• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.45-54
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• 2018

This study aims to study the flora and identify the naturalized plants of the 4 ancient palace (Gyeongbokgung, Changdeokgung, Changgyeonggung, Deoksugung) and Jongmyo Shrine, which are national cultural heritage and urban cultural centers in Seoul. The plants found consisted of 315 taxa in total, belonging to 82 families, 201 genera, 285 species, 1 subspecies and 29 varieties. The naturalized plants were shown as follows: in the Deoksugung Palace(33 taxa), the Jongmyo Shrine(14 taxa) and the Gyeongbok Palace(21 taxa) and the Changdeokgung Palace complex(11 taxa). The results of the analysis based on the place of origin showed a higher rate of distribution of species based in North America, Europe and Eurasia, with higher rates of grass than tree. In addition, except for Gyeongbokgung Palace, the annual rate is higher than the perennial rate. As a result of naturalization analysis, the percentage of naturalized plants corresponding to naturalization degree 3 and naturalization degree 5 was high. According to the moment of the invasion, the naturalized plants recently introduced were higher than the first species. In addition, it was found that the similarity between the sites was more than 40%, and the diversity of species of naturalized plants common to the five sites was very low. The purpose of this study is to provide basic data for cultural heritage landscaping and naturalized plant management.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.48-56
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to analyze the 'identity' found in constructional characteristics of Geumgok Hongneung, the first imperial tomb of Korean empire. In terms of "sameness", which states for internal self-cognition among ambivalent situations while consisting identity, Hongneung inherited the prosperity of the Chosun dynasty, possessed 'sustainability' related to Cheongryangri Hongneung of Empress Myeongseong, as well as revealed various 'identitification' of situations in order to expose self-esteem as emperor and imperial nations. On the other hand, in terms of "individuality" as an external self-cognition, the opposite phase of sameness, Hongneung is a mixture of the will of Emperor Gojong and Japanese intervention hence formed 5th styles of royal tombs through 'peculiarity' which distinguishes it from the original tradition. In addition, the value of Hongneung is that it actually reflects the confusing and difficult times of the old ages, and it also involves 'excellence' as the place of the according a state funeral of Emperor Gojong and provoking March First Independence Movement. Thus, Geumgok Hongneung is a recorded landscape that clearly reflects the times of royal tombs of the Chosun dynasty, the world cultural heritage, and also the historic landscape showing extraordinary landscape of unique characteristics, 'Hwangjereung'.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.373-388
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• 2010

Fracture causes serious problems in many instance of prosthetic failures. But it is hard to find the definite causes when fractures occur. Fractography encompasses the examination of fracture surfaces that contain features resulting from the interaction of the advancing crack with the microstructure of the material and the stress fields. All fractured specimens(implant retaining screw) retrieved from Gangneung-Wonju national university dental hospital for 3 years(from 2007 to 2009). After pretreatment of samples, the scanning electon microscope were used for surface examination and fracture analysis. In case of most of the fractured specimens, fracture took place by fatigue fracture and fractured surface represents fatigue striation. Fatigue striation indicate the progression of the crack front under cyclic loading, are characteristic of stage 2 crack growth. The site of crack initiation and stage 1 crack growth were not easily identified in any of the failure, presumably because of the complex microstructural features of the polycrystalline sample. In case of fractured by overload, dimpled or cleavage surface were observed. Using the interpretation of characteristic markings(ratchet mark, fatigue striation, dimple, cleavage et al) in fracture surfaces, failure events containing the crack origin, crack propagation, material deficiency could be understand. Using the interpretation of characteristic markings in fracture surfaces, cause and mechanism of fractures could be analyzed.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.165-182
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• 1994

Korea's clothing industry which has been country's leading export industry and basic strategical industry is now faced with many difficulties both domestically and internationally. Domestically it is faced with continuing shortage of manpower in both production line and management high labour cost causing increase in price putting more weight on behavior of consumers resulting in change of industrial environment and continuing structural problems of industry itself. Internationally it is faced with strengthening of import regulations and protectionism of developed countries and rapid emergence of underdeveloped countries as leading exporting nations. In reality export plays the most essential role in our economy and is especially sensitive to the external environmental factors. Already economic bloc phonomenon can be seen everywhere and is continuing to accelerate in place such as E. U in Europ, North & South America as NAFTA, and South East Asian contries which recent tendency of economic unity effort is present. These countries of such economic blocs are imposing heavy custom duties reinforcing provision of country origin and acting out strict inspection regulations in order to protect the interest of their own industry. Therefore it is vital to manufacture excellent quality goods For these reasons study in this area has brought attention in Korea as well as worldwide in the recent years. Apparel industry which requires professional technology and ability is the most competitive international business. In order to challenge the international market the high level of intelligence is most required to produce high quality goods. The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between functions and roles of marketing and to approach problems in more efficient manner. Apparel industry is composed of various programs such as design pattern making merchandising and textile science. To succeed in the business is to give the highest satisfaction to the targeted market. Hence this study will example the factors that determine the Cost Quality and Performance of apparel products. The study will involve following steps; firstly establish relationship between the quality concept and productivity of apparel products Secondly inquire in to marketing strategy laying stress on apparel production related factors focusing on merchandising marketing production and operations Thirdly prospect 21st century apparel industry focusing on garment production and trade and also other countries structural improvement Fourthly establish the new dimension of competitive factors by grasping the actual circumstance of Korea's apparel industry in the international market. The research method will include; First reality approach method by analysing the present state of industry Second literal analysis such as marketing comparisons between leading apparel exporting countries.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.413-426
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• 2017

The study subjects were 302 adult males and females aged more than 20 years living in the metropolitan area of South Korea. This study was conducted to obtain baseline data to establish proper development and marketing strategies by examining the effects of food-related lifestyles on the importance of diet, purchasing behavior towards diet lunch boxes, and their selected attributes such as menu, packaging, and services. With respect to food-related lifestyle, a cluster analysis was performed by using five factors such as convenience factor, health factor, safety factor, taste factor, and economy factor obtained from factor analysis to derive the economy type, the taste and economy type, the convenience type, the safety type, and the health type. As a result, the respondents regarded 'food hygiene (4.59)', 'freshness (4.47)', 'taste (4.28)', and 'nutrient balance (4.19)' as the selected attributes of diet lunch box menus. Moreover, the importance of diet lunch box menus (${\beta}=0.179$) was increased with increasing safety orientation. 'Shelf life label (4.42)' was the most important selected attribute of diet lunch boxes, followed by 'ingredient label (4.19)', 'nutrition facts label (4.16)', and 'indication of origin (4.15)'. In particular, the importance of packaging for diet lunch boxes (${\beta}=0.203$) was increased with increasing safety orientation. With respect to the selected attributes of services in purchasing diet lunch boxes, 'provision of personalized menus (4.07)' was the most important, and the importance of services for diet lunch box (${\beta}=0.160$) was increased with increasing taste and economy orientation. Based on the above results, the respondents gave importance to the selected attributes related to food safety and health such as hygiene and, freshness. In addition, they also placed emphasis on hygiene and safe factors such as shelf life, ingredients, and nutrition facts labels. Therefore, it is considered necessary to develop diet lunch boxes by taking these factors into account. Furthermore, in services for diet lunch boxes, it is considered necessary to establish a service system capable of providing consumers with specialized menu or nutrition counseling according to the food-related lifestyle for their proper health management. Particularly, because consumers place emphasis on both food hygiene and safety, and health, it is considered necessary to thoroughly manage hygiene, safety, and nutrition in menu or packaging so that it is possible to enhance customer satisfaction by considering these selected attributes in greater detail.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.16 no.4 s.50
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• pp.437-453
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• 2006

More than 3,000 landslides were occurred by torrential rains in Gangneung area due to the typhoon Rusa in 2002. In order to analyze the landslide origin and its geometric characteristics, 1,365 landslide data were collected from the field survey of Sacheon, Jumunjin, and Yeongok areas in which the intensive landslides took place. The average landslide size in the study area was composed of 10m width, 30m length, and $21^{\circ}{\sim}35^{\circ}$ slope angle, and the plane view of landslides A-type (i.e. wide shape of lower part) that contains approximately 50.5% of the landslides commonly occurred. In particular the area of Sacheon heavily damaged by mountain fires had more occurrence of landslides than other areas. The landslides of uniform tendency of slope direction were examined resulted from the contribution of topographic characteristics due to the weathering and wind direction during heavy rainfalls. In order to analyze the direction of joint, 249 orientation data were collected from the study area. The window method was employed to determine the characteristics of joint density in 51 locations of the study area. The results showed that many landslides occurred in the areas of joint density with the range of $0.05{\sim}0.1$.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.22 no.10
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• pp.1330-1335
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• 2012

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is one of the acute infectious diseases in hoofed and even-toed mammals, including pigs, and it occurs via acute infection by Aphthovirus. When FMD is suspected, animals around the location of origin are typically slaughtered and buried. Other methods such as rendering, composting, and incineration have not been verified in practice in Korea. After the FMD incident, the regular monitoring of the microbial community is required, as microorganisms greatly modify the characteristics of the ecosystem in which they live. This is the result of their metabolic activities causing chemical changes to take place in the surrounding environment. In this study, we investigated changes in the microbial community during a 24 week period with DNA extracts from leachate, formed by the decomposition of buried pigs at a laboratory test site, using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) with a genomic DNA. Our results revealed that Bacteroides coprosuis, which is common in pig excreta, and Sporanaerobacter acetigenes, which is a sulfur-reduced microbe, were continuously observed. During the early stages (0~2 weeks) of tissue decomposition, Clostridium cochlearium, Fusobacterium ulcerans, and Fusobacterium sp., which are involved in skin decomposition, were also observed. In addition, various microbes such as Turicibacter sanguinis, Clostridium haemolyticum, Bacteroides propionicifaciens, and Comamonas sp. were seen during the later stages (16~24 weeks). In particular, the number of existing microbial species gradually increased during the early stages, including the exponential phase, decreased during the middle stages, and then increased again during the later stages. Therefore, these results indicate that the decomposition of pigs continues for a long period of time and leachate is created continuously during this process. It is known that leachate can easily flow into the neighboring environment, so a long-term management plan is needed in burial locations for FMD-infected animals.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.238-261
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• 2012

This research was carried out about the Bansu which surrounded the Sunggyungwan(成均館), national university in the Joseon Dynasty to get the main characteristics of the landscape at Korean traditional school campus by analyzing cultural meaning and historical origin. The earliest record about the Bansu was in "The Book of Odes(詩經)" as Bansu was the water flowing near the Ban palace(泮宮). But, in the following time, Bansu has become the symbol of the school which was built by the feudal lords and one of very important elements in the temple-school(廟學) landscape. The Bansu of Sunggyungwan at Joseon Dynasty was the streams flowing at the east and west of the school campus and get together at the south. Sunggyungwan was located in the sacred place which followed the special organization of Bansu at the beginning of the Joseon Dynasty. And, Bansu in Joseon Dynasty was influenced by the Bansu in Song Dynasty(宋), but it was different from the Bansu in Ming and Qing Dynasty which has been formulated as the halfround pond in front of the school. This research tried to find the reason why in the Josenon Dynasty the stream flowing around the school was regarded as the Bansu. Bansu was also regarded as an important element in the public school, Hyanggyo(鄕校) and the private Seowon(書院). According to this research, the streams which flows around the Seowon or the Hyanggyo were found as called Bansu. Water stream around the Hyanggyo and the Seowon in the Joseon Dynasty has to be reconsidered under the deep research on the organization of Ban-su.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.613-621
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• 1995

It is understood that many big tungsten deposits such as the Sangdong in Korea, Fugigatami in Japan, Yukon in Canada, Pine Creek in U.S.A and Vostok in Russia were formed at late Cretaceous ages. However, most of tungsten mineralization in China where half the total world tungsten ores is reserved took place in late Jurassic to early Cretaceous ages. While the close association of molybdenum with tungsten mineralization is observed in the deposits related with Cretaceous magma, tungsten deposits in China related with late Jurassic to early Cretaceous show a close association of tin as well as molybdenum mineralization. It is characteristic that tungsten mineralization in China was followed by tin mineralization. The mode of occurrence of tungsten ore deposits in China is various and may represent the origin of tungsten in general, since the larger half of total amount of tungsten ores in the world are reserved in China. In case of Korea, more than 90% of total production of tungsten was occupied by the Sangdong tungsten deposit, which produced molybdenite as a byproduct Even if tin is detected in ppm unit content, no cassiterite is found in the Sangdong tungsten orebody. A similar type of two tungsten deposits is comparatively studied in order to confirm the published data; one is the Moping tungsten deposit in China and the other is the Dehwa tungsten deposit in Korea. Mineral assemblages occurring in quartz veins of both deposits are more or less same except that zinnwaldite and cassiterite occur only in the former deposit Ages of zinnwaldite and muscovite closely with molybdenite in the former deposit are 181.1 Ma and 167.8 Ma respectively, while muscovites associated with molybdenite in the latter deposit show ages of 80.9 Ma and 80.2 Ma. These results may represent deficient supply of tin from the source granitoid from which tungsten was derived in Korean peninsula during Cretaceous period, while tin supplied during tungsten mineralization tended to increase and the active tin mineralization followed the Jurassic tungsten mineralization in China.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.382-391
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to investigate the microbial contamination of red pepper powder distributed within Gyeonggi province in 2020 according to the place of purchase, the country of origin, and whether the HACCP certification and sterilization were conducted, and to evaluate the change of quality according to the storage method. Upon collecting and analyzing 100 samples, Bacillus cereus was detected in 3 cases (2 cases in large supermarkets and 1 case in traditional markets) and Clostridium perfringens in 27 cases (9 cases in large supermarkets and 18 cases in traditional markets). The levels of the total aerobic bacteria were not significantly different between the red pepper powder purchased from large supermarkets and traditional markets. However, the frequency of red pepper powder exceeding 7 log CFU/g of total aerobic bacteria was higher in traditional markets than in large supermarkets. Microbial quality was not significantly different regardless of the storage temperature (30℃, 4℃, -20℃) and the packaging method (zipper bag and clean bag) after 7 months of purchase. However, the moisture contents and ASTA color value of red pepper powder stored at 30℃ decreased remarkably after 3 months of storage. It is desirable to store red pepper powder in a refrigerator or freezer in order to maintain its quality during long-term storage.