC group. In terms of health care the cost containment and quality assurance in physician visit for common disease, public sector utilization is good option for those perspectives. But it should not be generalized unless future study about structure and outcome research for quality assurance.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.44-52
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• 2014

On March, 2013, the Government announced the Multiple Prime Contract method will be expanded in public building construction projects. The applying multiple prime contract method has been immersing issue among all stakeholders of construction project. The owner conducts the role of a general contactor as well as owner's original responsibility while construction works being executed by specialty contractors. If the owner has not experience of project management, it should be bring about increasing management cost due to the interface problems among prime contractors. With this reason, it is difficult to administrate the multiple prime contract. So far there has been no methodology of predicting management cost in the multiple prime contract. Therefore, this study aims to enable the operation of efficient multiple prime contracts by developing a model to predict their management costs.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.121-134
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• 2004

The research on set menus served at Japanese restaurants at special-rate hotels around Gwangju and Jeonla Province suggests problems and rooms for improvement through examination of the current status of set menus at Japanese Restaurant in hotels of Gwangju and southern Jeonla province, prime cost, and sales volume. Advantageous points of course menus served at Japanese restaurants at hotels are as followings: a variety of courses are available; ingredients can reflect seasonal change; clients are satisfied with food at reasonable cost; and it results in sales increase. Based on such measures, more efforts should be made in order to advance preference and satisfaction with menus, cut back on prime cost, and maximize sales volume.

• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.146-155
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• 2019

Rare earth magnets are the strongest type of permanent magnets and are integral to the high tech industry, particularly in clean energies, such as electric vehicle motors and wind turbine generators. However, the cost of rare earth materials and the imbalance in supply and demand still remain big problems to solve for permanent magnet related industries. Thus, a magnet with abundant elements and moderate magnetic performance is required to replace rare-earth magnets. Recently, $a^{{\prime}{\prime}}-Fe_{16}N_2$ has attracted considerable attention as a promising candidate for next-generation non-rare-earth permanent magnets due to its gigantic magnetization (3.23 T). Also, metastable $a^{{\prime}{\prime}}-Fe_{16}N_2$ exhibits high tetragonality (c/a = 1.1) by interstitial introduction of N atoms, leading to a high magnetocrystalline anisotropy constant ($K_1=1.0MJ/m^3$). In addition, Fe has a large amount of reserves on the Earth compared to other magnetic materials, leading to low cost of raw materials and manufacturing for industrial production. In this paper, we review the synthetic methods of metastable $a^{{\prime}{\prime}}-Fe_{16}N_2$ with film, powder and bulk form and discuss the approaches to enhance magnetocrystalline anisotropy of $a^{{\prime}{\prime}}-Fe_{16}N_2$. Future research prospects are also offered with patent trends observed thus far.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.39 no.12
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• pp.1288-1295
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• 1990

In this paper, we propose a parallel processing model for the efficient selection of Prime Implicants of Logic Functions. This model consists of simple parallel processing nodes, connections between them, Max Net (a part of Hamming Net) and quasi essential Prime Implicant selection standard in simplified cost form. Through these, this model selects essential Prime Implicants in a certain period of time regardless of the number of given Prime Implicants and minterms and also selects quasi essential Prime Implicants in short time.

• 전기의세계
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• v.29 no.10
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• pp.678-688
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• 1980

This paper is concerned with the computer design of the multiple-output switching functions by using the improved MASK method in order to obtain the paramount prime implicants (prime implicants of the multiple-output switching function) and new algorithm to design the optimal logic network. All the given minterms for each function are considered as minterms of one switching function to simplify the desigh procedures. And then the improved MASK method whose memory requirement and time consuming are much less than any existing known method is applied to identify the paramount prime implicants. In selecting the irredundant paramount prime implicants, new cost criteria are generated. This design technuque is suitable both for solving a problem by hand or programming it on a digital computer.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute Of Construction Engineering and Management
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• autumn
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• pp.286-289
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• 2003

In turn-key projects, escalation of cost by design errors is not allowed because a contractor prepares the design. Therefore, cost escalation by design errors results in increasing the cost of the prime contractor. The rate of profit decreases finally. In addition, design errors bring not only schedule delay but also serious quality problem by unknown errors. This study tries to dissolve problems, that of cost increase. process delay and a falling-off in quality by investigating cause of design errors and presenting a scheme for reducing design errors.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.35-41
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• 1998

Cost estimate system Will be changed from the prime. cost calculation to the historical cost data because the present system has some problems. In this situation, each owner should prepare his own cost estimate system based on the historical cost data. In this study, the standard work items were classified and the criteria of their work amount computation were established for rural improvement projects. And also the historical cost data were collected in all range of rural improvement projects, and the database system, "HICOMS" (HIstorical COst data Management System) was built. In order to test the applicability of the HICOMS, standard work cost and contractor cost were compared. The results by HICOMS showed high significance and it was concluded that the HICOMS could be applicable for the cost estimate of the rural improvement projects. projects.